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This paper analyses the trends and patterns in the composition and direction of India's merchandise exports, over the period 1980 to 2016. The composition of principal exports indicates that the percentage share of primary products has continuously declined over the period and that of manufactured goods started declining in the recent past. This decline is mainly attributable to a notable development experienced by the exports of petroleum products whose share in the total exports of India increased substantially over the period. Further, the analysis of the direction of India's exports revealed a market orientation towards the OPEC and developing countries, especially of South Asia, South East Asia, and Africa.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the export‐led growth hypothesis for South Asia, a diverse region consisting of one large country, India, surrounded by a number of medium and small countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.Design/methodology/approachTo test this, the study employs cointegration and error‐correction modelling, using data from the International Financial Statistics of the IMF.FindingsThe study produces fairly mixed results, and does not find any conclusive evidence in favour of export‐led growth. While India, Maldives and Nepal exhibit export‐led growth, Bangladesh and Bhutan show the opposite result of growth‐led exports. In Pakistan and Sri Lanka no causality in either direction was found. The mixed nature of the results is further confirmed by taking a common time period since 1980.Practical implicationsSouth Asia is one of the poorest regions of the world; so success or otherwise of export‐led growth is of great interest for policy purposes. For example, the finding of export‐led growth for the largest economy of the region, India, is particularly heartening as, by opening up its markets further to the other countries of the region, it can fuel growth in the entire region.Originality/valueThis study tries to fill an important gap in the literature as it is the first comprehensive study of the region as a whole.

Only since the 1970s have the East European Socialist countries (known collectively as Comecon) participated in the international exchange of technology as exporters. In this book, Drs. Monkiewicz and Maciejewicz analyze the technology export performance of the Comecon countries. They begin by defining the nature of technology as a commodity, analyzing the structural characteristics of the international market, and outlining both the cost and benefits of technology export. Later chapters provide an overview of Comecon technological policies in the 1970s, with particular attention to the export-import factor and Comecon regional technological cooperation. In-depth analysis is presented through case studies of the experiences of Poland and Czechoslovakia. The book concludes with a discussion of the implications of technology export by socialist countries, particularly its potential impact on existing global patterns of technological dependence and domination.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the export behaviour (EB) developed by the Chilean service sector exporter firms using longitudinal data, to contribute to the scarce literature in this field in emerging markets.


Design/methodology/approach
Chilean service sector exporter firms are studied through a longitudinal analysis (2006 to 2015) comparing EB (continual/discontinual exporters) with respect to market diversification (MD). Considering a quantitative hypothesis test, based on a t-test, comparing these two groups of firms, using STATA software.


Findings
According to this research, scarce MD promotes a discontinual export development process in Chilean service sector exporter firms.


Practical implications
It is important to define public policies focussed on maintaining exportation over time and also to support these firms in diversifying their markets.


Originality/value
This paper shows a means of analysis, using longitudinal data, to compare large groups of firms, describing the causes of the discontinual export development process. At the same time, it enhances the literature on service sector exporters.

In recent years, some developing Asian countries claim to have started shifting emphasis from export-led to domestic-demand-led growth policies with a view to achieving a more balanced growth strategy. This paper evaluates empirically how far this shift has gone. The evaluation - based on an analysis of five countries - finds no evidence that the period 1993–2003 has been marked by such a shift at the expense of a decline in net exports. It also finds that periods of expansionary domestic demand and deteriorating net exports signaled an ensuing crisis. This should serve as an early warning system.

Part 1 The BIEC -- Part 2 Articles: Significance Of Invisible Exports To The British Economy, David Liston -- Growth Of British Assets Overseas - Effect Of The Abolition Of Exchange Controls, Kate Phylaktis -- Services And GATT - The Work Of LOTIS, John Arkle -- Britain In Balance, Bill Manser -- Part 3 Proceedings: Context - Economy And Regulation: The International Economy Over The Next Ten Years, Sir Kit Mcmahon -- London's 'Big Bang' And Its World-Wide Implications, Sir Martin Jacomb -- The Challenges Of The Single Market, Robin Leigh-Pemberton -- The Single Securities Market, Graham Ross Russell -- A Single Market In Banking, P.Leslie -- International Financial Supervision - A View From London, W.P. Cooke -- Part 4 City Services: General Overview Of London Markets - Why London?, Lord Limerick -- The Regulation And Advantages Of The City, Leonard Ingrams -- Merchant Banking Activities, Robin Fox -- Securitization - The World Scene, P.K. Schuman -- Raising Capital In London - The Securitization Of Medium And Long-Term Operations, Charles Rawlinson -- Funding Large Projects - Private Money For Large Projects, Paul Zuckerman -- UK Private Placement And Venture Capital, Peter Hargreaves-Allen -- Hedging Currency And Interest Rate Risks, Simon Narroway -- London - The International Insurance Supermarket, J.A.C. Myers -- Countertrade, G.M. Nockles -- The London Gold Market - Regulation And Function, Robert Guy -- Part 5 The Contribution Of The Arts To British Invisible Exports - A Review By The British Council And Wendy Sleeman Based On 'The Economic Importance Of The Arts In Britain' By John Myerscough -- Part 6 Statistics: Review Of British Trade Statistics, Jack Wells -- 10 Year Historical Record Extracted From The Pink Book -- Markets For UK Invisible Exports, Professor E.V. Morgan -- Part 7 Awards -- Part 8 Government Assistance For Invisible Exports -- Part 9 Directory Of Members.

This paper contributes to the recent research on "export sophistication," or the composition of a country's export portfolio. The central question of the current study is what determines a country's level of export sophistication. I argue that a synergetic relationship between state and society positively contributes to the level of export sophistication. The logic behind the argument is that the socially optimal level of investment in new products can only be realized if both the firm and the government find it individually profitable to carry out the investment. In cases whereby either or both lacks private incentive to invest, higher synergy between public and private sectors makes such joint investments more likely to occur. This logic is formally illustrated using a simultaneous game with incomplete information. The central hypothesis is tested using time series cross‐sectional data. The key empirical novelty of this paper is the construction of a "synergy index" based on Peter Evans' conceptualization of the term. Overall, the data give good support to the hypothesis. This relationship is particularly robust for the subsample of countries with intermediate levels of synergy. Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that state‐society synergy is subject to diminishing returns as its values get higher.

We present cross-country empirical evidence on the role of natural resources in explaining long-run differences in private investment as a share of GDP in a sample of 72 developing countries. Our empirical results suggest important differences between oil and non-oil resources. While revenue from oil exports tends to increase private (and public) investment, there is also a robust negative effect from a measure of export concentration. After controlling for these two aspects of export structure, there is little additional information in other measures of resource abundance, or in other suggested investment determinants, such as measures of the quality of institutions, political instability or macroeconomic volatility.

This paper develops a long run growth model for a major oil exporting economy and derives conditions under which oil revenues are likely to have a lasting impact. This approach contrasts with the standard literature on the "Dutch disease" and the "resource curse", which primarily focus on short run implications of a temporary resource discovery. Under certain regularity conditions and assuming a Cobb Douglas production function, it is shown that (log) oil exports enter the long run output equation with a coefficient equal to the share of capital. The long run theory is tested using a new quarterly data set on the Iranian economy over the period 1979Q1-2006Q4. Building an error correction specification in real output, real money balances, inflation, real exchange rate, oil exports, and foreign real output, the paper finds clear evidence for two long run relations: an output equation as predicted by the theory and a standard real money demand equation with inflation acting as a proxy for the (missing) market interest rate. Real output in the long run is shaped by oil exports through their impact on capital accumulation, and the foreign output as the main channel of technological transfer. The results also show a significant negative long run association between inflation and real GDP, which is suggestive of economic inefficiencies. Once the effects of oil exports are taken into account, the estimates support output growth convergence between Iran and the rest of the world. We also find that the Iranian economy adjusts quite quickly to the shocks in foreign output and oil exports, which could be partly due to the relatively underdeveloped nature of Iran's financial markets.