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Purpose: We examine the concurrent relationship between obesity incidence and normal weight status incidence and prevalence in children between 9 months and kindergarten. Design: Multistage, probability sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth cohort. Setting: United States. Participants: Representative sample of US preschool children (n = 9950) followed from birth through kindergarten. Measures: From direct, anthropometric measures, we reported prevalence and incidence rates across 4 follow-up periods. Analysis: In addition to prevalence and incidence rates, we reported risk ratios based on multiple definitions and estimated predicted probabilities of obesity and normal weight status using clinically meaningful body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentiles. Results: Obesity prevalence (13%-20%) was much smaller than normal weight status prevalence (66%-70%). Lower socioeconomic status, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black children had greater risk of obesity. During 9 months to kindergarten, obesity incidence decreased two-thirds (15.6%), while normal weight status incidence decreased almost one-half (44.6%). Coincidently, normal weight status incidence (ranged from 23% to 45%) was consistently and substantially higher than obesity incidence (ranged from 5% to 15%). During 4 years to kindergarten, the obesity risk for overweight children was 13 times higher than that for normal weight status children. Conclusion: Overall rates of obese and normal weight incidence were substantial at 9 months, trended lower, but remained high through kindergarten. At 4 years to kindergarten, children with relatively high initial BMI were very likely to become obese but far less likely to achieve normal weight status.

The results in this report for the Russian Federation support the use of tobacco taxation as an effective means to reduce tobacco consumption, raise government revenues, increase public health and promote income equality.

The aim in this paper is to provide a systematic approach to the long-run incidence analysis in a two-sector growth model. For this end, a long-run incidence model as close as possible to the standard short-run incidence model shall be built, and a method of conducting the comparative dynamic analysis which evaluates the long-run factor income distribution will be developed. In so doing, the following three steps shall be taken. First, the logical structure of the long-run incidence model is carefully explored to clarify the relationship between the long-run incidence and the short-run incidence. Second, previous work is extended to cover the long-run incidence effects of other taxes such as commodity or wage taxes. Third, concrete propositions on the long-run incidence are established comparable to those on the short-run incidence.

This study applies an indirect estimation method to develop comprehensive national and provincial estimates of the prevalence of abortion and abortion‐related morbidity in Pakistan. Data from a health facilities survey and a health professionals survey from 2002 are analyzed to develop estimates of postabortion hospitalizations and of the abortion rate, abortion ratio, and unwanted pregnancy rate. We estimate that 890,000 induced abortions are performed annually in Pakistan, and estimate an annual abortion rate of 29 per 1,000 women aged 15–49. The abortion rate is found to be higher in provinces where contraceptive use is lower and where unwanted childbearing is higher. The unwanted pregnancy rate is estimated at 77 per 1,000 women, or about 37 percent of all pregnancies. Abortions account for termination of one in seven pregnancies. An estimated 197,000 women are treated annually in public hospitals and private teaching hospitals for induced abortion complications, a number equivalent to an annual rate of 6.4 women hospitalized as a result of unsafe induced abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–49.