Suchergebnisse

Many people's life situations are changing as a result of restrictions being imposed by national governments to limit the spread of the virus. These may be associated with additional factors (emotional or financial, for example) that influence eating behavior and physical activity levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show whether there is a relationship between a changing life situation during the pandemic and eating behavior as well as physical activity. An online survey was conducted between 28 April and 16 July 2020 with 921 participants from European countries and countries outside Europe (South and North America, Australia). An analysis of the obtained results showed an unfavorable relationship between a change in life situation during the pandemic and eating behavior as well as physical activity. This was observed mainly among students who returned to their family homes and respondents whose working hours increased. Students were more likely to snack between meals (51.13%, p < ; 0.001) and to consume more sweets (45.11%, p < ; 0.001) and savory snacks (30.83%, p < ; 0.001). Those whose working hours had increased, consumed morefast foods (13.57%, p < ; 0.05) during that time. On the other hand, the study results indicated that a change in life situation during the pandemic can also have a positive impact on eating behavior and physical activity. This was exhibited by individuals who transitioned to remote working. An improvement in the regularity of eating (38.86%, p < ; 0.001) was recorded for this group. The relationship between a change in life situation and eating behavior was further emphasized by the fact that people whose life situation had not changed were more likely to declare no change in the regularity of eating (62.86%, p < ; 0.001) and snacking (61.71%, p < ; 0.001). At the same time, they were less likely to exhibit a higher intake of sweets (22.29%, p < ; 0.01) and salty snacks (13.14%, p < ; 0.01). The study results indicated that a change in the nutritional situation during the pandemic may have had both negative and positive effects on eating behavior and physical activity. Finding these relationships may help identify groups that are particularly vulnerable to reduced diet quality and reduced levels of physical activity. Considering the immunomodulating effects of diets and the fact that physical activity is essential for maintaining good health, further research in this area is needed.

Gender equity in education is one of the main targets for social justice and sustainable development. This literature review, from a gender approach, was conducted to understand how the gender digital divide (GDD) in information and communication technologies (ICT) and education are related in Latin American countries. A total of 28 articles have been analyzed as a satisfactory sample of the scientific literature to examine how this relation is explored and its influence, to acknowledge political stakeholders, as well as provide information and proposals to address the digital gender divide in education research in this region. The results show the need to develop research from the pedagogical and gender perspectives in Latin America, since they are not represented within an obvious problem.

BACKGROUND: In Latin America, total sales of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) continue to rise at an alarming rate. Consumption of added sugar is a leading cause of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Coalitions of stakeholders have formed in several countries in the region to address this public health challenge including participation of civil society organizations and transnational corporations. Little is currently known about these coalitions - what interests they represent, what goals they pursue and how they operate. Ensuring the primacy of public health goals is a particular governance challenge. This paper comparatively analyses governance challenges involved in the adoption of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico, Chile and Colombia. The three countries have similar political and economic systems, institutional arrangements and regulatory instruments but differing policy outcomes. METHODS: We analysed the political economy of SSB taxation based on a qualitative synthesis of existing empirical evidence. We identify the key stakeholders involved in the policy process, identified their interests, and assess how they influenced adoption and implementation of the tax. RESULTS: Coalitions for and against the SSB taxation formed the basis of policy debates in all three countries. Intergovernmental support was critical to framing the SSB tax aims, benefits and implementation; and for countries to adopt it. A major constraint to implementation was the strong influence of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the policy process. A lack of transparency during agenda setting was notably enhanced by the powerful presence of TNCs. CONCLUSION: NCDs prevention policies need to be supported across government, alongside grassroots organizations, policy champions and civil society groups to enhance their success. However, governance arrangements involving coalitions between public and private sector actors need to recognize power asymmetries among different actors and mitigate their potentially negative consequences. Such arrangements should include clear mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of all partners, and prevent undue influence by industry interests associated with unhealthy products.

At the end of 2019, China was identified as the first case of coronavirus or COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly contagious and lethal respiratory syndrome in some vulnerable human groups. It quickly crossed the borders of the different continents, becoming the trigger for an unprecedented global crisis. Some authors understand that this is the most lethal threat to public health since World War II, considering it a "systemic crisis" because it involves not only the health aspect but also the social, economic and political spheres of the states. China, and consecutively some European countries, were severely hit by the virus that was categorised as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in March 2020. In response to this announcement, the states launched various programmes to prevent and contain COVID-19, some very lax and others extremely rigorous, involving the closure of borders, checks on the entry of persons, and controlled domestic quarantine. Latin America suffered severe effects on its production systems, its populations in general and vulnerable sectors in particular, further aggravating a situation of relative regional stagnation. This scourge found a global context of slow global economic growth, with two powers increasingly under strain due to the so-called "trade war" and the global leadership dispute that has emerged in recent years between China and the United States. In this state of affairs, both actors assumed different roles in view of the pandemic: from the East, China acted quickly internally and on the external front, it launched a programme of cooperation on medical inputs and human resources to different points on the globe. The United States, on the other hand, implemented late containment measures and has been sceptical about the real reach of the pandemic. This article will analyse China's role as a major power with a focus on its cooperative relationship with Latin America and the possible implications of this particular link. Department of Latin America and the Caribbean. ...

The landscape configuration of socio-ecological land systems results from the interaction between the environmental conditions (relatively homogeneous within ecoregions) and country-level management and land-use decisions. However, social, land-use and sustainability research disciplines often study each independently. We used Euclidean distance analyses of five indicators of land systems functioning to explore the geographical patterns of across-border human-induced asymmetries in transnational ecoregions of South America. The most asymmetric transnational ecoregions occurred in the tropical rainforest biome which also showed the widest range of asymmetry values compared to other biomes. In contrast, transnational ecoregions in montane grasslands showed comparatively little asymmetries, and tropical dry forests showed intermediate asymmetry values. This pattern indicates that major asymmetries occur in land systems located in productive biomes with a comparatively recent history of development, whereas mature socio-ecosystems with a long history of human land use are more homogeneous across borders. In some cases, asymmetries may stabilize as a consequence of reinforcing feedbacks that promote contrasting land-use decisions across borders, including, for example, the establishment of protected areas, or the promotion of agro-industrial activities. Transnational socio-ecological land systems can be used to evaluate alternatives for sustainable development because they highlight the influence of institutions under different governance regimes in defining the spatial configuration and ecological properties of regions. We invite land-use and sustainability scientists to consider political border interactions as valuable "natural experiments" to better understand the interrelations between biophysical and political systems in defining planetary geographical-ecology in the Anthropocene.

Summary: Does the current Latin American legislation adequately protect people against discrimination through the use of automated decision-making artificial intelligence systems and how should an effective legal framework be set up in this area? On the basis of these questions, this article analyses this type of discrimination from a technical and regulatory point of view, develops a conceptual theory on the particularities of algorithmic discrimination situated and contextualised in Latin America, proposes the incorporation of a principle of relationship specific to the region and offers a new interpretative approach to the principle of equality and the concept of discrimination from a collective perspective, with the aim of overcoming regulatory difficulties evidenced by comparative law. ; Resumen: ¿Las actuales legislaciones latinoamericanas protegen adecuadamente a las personas frente a discriminaciones por el uso de sistemas de inteligencia artificial de toma de decisiones automatizadas?, ¿cómo se debe configurar un marco legal efectivo sobre esta materia? A partir de estas preguntas, el presente artículo analiza este tipo de discriminación desde el punto de vista técnico y regulatorio, desarrolla una teoría conceptual sobre las particularidades de una discriminación algorítmica situada y contextualizada en América Latina, propone la incorporación de un principio relacional propio de la región y ofrece un nuevo enfoque interpretativo del principio de igualdad y del concepto de discriminación desde una perspectiva colectiva, con el objeto de superar dificultades normativas evidenciadas en el derecho comparado.

Summary of the novels The Nazi literature in America, Estrella distant and Nocturo de Chile, by the writer Roberto Bolaño, point out that the vulnerability of some characters is an intentional and interdependent matter that takes place in kidnapping, torture, murder and forced disappearance as a result of a subjective departure from the norm of neoliberal state power. I support my assertions on the notion of vulnerability and interdependence developed by Judith Butler, Adriana Fuentes' approach to subjectivity, and David Harvey's proposal on neoliberalism. The aim is to show how Roberto Bolaño's narratives engage with vulnerable figures who were systematically wiped out because of a political ideology that disagrees with neoliberal principles. From the comments made in the article, I conclude that Bolaño's position when writing about political dissenting characters is that they should be visible as important bodies. ; Resumen Las novelas La literatura nazi en América, Estrella distante y Nocturno de Chile, del escritor Roberto Bolaño, vislumbran que la vulnerabilidad de algunos personajes es un asunto intencionado y de interdependencia que se despliega en secuestro, tortura, asesinato y desaparición forzada a consecuencia de una subjetivación que sale de la norma que establece el poder de Estado neoliberal. Apoyo mis aseveraciones en la noción de vulnerabilidad e interdependencia que desarrolla Judith Butler, en el planteamiento de Adriana Fuentes sobre subjetividad, y en la propuesta de David Harvey acerca del neoliberalismo. El objetivo es mostrar cómo estas narrativas de Roberto Bolaño dialogan con personajes vulnerables que fueron aniquilados sistemáticamente a causa de una ideología política discrepante con los principios neoliberales. Mediante las reflexiones del artículo llego a la conclusión de que la postura de Bolaño al escribir sobre los personajes disidentes políticos es la de visibilizarlos como cuerpos que importan.

"Public Opinion Toward LGBT People and Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean" published on by Oxford University Press.

This paper studies factors that could account for the asymmetric impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America, by exploiting microdata from the World Bank's high-frequency phone household surveys conducted immediately after the onset of the pandemic. The paper codifies the occupation variables in these surveys, constructs measures of the individual's potential for work from home, and estimates fixed-effects models of job loss and other labor outcomes. In line with previous studies, the findings show that the impact of the COVID-19 shock was (i) harder for women and (ii) strongly decreasing in the ability to work from home. Importantly, the analysis finds that the mitigating effect of working from home on the severity of the impact was especially relevant for women with children. These effects were larger in countries/periods in which the containment measures implemented by governments against the spread of the disease were more stringent. The paper also provides suggestive evidence on a plausible mechanism underlying the results: women with children were more likely to stay home due to school closures and the traditional intrahousehold distribution of childcare responsibilities, and thus the possibility of working from home was crucial for them to keep their jobs.

Neoliberalism has economic, political, sociocultural, and environmental consequences that are known to cause imbalances across the globe (Navarro, 2020). The financial crisis that began in 2008 in the economic centers of the Global North has been steadily spreading to low- and middle-income countries, including much of Latin America. Political leaders around the world are unable to confront the contradictions of market-led forms of development that deepen socioeconomic inequalities while unsustainably extracting the natural resources required to maintain consumption-driven forms of economic growth. At the same time, economic growth appears to be the prerequisite for responding to immediate local needs and bringing social groups and entire countries out of poverty. Awareness of and resistance to the structural inconsistencies of the neoliberal globalization project at the margins, led by people from countries at the so-called periphery of the world system, had already emerged in the crisis of the 1980s (Wallerstein, 1984). This was a resistance that sometimes emerged from civil society rather than being led by traditional political and economic elites (Petras, 2011). Having survived the lost decade of the 1980s and beyond, Latin America perfectly illustrates the crisis of legitimacy of the neoliberal revolution and the sociopolitical counterrevolution of civil-society-led alternatives. It is in this context that we are witnessing innovative ideas emerge from communities and subjects that have historically been economically, politically, and culturally marginalized. Latin America's upheaval and contestation have their roots in indigenous epistemologies—epistemologies of the South (Santos, 2015)—and practices. Where indigenous groups have become a newly empowered political subject (Postero, 2006), as in Bolivia, the repercussions of these political transitions include the incorporation of indigenous knowledge and practices into the roadmap for alternative, "refounded" (Artaraz, 2012) versions of these societies. As a result, both Bolivia and Ecuador have seen the introduction of indigenous concepts of vivir bien (living well) or buen vivir (good living) into their constitutions, national development plans, and public policies. When the concept of vivir bien was added to these constitutions, possibilities were opened for countries around the region to experiment with the meaning of sumak kawsay/buen vivir and suma qamaña/vivir bien and the ways in which a range of understandings of these terms could be translated into policy (Asamblea Constituyente, 2008). Versions of the concept have also gained salience in other Latin American countries, from Venezuela to Nicaragua.

AbstractStudies suggest that the spatial distribution of punishment in the United States is shifting. This article analyzes variation in prison admissions across U.S. counties to deepen our understanding of the contemporary geography of punishment. While research on punishment generally treats economic and political theories of punishment as distinct, we draw on recent studies of penal attitudes to develop a theoretical argument regarding their possible interconnection. We then use Hierarchical Linear Modeling to test the hypothesis that conservatism, race, and disadvantage are associated with the use of prison and that these factors help to explain why prison admission rates are higher in rural and suburban counties than in urban ones, despite notably higher crime rates in the latter. The results indicate that nonurban counties send more people to prison than urban counties and that socioeconomic disadvantage, the size of the Black population, and conservatism are significant predictors of prison admissions after controlling for crime‐related problems. These findings suggest that poverty, race, and politics work in concert to shape the distribution of punishment across 21st century America.

Objective: reflect on the inclusion of the body and corporeity in socio-educational contexts for the integral well-being of human beings and society and understand the value of Corporeity Education in the processes of learning and creativity. Method: bibliographic review, critical method with updated database consultation. Results: rethinking contemporary education should be seen as new ways to educate anyone. Educating is a mysterious art that values individuality and human diversity. Education in Latin America and the Global South presents Eurocentric biases associated with The Western Colonialist Epistemology of the Global North (De Sousa Santos, 2015), inhibiting the pedagogies that value the body, corporeity and creativity of communities and territories. The enrichment presented by this pedagogical gaze seeks to build new senses and meanings of the body and on the body that is educated, increasing the sensitivity and listening of those corporeities that have been systematically silenced and omitted (Aguila Soto and López Vargas, 2019). Conclusion: the body and its corporeity is addressed by multiple dimensions and concepts in contemporary education, however, it is essential to revalue its importance in educational practices in order to reduce school segregation (understood as a problem of social and political background in the face of discrimination given by the domination of the hegemonic discourse of the Western Colonialist Epistemology of the Global North), in order to finally promote human development in socio-educational practices from a genuine inclusive approach. ; Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la inclusión del cuerpo y la corporeidad en contextos socioeducativos para el bienestar integral de los seres humanos y de la sociedad, y comprender el valor de la Educación de la Corporeidad en los procesos de aprendizaje y creatividad. Método: revisión bibliográfica, método crítico con consulta en bases de datos actualizada. Resultados: al repensar la educación contemporánea se deben considerar nuevas formas para educar a cualquier persona. El educar es un arte misterioso que valora la individualidad y diversidad humana. La educación en Latinoamérica y el Sur Global presenta sesgos eurocéntricos asociados a la Epistemología Colonialista Occidental del Norte Global (De Sousa Santos, 2015), inhibiendo las pedagogías que valoran el cuerpo, la corporalidad y la creatividad de las comunidades y territorios. El enriquecimiento que presenta esta mirada pedagógica busca construir nuevos sentidos y significados del y sobre el cuerpo que se educa, aumentando la sensibilidad y escucha de aquellas corporeidades que han sido silenciadas y omitidas de forma sistemática (Águila Soto y López Vargas, 2019). Conclusión: el cuerpo y su corporeidad está abordado por múltiples dimensiones y conceptos en la educación contemporánea, no obstante, es fundamental revalorizar su importancia en las prácticas educativas para así disminuir la segregación escolar (entendida como problemática de trasfondo social y político ante la discriminación dada por la dominación del discurso hegemónico de la Epistemología Colonialista Occidental del Norte Global), para finalmente fomentar el desarrollo humano en las prácticas socioeducativas desde un enfoque inclusivo auténtico.

Four months after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the United States, the SARS-CoV-2 virus had spread to more than 90% of all counties. Although the transmission of the virus can be grossly mitigated through non-pharmaceutical interventions and public health measures, risks of future outbreaks, emergence of more infectious variants, and disruptions to socio-economic life will probably remain until effective vaccines are administered to large portions of the global population. An exceptional collaboration between governments and the scientific community has led to the authorization of eight vaccines globally for full use, four of which were funded and developed in the United States. In this paper, we contextualize epidemiological, political, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 vaccination strategy in the United States of America between 20 January 2020, to 5 May 2021, with a key focus on vaccine hesitancy and public-private partnerships.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this article is to analyze the resource curse or paradox of plenty debate (the idea that dependence and abundance of natural resources are an obstacle to development), with a focus on Latin America from a long-run perspective. For this purpose, an interpretive meta-analysis of concepts from three different bodies of literature is used: 1) the relationship between natural resources and development in the history of economic thought; 2) the staple theory of growth, or of industrialization by diversification, and 3) the debate on the resource curse with emphasis on seminal Latin American works or the Latin American region. The conclusion of the work is twofold: the institutions, understood as national and international political economy restrictions, have so far prevented Latin America from reproducing the virtuous circle of industrialization by diversification from the export of basic products, and institutional designs are a condition that can and should be modified by the collective agency of the state so that sovereign governance over natural resources fulfills its purposes of distributive and productive transformation, and thus escape the impoverishing specialization trap. ; RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos o la paradoja de la abundancia (la idea de que la dependencia y la abundancia de recursos naturales son un obstáculo para el desarrollo), con el foco puesto en América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración. Para ello, se recurre al metaanálisis interpretativo de conceptos de tres cuerpos diferentes de la literatura: 1) la relación entre recursos naturales y desarrollo en la historia del pensamiento económico; 2) la teoría del crecimiento basado en productos básicos ?o de la industrialización por diversificación?, y 3) el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos con énfasis en los trabajos seminales latinoamericanos o sobre América Latina. La conclusión del trabajo es doble: las instituciones, entendidas como restricciones de economía política nacional e internacional, han impedido hasta ahora que en América Latina se reproduzca el círculo virtuoso de la industrialización por diversificación a partir de la exportación de productos básicos, y los diseños institucionales son una condición que puede y debe ser modificada por la agencia colectiva del Estado con el fin de que la gobernanza soberana sobre los recursos naturales cumpla sus fines de transformación distributiva y productiva, y sea posible escapar así de la trampa de la especialización empobrecedora.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) has spread rapidly all over the world and it is known that the most effective way to eliminate the disease is vaccination. Although the traditional vaccine development process is quite long, more than ten COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for use in about a year. The COVID-19 vaccines that have been administered are highly effective enough, but achieving herd immunity is required to end the pandemic. The motivation of this study is to contribute to review the countries' vaccine policies and adjusting the manufacturing plans of the vaccine companies. In this study, the total number of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19 was forecasted in the US, Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, and the World with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, which is a new approach in vaccination studies. Additionally, for herd immunity, the percentage of fully vaccinated people in these regions at the beginning of 2021 summer was determined. ARIMA results show that in the US, Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, and the World will reach 139 million, 109 million, 127 million, 8 million, 38 million, and 441 million people will be fully vaccinated on 1 June 2021, respectively. According to these results, 41.8% of the US, 2.3% of Asia, 17% of Europe, 0.6% of Africa, 8.8% of South America, and 5.6% of the World population will be fully vaccinated people against the COVID-19. Results show that countries are far from the herd immunity threshold level desired to reach for safely slow or stop the COVID-19 epidemic. © 2021 ; No funding to declare.