Suchergebnisse

A multitude of research studies have provided an important shift away from classic perspectives of why women are prone to encounter significant hurdles in the advancement of their scientific or academic careers, and why "leaky pipelines" are of the order in many scientific fields (SSH/STEM). Instead of presuming that professional trajectories are shaped purely by "subjective factors" of women that lead to a kind of auto-elimination, by opting for something else rather than a scientific career (maternity, family life, following their spouses to another country for his job, etc.) (Beaufays and Krais, 2005:52/53; Grant et al., 2000), the attention has been drawn to looking at research institutions as gendered organisations (Acker, 1990), that translate the social division of work between the sexes in distinctive ways in the practice of scientific work. We would like to underpin the approach that examining gender in the making can contribute to researching science in the making and questioning the norms of science and scientific careers (from Beaufays and Krais, 2005). We argue that these norms are shaped by discourses (Fairclough, 2009; Kuhn, 2006), in the sense of référentiels (Muller, 2006), that are both constructing and constructed by actors' (both womens' and mens') hierarchical articulation, in a process of sense making (Weick, 1995) and referencing of an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006) in their everyday professional and personal/family lives, which constitutes an important form of identity work (Antaki & Widdicombe, 1998; Jenkins, 1996; Kuhn, 2006). This sensemaking (Weick, 1995) process, we argue shapes institutional practices and feeds on, as much as from discourses in the different research locales (Pred, 1990; Keenoy & Oswick, 2003) or local orders (Friedberg, 1997). Amongst others, one fundamental issue to be tackled is that there is still prevalent in today's postindustrial society a "myth of separate worlds" (Kanter, 1977), and an out-dated symbolic and pratical persistance of the "bread-winner" and "carer" models (despite important shifts in the dynamics of family roles and constellations), which is also present in the university environment. In the context of a precarity of jobs, of the high demands for a competitive game and an accent upon hyper-productivity, this does not create identitical spatio-temporal agency for researchers (Fusulier & Rio del Carral, 2012). Moroever, the enrolment in "greedy institutions" (Coser, 1974), such as research/academia but also the family, is on voluntary basis (Hermanowicz, 1998; Grant et al., 2000), and the nature of scientific/academic work has its or should be having its own unique mission and orientations (Stengers, 2011), albeit shaped by today's changing public and political discourses (Musselin, 2005). Our hypotheses regarding these enrolments are that there are important tensions as much between a) different discourses of demands from the postdoctoral phase and demands of entering a permanent (tenured) position at a given European university, and b) different discourses of demands in family/private life and demands of the professional scientific/academic career. In this paper, we propose a conceptual approach and an empirical application in the Belgian french-speaking institutional context, that tests these hypotheses and has four aims; A) examining what kind of discursive ressources researchers, in the early stages of their scientific/academic careers (after obtaining PhDs and before obtaining a tenured position), use to articulate their professional and private lives; B) how these actors (both women and men) hierarchically use, negotiate and prioritize an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006); C) if there are and if yes, what kind of gendered logics and dynamics exist in this identity work and finally D) how does this articulation contribute in shaping today's practice of scientific/academic work and mission of research institutions. Bibliography Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, and bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4:139-58. Beaufaÿs, S. et Krais, B. (2005) « Femmes dans les carrières scientifiques en Allemagne : les mécanismes cachés du pouvoir », Travail, genre et sociétés, 2005/2 No 14, p. 49-68 Coser, L. A. (1974) Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. New York: Free Press. Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, London: Longman Fusulier, B., Del Rio Carral, M., 2012. Chercheur-e-s sous haute tension !. Presses de l'université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. Grant, L., Kennelly, I. And Ward, K.B. (2000) Revisiting the Gender, Marriage, and Parenthood Puzzle in Scientific Careers, Women's Studies Quarterly, 28 (1/2), pp. 62-85 Kanter R.M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York. Kuhn, T. (2006). A "demented work ethic" and a "lifestyle firm": Discourse, identity, and workplace time commitments. Organization Studies 27, 1339–1358. Weick, K. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations. SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, California

E15 Task Force on Regulatory Systems Coherence ; Ever since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), its Members have found it very difficult to negotiate new commitments to liberalize access to markets for goods and services, let alone cooperate on "new" policy issues to address the spillover effects of domestic regulation on international trade and investment, or agree on trade-related policy disciplines to address collective action problems such as safeguarding biodiversity or combating climate change. Disagreements among large players, most notably the United States (US) and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations on one side and emerging economies such as Brazil, China, and India on the other, have impeded progress on the traditional market-access agenda (mostly tariffs and agricultural support), precluding efforts to move onto new issues. Many of the latter are regulatory in nature, with the "problem" being that differences across countries in the substance of regulation of a product or production process and/or national conformity assessment processes create negative international spillovers and/or waste (since they represent excess costs for firms). Instead of deliberation in the WTO, the focus of attention in addressing such spillovers has been shifting to regional and plurilateral fora. Indeed, even on traditional market access issues attention has moved away from the WTO and towards preferential trade agreements (PTAs). But PTAs are now also venues where the trade effects of (differences in) regulatory policies are the subject of discussion, often building on bilateral or regional regulatory cooperation that has developed independently of—or in the absence of—trade agreements. One reason for the use of PTA-centered trade strategies to discuss regulatory spillovers is that the traditional market-access agenda has become less important to OECD members. Average tariffs of these countries are very low and quotas have largely disappeared. The policy spillover agenda spans health and safety norms, certification requirements for services providers, policies pertaining to data security and privacy, and so forth. The rapidly changing composition of trade as a result of technical changes (for example, the increase in trade in services and associated cross-border flows of data and services suppliers) is also making regulatory policies more of a trade concern for high-income countries (although it is equally a matter of concern for many developing nations). As products are more integrated with value-added services and connected to each other (the "Internet of things"), national regulation—whether driven by security, privacy, intellectual property, consumer protection, or industrial policy motivations—is moving centre stage. Because products are increasingly connected to the Internet/"cloud" and embody a variety of value-added services that involve cross-border data flows, policies that limit or raise the cost of digital trade and data flows are rapidly becoming more important. There is a vast literature regarding the potential rationales and motivations for government regulation of producers and products. Regulation has a critical role to play in addressing domestic market failures and to achieve societal objectives. There is also an extensive literature on the pros and cons of international standards and standardization. National standards and regulatory measures may act as barriers to trade, either deliberately or inadvertently. This is because while standards setting often reflects a "genuine" need to regulate to address a market failure of some kind, it can also be influenced by political economy forces, and, consequently, there is a risk of capture of the process. The political economy literature on product standards shows that these are often beneficial for economic actors, but that they can also be used for protectionist purposes. The same applies to domestic regulation, which can be captured to "raise rivals costs" or used as an instrument to discriminate against foreign suppliers. The organization of an increasing share of production and trade into international value chains/networks means that end products are impacted by an ever greater number of regulatory jurisdictions. For example, World Economic Forum (2013) notes a case involving a chemical company that imports acetyl (used in aspirin and paracetamol) into the US. On average, the company had to comply with similar regulations from five different agencies that often did not coordinate and communicate effectively with one another, resulting in delays for one out of three shipments, with each day of delay costing it US$60,000. Empirical research has also shown that the costs for firms associated with differences in services regulation across countries are significant. This paper focuses on dimensions of the interface between domestic regulation and the trading system; the implications for trade of differences in regulatory regimes across markets; and approaches that have been/could be taken to reduce the impact of regulatory barriers to trade globally. Each section has some illustrative questions and potential topics for deliberation in the E15 Task Force on Regulatory Systems Coherence and for possible further research.

Das erste Kapitel meiner Dissertation hinterfragt den konventionellen keynesianischen Standpunkt, dass antizyklische Fiskalpolitik reale Variablen über den Konjunkturzyklus stabilisiert. Ich präsentiere empirische Ergebnisse eines strukturellen VECM Modells die zeigen, dass Staatsschulden in den Vereinigten Staaten prozyklisch mit dem Produktionsniveau verlaufen. Dieses Ergebnis mag wenig überraschend sein, wenn man Korrelationen betrachtet, allerdings zeigt die Analyse einen kausalen Zusammenhang auf. Anschließend modelliere ich Fiskalpolitik als Regeln, die durch endogene Modellvariablen beeinflusst werden. Die Koeffizienten dieser Regeln werden so kalibriert, dass sie mit dem prozyklischen Verhalten der Staatsschulden übereinstimmen. Das Ergebnis ist, dass die Standardabweichung wichtiger makroökonomischer Variablen deutlich niedriger ist, verglichen mit Regeln kalibriert auf antizyklischer Staatsverschuldung. Der Grund ist ein Vermögenseffekt, der in diesem Modell aufgrund der "perpetual-youth" Struktur der Agenten entsteht. Daher hält die Ricardianische Äquivalenz nicht mehr und Veränderungen der Staatsschulden haben einen Effekt auf das Vermögen der Haushalte und, folgerichtig, auf ihre Konsum- Freizeit Entscheidung. Dieser Vermögenskanal war insbesondere in der Great Recession bedeutend. Meine Analyse zeigt einen neuen Weg für fiskalpolitische Entscheidungsträger auf, Vermögenseffekte zu erzeugen und zwar dadurch, das Staatsschulden als automatischer Stabilisator wirken. Das zweite Kapitel der Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den Interaktionen von Geld- und Fiskalpolitik. Eine empirische Analyse zeigt, dass die Politik der FED von dem gegenwärtigen Stand der Fiskalpolitik beeinflusst wird. Zunächst schätze ich die Parameter einer Taylor-Zinsregel. Der Schwerpunkt der empirischen Analyse ist allerdings die Schätzung zweier Markov-switching Modelle mit zeitvariablen Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Interaktion zwischen Geld und Fiskalpolitik sich über die Zeit verändert und zwischen unterstützenden und nicht-unterstützenden Regimen wechselt. Kapitel drei, ein gemeinsames Projekt mit Olaf Posch von der Universität Hamburg und Santanu Chatterjee von der University of Georgia, beschäftigt sich mit den Wachstumseffekten von Verzögerungen in der Umsetzung von staatlichen Investitionsprojekten. Staatsausgaben, die den öffentlichen Kapitalstock erhöhen werden als überlegen zu puren staatlichen Konsumausgaben angesehen, da sie Effekte entlang der Angebotsseite erzeugen. Während entwickelte Länder diese Ausgaben nutzen um die negativen Effekte von Rezession abzumildern und um ihr Wachstum zu stärken, nutzen Entwicklungsländer diese Ausgaben um die Voraussetzungen für Wachstum zu schaffen. Staatliche Investitionsprojekte sind insbesondere durch lange Umsetzungsverzögerungen gekennzeichnet durch die erforderliche Planung, Ausschreibung, Vertrags- und Bauphase. ; In the first of the three chapters of my dissertation I challenge the conventional Keynesian view that countercyclical fiscal policy stabilizes real variables over the business cycle. I present empirical evidence that government debt moves procyclical with output in the United States using a structural vector error correction model. Then, I model fiscal policy via fiscal rules with feedback to endogenous variables. Calibrating those rules with coefficients in line with procyclical debt gives us sizably lower standard deviations compared to a model with coefficients that would generate countercyclical debt. The reason for this finding is a wealth channel that emerges in my model because of the introduction of a perpetual-youth structure. Hence, the Ricardian equivalence is broken and movements in debt affect household's wealth and, therefore, the consumption-leisure decision. This wealth channel proofed to be particularly important in the Great Recession and my analysis suggests a new way governments can generate wealth effects, by using government debt as an automatic stabilizer. The striking and provocative consequence is that classical (countercyclical) Keynesian fiscal policy destabilizes the business cycle in this basic framework. Remarkably, this channel plays a role for the propagation of all shocks that affect output and, hence, is important even in the absence of exogenous fiscal policy innovations. The second chapter addresses the interactions between monetary and fiscal policy. Empirically, I show that the FED's policy is affected by the stance of fiscal policy. I do so by estimating a state-of-the art Taylor-type interest rate rule. Then, I estimate Markov-switching models allowing for time-varying transition probabilities showing that those interactions vary over time between accommodative and non-accommodative regimes. Along the theoretical dimension, I use a cheap talk game between central bank and government to microfound policy interactions and regime switches. Exogenous (or, potentially, endogenous) changes in the expectation of agents trigger policy shifts. For example, if a Ricardian government increase government spending this might trigger the expectation that the government becomes Non-Ricardian. Since debt matters for the conduct of monetary policy, the central bank reacts by changing its responsiveness to debt in the Taylor rule. Put differently, changes in the prior beliefs within this game, the pendant to the estimated Markovswitching probabilities, can trigger different outcomes and, hence, different weights in the Taylor-rule. This will have effects on the transmission of shocks and, hence, on the quantitative and qualitative results. Chapter three, joint work with Olaf Posch from the University of Hamburg and Santanu Chatterjee from the University of Georgia, discusses the (growth) effects of implementation delays in the accumulation of the public capital stock. Government expenditures into public capital is considered superior to wasteful government consumption expenditures as they trigger supply-side effects. While developed countries use government investment expenditures to counter adverse effects of Recessions and to foster growth, developing countries use investment into public capital to remove the bottlenecks for economic growth. Public infrastructure programs, in particular, are subject to large implementation delays (or lags) due to the required planning, bidding, contracting, and construction process. We add to the literature on fiscal policy in endogenous growth models by building a stochastic endogenous growth model in continuous time with public capital. In this model, implementation lags generate uncertainty in the public capital accumulation process: the government continuously spends but the completion of the public investment project is unknown. We provide a numerical solution calibrated on the U.S. economy. We find that the implementation lags in the accumulation of public capital have sizable effects on agents' behavior. Then, we evaluate the effects of three policy reforms.

We are proud to welcome you to the conference 'In the Flow: People, Media, Materialities'. It is arranged by the Advanced Cultural Studies Institute of Sweden (ACSIS), a national centre for interdisciplinary and international networking in cultural research. This is the sixth biennial ACSIS conference. All the conferences have had different themes connected to various aspects of cultural research. 'In the Flow: People, Media, Materialities' is a continuation of the fifth conference, 'On the Move', which explored the 'mobility turns' various extensions in cultural research. This conference also emphasizes spatial, cultural and social flows, but the focus is on mediatization and how new and old media interact with bodies, institutions and various industries to produce social, cultural and material effects. We are especially proud to welcome our two keynote speakers, Anna Reading, Professor of Culture and Creative Industries at Kings College, London, and Mike Crang, Professor of Geography at Durham University, two scholars who in recent years have set out to rework the borders of, on the one hand, the cultural and the symbolical and, on the other hand, the material and the physical. The borderlands between the representational and the corporeal are explored by the plenary panel led by André Jansson, Professor of Media and Communication Studies at Karlstad University, discussing what body-monitoring technologies do to our experiences of being human. The keynotes and the plenary panel set the tone for sessions and individual papers presented by cultural researchers from many different countries. There are, for example, a number of presentations on digital technology. Similar to the plenary panel, some look at the nexus of mediatization and material embodied in everyday life actions and habits, examining the interplay between physical movement and affective engagement regarding wearable devices. Others approach the overarching theme of flows and slowdowns by discussing various aspects of understanding and tracking the circulation of images, music, texts and materialities, such as the mundane practices tied to online searches, methodologies to analyze online data, the curbing of the contemporary abundance of documents in institutions or how patents and copyrights regulate the distribution of on-screen immaterialities as well as material objects. The conference suggests that the ways in which digital media saturate contemporary everyday life have energized and renewed classic cultural studies fields, such as the study of identities, music consumption and television viewing. Theoretical redirections such as new materialism and ANT have directed attention to the agency of non-human actors such as computers in cultural processes at the same time as scholars have kept their eyes open for the everyday life agency of, for example, children and young people. Digital media are a very significant theme running through the conference. Another is the flows of objects and ideas through space as well as the effect of flows on people and places, investigating, for example, two-way flows between colonized lands and the metropole itself, flowbacks of labour and capital, urban transformations and the reconfiguration of resort cities. A third theme is heritage flows. A series of sessions discuss how new technologies, globalization, policies and changing classification systems set heritage values, exhibitions and institutions in motion. Additional themes such as cultural sociology, feminist culture studies and the future of gender and sexualities remind cultural researchers of the importance of keeping their eyes open for power relations, inequalities, identities and politics. We are also very pleased to present our series of spotlight sessions. Here we have invited researchers to discuss time, media history, heritage institutions, the impact of digital media on fan and celebrity cultures, and feminist culture studies. Thanks to an initiative from the master's students on the Linköping University Programme for Culture, Society and Media Production, we have a spotlight session on education and research. The conference is supported by Linköping University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Swedish universities which co-fund ACSIS, and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. We are also enormously grateful for and impressed by the unpaid efforts of all invited speakers, panellists, moderators, session organizers and paper presenters. We invite you to discover the conference's rich and varied content, which encourages interdisciplinary exchanges as well as conversaions across empirical fields. Finally, we wish to stress that conferences are a great opportunity to meet old friends and make new ones. In addition to the discussions at the sessions, there will be plenty of time to socialize at the reception on Monday evening at the art gallery Verkstad and at the conference dinner on Tuesday night. Bodil Axelsson, director of ACSIS ; Form & layout: Tove Andersson Omslagsfoton: David Torell & Niclas Fasth

Tanah merupakan kebutuhan hidup manusia yang sangat mendasar. Manusia hidup serta melakukan aktifitas di atas tanah sehingga setiap saat manusia selalu berhubungan dengan tanah baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung selalu memerlukan tanah. Pada saat manusia meninggal dunia pun masih memerlukan tanah untuk penguburannya. Begitu pentingnya tanah bagi kehidupan manusia, maka setiap orang akan selalu berusaha memiliki dan menguasainya. Tanah memiliki dua fungsi yaitu fungsi sosial dan fungsi ekonomis. tujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pengadaan tanah untuk pembangungan pangkalan militer kodam V Brawijaya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yaitu dalam prosedur pelaksanaannya yang bertahap mulai dari perencanaan penetapan lokasi sampai dengan tercapainya kesepakatan mengenai ganti rugi atas tanah, bangunan, tanaman serta benda lain yang ada di atasnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum Yuridis Empiris, dengan Spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis dalam arti bahwa dalam penelitian ini penulis bermaksud untuk menggambarkan dan melaporkan secara rinci, sistematis dan menyeluruh mengenai segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum di Wedoroanom khususnya dalam Pembangunan Pangkalan Militer Kodam V Barwijaya. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data Primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu wawancara dengan para petani dan para pihak yang terkait dengan pengadaan tanah di desa Wedoroanom dan juga Dokumentasi. Analisis data yang dilakukan dengan interpretasi terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai pengadaan tanah dijadikan acuan hukum untuk menilai kebenaran proses pengadaan tanah untuk Pembangunan Pangkalan Militer TNI AD Kodam V Brawijaya di Desa Wedoroanom. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dihasilkan simpulan yaitu Pertama Prosedur Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Pembangunan Pangkalan Militer TNI AD Kodam V Brawijaya di Desa Wedoroanom tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, yaitu Anggota Tim Penilai Harga Tanah Kabupaten Gresik tidak sesuai dengan susunan yang seharusnya seperti tercantum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan bahkan tidak jelas siapa yang menjadi panitia pangadaan tanah, maka hal ini dapat merugikan pemilik tanah karena harga tanah ditentukan oleh pihak yang memerlukan tanah tanpa ada musyawarah mufakat sehingga harga cenderung di bawah pasaran normal. Kedua antara pihak pemilik tanah dan instansi yang membutuhkan tanah dalam hal ini Pemerintah Kabupaten Gresik tidak dapat mencapai kesepakatan mengenai ganti kerugian atas tanah, bangunan, tanaman, atupun benda lain uang ada di atasnya. Ketiga dalam pengadaan tanah ada tindakan-tindakan represif seperti, ancaman, pemaksaan, kekerasan fisik dan manipulasi data.Kata Kunci : Prosedur, pengadaan tanah, kepentingan umum.AbstractThis research aims to know whether the procurement of land for the development of military base for Kodam V Brawijaya has fulfilled the enacted regulations, which in the gradually application procedures start from the schema of determination of location to the agreement reached about compensation of the land, building, plant, and other matters exist above. This research constitutes juridical empirical legal research with specification of descriptive analytical research in which in this research the author aims to descript and report in detail, systematic, and comprehensive manners in relation with all things related with procurement of land for the development of public interest on Wedoroanom especially in the development of military base for Kodam V Brawijaya. Data used in this research is primary and secondary data. Technique of collecting data used in this research is interviewing the farmers and the parties related with the procurement of the land on village of Wedoroanom and also documentation. Data analysis used in this research is by interpretation to the regulations in relation with the land procurement which is made to be legal reference to justify the righteousness of the process of land procurement for development of military base for TNI AD Kodam V Brawijaya on village of wedoroanom. Based on the results of the research and the study, the conclusion is (1) procedures of land procurement for the development of the military base for TNI AD Kodam V on village of Wedoroanom is not in accordance with regulations in which the members of the land price assessment team of Gresik regency is not in accordance with the structure that should be fulfilled as listed in the regulations. In fact, there is no clarity who is the members of the land procurement committee. Therefore, this can harm the land owners because theland price is determined by the party who needs land without deliberation so that the price tends below the normal price. (2) Between the land owners and the party who needs the land in this case is the government of Gresik regency reaches no consensus about compensation for the land, building, plant, or other things exist above. (3) In the land procurement processes there are repressive actions such as threat, coercion, physical abuse and data manipulation.Keywords: procedure, land procurement, public interest

Pētījums sniedz Latvijas Republikas Valsts kontroles darbības raksturojumu, tās veiktajās revīzijās konstatēto tiesību normu pārkāpumu izskatīšanas un personu atbildības par pieļautajiem pārkāpumiem izvērtēšanu revidējamās vienībās un to augstākās iestādēs novērtējumu, kā arī par konstatēto pārkāpumu personu atbildības izvērtēšanu. Pētījumā vērtēta iespēja paplašināt Valsts kontroles kompetenci, iztirzājot dažādus priekšlikumus šīs kompetences palielināšanai. Pētījuma mērķis ir, balstoties uz Latvijas un ārvalstu zinātnieku pētījumu analīzi, Latvijas Republikas un Eiropas Savienības normatīvo aktu bāzi, Latvijas Republikas Valsts kontroles, Valsts policijas, Ģenerālprokuratūras, Korupcijas novēršanas un apkarošanas biroja viedokļiem, kā arī ekspertu intervijām un anketēšanas rezultātiem, izpētīt publiskās pārvaldes amatpersonu finanšu disciplīnas un lēmumu pieņemšanas kvalitātes cēloņus un izstrādāt priekšlikumus valsts pārvaldes darbības uzlabošanai. Mērķa sasniegšanai izvirzīti sekojoši uzdevumi: 1.izvērtēt Latvijas Republikas Valsts kontroles veikto revīziju nozīmi un lomu publiskās pārvaldes darbības pilnveidošanā, balstoties uz Valsts kontroles revīziju rezultātā sniegtajiem ieteikumiem; 2.analizēt, vai notiek pietiekama atbildīgo amatpersonu izvērtēšanas praksi pēc Valsts kontroles sniegtajiem revīzijas ziņojumiem tiesībsargājošajām iestādēm; 3.intervēt ekspertus par iespēju paplašināt Valsts kontroles kompetenci; 4.izpētīt anketēšanas rezultātus par iespēju Saeimā atbalstīt Valsts kontroles kompetences paplašināšanu; 5.pamatojoties uz pētījuma rezultātiem, ekspertu intervijām un LR Saeimas deputātu viedokli, izstrādāt priekšlikumus publiskās pārvaldes darbības uzlabošanai, amatpersonu finanšu disciplīnas un lēmumu pieņemšanas kvalitātes pilnveidošanai, kā arī ieteikumus Valsts kontroles sadarbībai ar citām publiskās pārvaldes institūcijām. Pētījuma objekts ir Latvijas Republikas Valsts kontrole, savukārt pētījuma priekšmets ir Valsts kontroles revīzijās sniegto ieteikumu apkopojuma izvērtējums, revīzijas ziņojumos konstatēto pārkāpumu un vainīgo amatpersonu izvērtēšanas virzība, Valsts kontroles sadarbība ar tiesībsargājošajām iestādēm, identificējot priekšrocības un trūkumus. Pētījuma empīriskajā daļā izmantotas ekspertu intervijas, kā arī veiktas aptaujas. Pētījuma noslēgumā, pamatojoties uz pētījuma rezultātiem, ekspertu intervijām un LR Saeimas deputātu viedokli, izstrādāt priekšlikumus publiskās pārvaldes darbības uzlabošanai, amatpersonu finanšu disciplīnas un lēmumu pieņemšanas kvalitātes pilnveidošanai, kā arī ieteikumus Valsts kontroles sadarbībai ar citām publiskās pārvaldes institūcijām. ; This Master's Thesis provides performance characteristics of the State Audit Office of the Republic of Latvia, the State Audit Office found violations of the rules of law and the person responsible for the examination of violations committed by the audited units and the evaluation of the assessment of the highest authorities, as well as the liability regarding the violation established evaluation. The Theses evaluated the possibility to extend the competence of the State Audit Office, discussing various proposals to increase this competence. The aim of the Theses is based on the Latvian and foreign scientists analysis, Latvian and European Union legislative framework, the State Audit Office performance characteristics, the State Police, the Office of the Prosecutor General, the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau as well as the views of the expert interviews, to explore the results of administrative officials of financial discipline and the quality of decision-making and to draw up proposals for improving the operation of the national administrations. To achieve the aim there are following tasks: 1. to evaluate the audits carried out by the State Audit Office of the Republic of Latvia, the importance of the role of public administration and development, on the basis of the recommendations of the State Audit Office; 2. analyse whether sufficient evaluation practices after the officials responsible for the control of audit reports provided by law enforcement authorities; 3. interviewing experts about the possibility of extending the competence of the State Audit Office; 4. to examine the results of the poll of dputies of Saeima of the Republic of Latvia to support the extension of the competence of the State Audit Office; 5. on the basis of the results of the Theses, the interviews and the opinions of the members of the Parliament, to draw up proposals for improving the operation of the public administration, officials financial discipline and improvement of the quality of decision-making, as well as the recommendations of the cooperation with the other institutions of public administration. The object of Theses is the State Audit Office of the Republic of Latvia, and the object of the research is the National Audit Office's recommendation summary the audit reports of the infringement and the guilty officials review progress, the State Audit Office cooperation with law enforcement authorities in identifying strengths and weaknesses. Empirical part of the Theses are used interviews with experts, as well as polls. In conclusion of the Theses, which based on the results of the research, expert interviews and on the opinion of members of Latvian Parliament, is to draw up proposals to improve the functioning of public administration, officials of financial discipline and improving the quality of decision-making, as well as the recommendations of the State Audit Office for cooperation with other public administration institutions.

When looking at food labelling standards within Australia, the norm has been to provide information on the health and safety of a product, whether through nutritional values, or allergy warnings. In the current market, there seems to be a greater demand on 'consumer value' labelling, which does not relate to health nor safety but rather to concerns as to how and where a product is produced. Country-of-Origin Labelling (CoOL) is mandatory in Australia and is the only consumer value that has mandatory labelling requirements, however, current laws lack clarity leading to consumer misunderstandings. Consumers are also confused over the claims used in stating Country of Origin (CoO). With minimal awareness of Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) - the bi-national governing body implementing the Food Standards Code - consumers do not understand what the claims mean in relation to CoO. CoOL on food products was made mandatory in 2006 due to the increased consumer concern about the origins of their food purchases. Australians have expressed a desire to buy Australian products when a selection is offered, however there is no empirical evidence to indicate that consumers use CoOL as an ultimate labelling cue when purchasing food. Although multiple attitude surveys exist to indicate that Coo is a factor in choice, consumer attitudes are not always translated to consumer behaviour. With CoOL becoming law, it is possible that other consumer focused labelling may also become mandated. This could have unforeseen costs to producers and manufacturers as labelling requirements come with a need for traceability and transparency which is costly to maintain. In order to ensure no unnecessary cost is placed on producers or manufacturers, and to allow consumers to make informed choices, all future consumer value issues, which warrant regulation, should be self-regulated by the industry. This has already been seen with organic products and industry certification. This also ensures that no unnecessary trade restrictions are placed on imported food. Current implementation of CoOL applies to certain food products sold in Australia, including imported products. Current regulations do not impose any unnecessary trade restrictions, however future changes should undergo feasibility studies to ensure this remains the case. The implementation of CoOL is enforced through the Food Standards Code, whilst the second enforcement mechanism occurs through consumer laws relating to misleading or deceptive conduct. In Australia this falls under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. FSANZ develops the CoOL Standard but has no role in the enforcement. Enforcement is left to the respective state and territory bodies. This makes enforcement difficult, as alleged breaches must initially be submitted to the state and territory levels and then elevated to the ACCC. By removing CoOL from the FSANZ Code, which deals with health and safety issues and placing it under the Competition and Consumers Act 2010, enforcement effectiveness would increase. Recommendations Recommendation 1: Regulation should be altered to ensure that all qualified claims have 50% or more of production occurring in Australia (or stated CoO). This will enable flexibility to producers or manufacturers, whilst providing consumers with information to make informed purchasing choices. Recommendation 2: To streamline enforcement and ensure that manufacturers and producers are adhering to the regulations, an agency should be developed, at a federal level, which would create standard definitions in consultation with industries. It would allow for clarification of claims, and assessment of a product's CoO claim, if requested by a producer or manufacturer. Recommendation 3: The CoOL regulations for food should be removed from the Code (which deals with health and safety as a priority). The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) schedule of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 should be amended to include specific CoOL definitions and claims for food in an effort to streamline the legislation. Recommendation 4: In order to gauge whether CoOL is a definitive factor for consumers when making their food purchases, a behavioural survey should be undertaken, addressing the purchasing power behind CoOL, consumers' understanding of the CoO terms, and also, the reasons why consumers might elect to use CoOL in their decision process. Recommendation 5: Any future consumer value issues, with considerable support from the general public, should be self-regulated by industry and industry certification programs. Recommendation 6: CoOL for food products should remain mandatory, as it is now a label expected by consumers, producers and manufacturers. Recommendation 7: Any future changes or extensions to CoOL should first undergo a feasibility study, taking into account the effects on producers, manufacturers and trade. Only if future changes do not place unjustified cost on industry or create unnecessary trade restrictions, should the change be accepted.

[spa] Ésta es una tesis doctoral antropológica e histórica sobre la cultura política del caciquismo durante el periodo comprendido entre 1915 y 2014 en el distrito Mixe, del estado de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es validar un nuevo modelo teórico que se propone a partir de Oligarquía y caciquismo de Joaquín Costa con el material empírico que se ha recopilado en el campo a través de múltiples fuentes etnográficas e históricas. Se emplea un método hipotético-deductivo para explorar en profundidad de tres cacicazgos de la unidad de geográfica y étnica de análisis. A partir de estos resultados, se han refinado las hipótesis propuestas para ayudar, a fin de cuentas, a definir y detectar el fenómeno socio-político del caciquismo y para conectarlo con el concepto más amplio del patronazgo informal y el de partido político. El caciquismo se define como una fórmula muy concreta de intermediación que conecta y sujeta poblaciones humanas. Establece un triple mecanismo de control sobre los sujetos, un encadenamiento mediante favores, sujeciones y transmisiones entre los grupos local y nacional. La articulación entre estas tres cadenas funciona de la siguiente manera: el caciquismo crea un monopolio político y económico que manipula los vínculos de la comunidad con la nación, desviando recursos y patronazgo hasta convirtiéndolas en cadenas de transmisión; con estos últimos el cacique entreteje las cadenas de favor con las que subordina a su clientela local y con ello reemplaza la jerarquía de responsabilidades de las instituciones locales por deudas de lealtad; finalmente, mediante el poder absoluto y los recursos económicos, el caciquismo contribuye a cercar a la población para mantenerla cautiva y subordinada a su dominio. El caciquismo establece un triple monopolio: 1) el económico, a través de la dominación de las relaciones externas y los intercambios comerciales (transmisión); 2) el de la violencia, mediante la creación de grupos parapoliciales y el control de las armas de fuego (sujeción); 3) el político, al concentrar en la persona del cacique los tres poderes por medio de la reciprocidad asimétrica de las relaciones patrón-cliente (favor). En conclusión, tres cadenas, tres monopolios, tres poderes y una sola persona. El resultado es que el caciquismo integra en una única cadena de mando a los municipios y distritos con el Estado. Los caciques se demuestran así como un eslabón esencial que preservar la hegemonía de una élite que gobierna como una oligarquía. Y, finalmente, la autocracia de los pueblos bajo el yugo del caciquismo sirve a la dinámica más general de la centralización estatal del poder. ; [eng] This is an anthropological and historical PhD thesis about the political culture of caciquismo –a special kind of power patronage– between 1915 and 2014 in the Mixe district of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main research objective is to validate a new theoretical model – based on Joaquín Costa's theory Oligarquía y caciquismo– using empirical data gathered through fieldwork using multiple ethnographic and historical sources. A hypothetical-deductive method is applied to explore three cases of caciquismo from the geographical and ethnic unit of analysis. The hypothesis are refined based on this analysis in order to help define and identify the socio-political phenomenon of caciquismo and to connect it to the wider concept of informal and party patronage. Caciquismo is defined as a very specific formula for intermediation that both connects and restrains human communities. It establishes a triple control mechanism over individuals through favours, subjugation, and transmission between local and national groups. The three chains of Caciquismo are articulated in the following way: by creating an economic and political monopoly that affects the community's ties to the nation, the resources and patronage provided are diverted internally; with these, the cacique establishes his patronage through favours, which he uses to subordinate his local clientele, replacing the local institutions' hierarchies of responsibilities with what it is defined here as debts of loyalty; finally, caciquismo uses both absolute power and economic resources to keep people subordinated and captive to its domination. Caciquismo establishes a triple monopoly: 1) economic monopoly, through the domination of external political and commercial relations (transmission); 2) monopoly of violence, through control of firearms and creating community police groups (subjugation); 3) political monopoly, concentrating all three powers in the cacique through the asymmetric reciprocity of patron-client relationships (favours). In conclusion, there are three chains of control, three monopolies, three powers but only one person. Caciquismo integrates communities, districts and the central state into a single chain of command. Caciques are an essential cog in the wheel that preserves the hegemony for an elite that rules government as an oligarchy. The autocracy of caciquismo also contributes to the more general dynamics of state centralization of power.

The emergence of the term of public sphere in social and philosophical tradition in ancient times and its revival in modern times, during the conceptualization of modernity were a number of steps that have shaped the transformation of the content of the public sphere. For ancient thinkers public sphere was a natural environment of the society functioning, the foundation of political activity. The main achievement of the ancient philosophical theory in research of the public sphere should be considered a combination of social and political meanings mentioned public sphere. This constitutive unity led to the development of the concept and phenomenon of the public sphere in the procedural context of democracy.Overview of mentions of the public sphere of social and philosophical constructs of the past enables to understand that the public sphere was a concept that served auxiliary element in building a holistic and systemic view of society, the state and government. However, references to the public sphere most of the sources are philosophical context. This political-philosophical foundations and empirical consideration of political and public spheres reveal the contents of institutional publicity.Publicity in politics - it's both political and social, and individual and collective at the same time. It is a way of life of an individual and a way to stimulate the expression of his qualities in its relation to other people. Hence the need for differentiating factors of the political process and opportunities for public expression counterfactual political positions appears.Constituting of the publicity as the sphere of common social life in general is an important feature and the result of political and philosophical developments of this issue. Enlargement of the philosophical knowledge and reflctions on the public sphere, provided multiple and very full display of the public in art, in social activities. Formation of social philosophy as a special area of research, formed the ideological legacy, which, in turn, led to the emergence of comprehensive publicity and stereotypes about the public sphere.The specifid dimension complements the system vision of politics, allows us to formulate the relationship between facts of the political and the political ideosphere products that have not found a place in the functional structure of the system vision. Public sphere of politics as a construct and phenomenon, according to the author, is designed to simultaneously distinguish the «new» political interaction and represent in a new light «old» political phenomenon. For example, the phenomenon of political communication becomes important public representation.At the same time theoretical and methodological searching on the object of public political fild there is a need of substantial parts inventory of substantial public sphere of politics requiring the use of structural-functional approach. However, the structure and function of the components of public sphere of politics are defied as specifi status role in the political environment (structural elements) and the direction of their real impact on political reality. This creates conditions for demarcation of both conceptual separation of the political process and public sphere of politics as the plane of the potential of implementation of communicative process participants' importance claims.Also the specifi factors identifiation that determine the media activity, in both cases classifiation state media carried a means of differentiation from ideal-typical condition as proposed within political theory. However, unilateral attempts to transform mediastructure at least in some respects it may encounter on lack of understanding of the major players. That can mean either a lack of innovation or sharp short-term changes that destabilize the situation and again lead to a push towards building a democratic public sphere of politics.A special aspect of the media as part of the current public sphere of politics is the development of political and social networks, in which citizens are able to communicate, to defend their positions and on condition of anonymity to assess the current social and political situation. However, the development of new communication systems does not lead to the formation of a genuine public sphere as political actors are trying to use it for their own purposes. ; Изучаются особенности развития процессуальных и институциональных составляющих современной демократии, которые влияют на перспективы развития публичной сферы политики. Оценено значение медиа-среды для расширения количества актеров демократического коммуникационного процесса. Характеризуется роль демократического государства как фактора демонстрации принципов регулирования переговорного процесса в рамках взаимодействия политических сил ; Вивчаються особливості розвитку процесуальних й інституційних складників сучасної демократії, які впливають на перспективи розбудов публічної сфери політики.Оцінено значення медіа-середовища для розширення кількості акторів демократичного комунікаційного процесу. Характеризується роль демократичної держави як чинника демонстрації принципів регулювання переговорного процесу в рамках взаємодії політичних сил

The presence of heteroatoms (e.g. S, N) in crude oil poses formidable challenges in petroleum refining processes as a result of their irreversible binding on catalytically active sites at industrially relevant conditions. Such poisons render these sites inaccessible to reactants, negatively impacting overall process performance, and require replacement and/or regeneration of the catalysts, leading to high material and time costs. With increasing pressures from legislation that continues to lower the permissible levels of sulfur content in fuels, hydrodesulfurization (HDS), the aptly named reaction for removing heteroatoms from organosulfur compounds, has become an essential feedstock pretreatment step to remove deleterious species from affecting downstream processing. Extensive research in the area has identified the paradigm catalysts for desulfurization; MoSx or WSx, promoted with Co or Ni metal; however, despite the vast library of both empirical and fundamental studies, a clear understanding of site requirements, the elementary steps of C-S hydrogenolysis, and the properties that govern HDS reactivity and selectivity have been elusive. While such a lack of rigorous assessments has not prevented technological advancements in the field of HDS catalysis, fundamental interpretations can inform rational catalyst and process design, particularly in light of new requirements for "deep" desulfurization and in the absence of significant hydrotreatment catalyst developments in recent decades. We report HDS rates of thiophene, which belongs to a class of compounds that are most resistant to sulfur removal (i.e. substituted alkyldibenzothiophenes), over a range of industrially relevant temperatures and pressures, measured at differential conditions and therefore revealing their true kinetic origins. These rates, normalized by the number of exposed metal atoms, on various SiO2-supported, monometallic transition metals (Re, Ru, Pt), range several orders of magnitude. Under relevant HDS conditions, Pt and Ru catalysts form a layer of chemisorbed sulfur on surfaces of a metallic bulk, challenging reports that assume the latter exists as its pyrite sulfide phase during reaction. While convergence to a single phase is expected and predictable from thermodynamics at a given temperature and sulfur chemical potential, metastability of two phases can exist. We demonstrate, through extensive characterization and kinetic evidence, such behaviors exist in Re, where structural disparities between its phases lead to kinetic hurdles that prevent interconversions between layered ReSx nanostructures and sulfur-covered Re metal clusters. Such features allowed, for the first time, direct comparisons of reaction rates at identical conditions on two disparate phases of the same transition metal identity. Rigorous assessments of kinetic and selectivity data indicated that more universal mechanistic features persist across all catalysts studied, suggesting that differences in their catalytic activity were the result of different densities of HDS sites, which appeared to correlate with their respective metal-sulfur bond energies. Kinetic responses and product distributions indicated that the consumption of thiophene proceeds by the formation of a partially-hydrogenated surface intermediate, which subsequently produces tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and butene/butane (C4) via primary routes on similar types of sites. These sites are formed from desorption of weakly-bound sulfur adatoms on sulfur-covered metal surfaces, which can occur when the heat of sulfur adsorption is sufficiently low at high sulfur coverage as a result of increased sulfur-sulfur repulsive interactions. Relative stabilities and differences in the molecularity of the respective transition states that form THT and C4 dictate product distributions. THT desulfurization to form C4 occurs via readsorption and subsequent dehydrogenation, evidenced by secondary rates that exhibited negative H2 dependences. These behaviors suggest that C-S bond activation occurs on a partially (un)saturated intermediate, analogous to behaviors observed in C-C bond scission reactions of linear and cycloalkanes on hydrogen-covered metal surfaces. Our interpretations place HDS in a specific class of more general C-X hydrogenolysis reactions, including hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) that has gained popular appeal in recent biomass conversion processes. These hydrodearomatization routes, hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation, act as probes for studying hydrogen spillover, a frequently observed phenomenon in bifunctional systems. Indeed, we observe enhancements solely in the rates of thiophene hydrogenation when monofunctional catalysts, which generate equilibrated concentrations of surface H-species, are mixed with materials (e.g. Al2O3) that cannot dissociate H2. Conventional mechanisms that suggest gas phase or surface diffusion of atomic H-species (or H+-e- pairs) are implausible across distances along insulating surfaces (i.e. SiO2, Al2O3). We propose, with kinetic-transport models that are consistent with all observed behaviors, that mobility of active H-species occurs through gas phase diffusion of thiophene-derived molecular H-carriers, whose rate of formation on HDS sites can control maximum spillover enhancements. This synergy is disrupted when the ability of thiophene to form these H-carriers is suppressed, leading to an absence of spillover-mediated rates and further challenging any diffusive roles of atomic H-species. Such implications help guide optimal designs of bifunctional cascades to permit the uninhibited access and egress of larger molecules within both catalytic functions.

In this article we analyze the background and extent of the Europeanness of political and economic elites in the EU member states. The focus on the elites is based on the premise that European unification is still largely driven by the national elites of the EU member states. Europeanness of the elites is defined and operationalised along the lines of emotive, cognitive-evaluative, and projective dimensions. The emotive dimension is operationalized as the degree of the feeling of attachment to Europe reported by the elites. The cognitive-evaluative dimension is operationalized as the elite's (positive) evaluation of the extent of the current European unification. Finally, the projective dimension is operationalized as elites' support for a unified EU foreign policy in the future. We hypothesize about the relationships between dimensions of elites' European­ness and their ideologies, macro-contexts of life experiences, cultural and social capi­tal as well as inter-elite cueing processes. We claim that the extent of elites' European­ness is related to 1) elites' political views and ideologies, i.e. to the extremism of their political beliefs, that is, the more extreme right-wing or left-wing views are held by a representative of elite, the less European he or she is; 2) elites' cultural capital, i.e. to their knowledge of foreign languages, that is the more languages a representative of elite speaks, the more European he or she is; 3) elites' social capital, i.e. contacts with organisations and decision-making authorities at the European level, having relatives or close friends in other European countries or using foreign media for self-informa­tion, that is, the more contacts at the European level a representative of elite has, the more relatives or close friends in other European countries he or she has or the more frequently he or she uses foreign media for information, the more European he or she is; 4) inter-elite cueing, i.e. the extent of Europeanness of the counterpart elites, that is, the more European is a counterpart political elite, the more European is a represen­tative of the economic elite and the more European is a counterpart national economic elite, the more European are representatives of national political elite; 5) macro-con­texts of life experiences, i.e. gender, age and living in another European country, that is, women, younger elites and those having experience of living in another European country should be more pro-European. In order to test the hypotheses we use the data of interviews of political and eco­nomic elites in 17 EU member states collected in the IntUne (FP6) project. First, we reveal the diversity (contrary to a common premise of similarity) of national elites' views and feelings toward the EU and Europe. However, this country-specific diver­sity does not overshadow the genuine link between different dimensions of Europe­anness: the more European are elites on emotive or cognitive-evaluative dimension, the more European they also are on the projective dimension. We use regression analysis to test the proposed hypothetical relations between distinguished dimensions of elites' Europeanness and their ideologies, macro-contexts of life experiences, cultural and social capital as well as inter-elite cueing processes. The results show that elites' Europeanness depends on their ideological extremism: the more extreme the political beliefs of elites are, the less attachment they feel to Eu­rope as well as the more frequently they report that European unification has already gone too far. Elites' Europeanness also depends on their social and cultural capital: the more European languages representatives of elites speak the higher they score on emotive and projective dimensions of Europeanness. Similarly, the more frequently elites have contacts with organisations and authorities at the European level or if they have relatives or close friends in other European states, they are more pro-European on the emotive dimension. Moreover, the more frequently elites have contacts with organisations and authorities at European level or the more frequently they use fo­reign media for information, the higher is their cognitive-evaluative Europeanness. However, the strongest impact on elites' Europeanness (on all the dimensions) is derived from the inter-elite cueing processes: the more European is a counterpart po­litical elite, the more European are representatives of the economic elite and the more European is a counterpart economic elite, the more European are representatives of the political elite. Interestingly, macro-contextual effect on elites' Europeanness is almost not existent, except for the relationship between older age and higher emotive Europeanness of elites. Concluding the article we sketch possible further directions of empirical investi­gation of elites' Europeanness.

Nowadays HRP is built increasingly on a territorial scale. Institutional actors from different backgrounds and varying size businesses work together to put in place actions that address issues related to employment, training, and skills. These approaches are sometimes in "hot", sometimes in "cold" depending on the circumstances, territories and stakeholders. The extension of the building of the HRP across a territory can be justified by taking into account several factors: internal or external to enterprises, policies, situational, socio-economic, etc. Thus through converging wills, multiple actors aspire to lift the limits and shortcomings related to HRP by using a HRP-Territorial. This new construction approach and analysis of HRP nevertheless raises several questions. Among the many questions we reflected about five of them: how do actors work together? What diagnosis allows to unite stakeholders around HRP-Territorial? How is this HRP-Territorial built in terms of phasing? How do actors agree on the construction and content of the actions of HRP-Territorial? How to mobilize actors in such collective approaches? These questions are taken from the main issue of our research: What is the process of building a HRP-Territorial involving institutional actors and businesses? We discussed and debated these issues on the basis of empirical data collected in two cases: HRP-Territorial in the Community of communes of Cher à la Loire and the HRP-Territorial in the timber Industry in Loir-et-Cher. Those data are collected by observation, qualitative interview, quantitative studies and documentaries. Theory of interaction, actor network theory, rational choice theory and mobilization theory served as our analytical framework. At the intersection of these approaches and these analyzes, it appears that the HRP-Territorial be built from a few necessities : the ability of the pilot to work together several actors, establishing a prior and shared diagnosis that rely on problem and challenges for companies and territory, mobilization of actors through selective incentives and analysis of priority categories of actors. Furthermore, it appears that the contents of the HRP-Territorial is continuously translated and obtained by relative consensus. Finally, and despite the particular case of each situation, a modeling phase of this construction is possible. ; La GPEC se construit de plus en plus à l'échelle territoriale. Des acteurs institutionnels d'horizons divers et des entreprises de taille variable réfléchissent et travaillent ensemble pour mettre en place des actions qui répondent aux problématiques liées à l'emploi, à la formation, et aux compétences. Ces démarches se font tantôt à « chaud », tantôt à « froid » selon les circonstances, les territoires et les acteurs. L'extension de l'échelle de construction de la GPEC de l'entreprise au territoire peut se justifier par la prise en compte de plusieurs facteurs : internes ou externes aux entreprises, politiques, conjecturaux, socio-économiques, etc. Ainsi à travers des volontés convergentes, de multiples acteurs ambitionnent de lever les limites et insuffisances consubstantielles à la GPEC d'entreprise en recourant à une GPEC-Territoriale. Cette nouvelle approche de construction et d'analyse de la GPEC pose néanmoins des interrogations. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons réfléchi, à cinq questions : comment faire travailler ensemble les acteurs ? Quel diagnostic permet de fédérer les acteurs autour de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment se construit cette GPEC-Territoriale en termes de phasage ? Comment les acteurs se mettent-ils d'accord sur la construction et le contenu des actions de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment mobiliser les acteurs dans de telles démarches collectives ? Ces questions sont issues de la question principale de notre recherche : quel est le processus de construction d'une GPEC-Territoriale impliquant des acteurs institutionnels et des entreprises ? Nous avons abordé et discuté ces questions sur la base de données empiriques collectées dans deux cas : la GPEC-Territoriale dans la Communauté de communes du Cher à la Loire et la GPEC-Territoriale dans la filière Bois dans le département du Loir-et-Cher. Ces données sont collectées à partir d'observations, d'entretiens qualitatifs, d'études quantitatives et documentaires. Les théories de l'interaction, de la traduction, du choix rationnel et de la mobilisation nous ont servi de grille d'analyse. Au croisement de ces approches et de ces analyses, il en est ressorti que la GPEC-Territoriale se construit à partir de quelques nécessités : capacité du pilote à faire travailler ensemble plusieurs acteurs, établissement d'un diagnostic préalable et partagé se basant sur les problématiques et enjeux des entreprises et des territoires, mobilisation des acteurs à travers des incitations sélectives et l'analyse des catégories de priorités des acteurs. En outre, il est apparu que le contenu de la GPEC-Territoriale est continûment traduit et s'obtient sous un consensus relatif. Enfin et malgré l'aspect sui generis de chaque cas, une modélisation, en phases, de sa construction est possible.

This thesis centers on introducing modern non-linear approaches for data analysis in economics and finance with special attention on business cycles and financial crisis. It is now well stated in the statistical and economic literature that major economic variables display non-linear behaviour over the different phases of the business cycle. As such, nonlinear approaches/models are required to capture the features of the data generating mechanism of inherently asymmetric realizations, since linear models are incapable of generating such behavior.In this respect, the thesis provides an interdisciplinary and open-minded approach to analyzing economic and financial systems in a novel way. The thesis presents approaches that are robust to extreme values, non-stationarity, applicable to both short and long data length, transparent and adaptive to any financial/economic time series. The thesis provides step-by-step procedures in analyzing economic/financial indicators by incorporating concepts based on surrogate data method, wavelets, phase space embedding, 'delay vector variance' (DVV) method and recurrence plots. The thesis also centers on transparent ways of identifying, dating turning points, evaluating impact of economic and financial crisis. In particular, the thesis also provides a procedure on how to anticipate future crisis and the possible impact of such crisis. The thesis shows that the incorporation of these techniques in learning the structure and interactions within and between economic and financial variables will be very useful in policy-making, since it facilitates the selection of appropriate processing methods, suggested by the data itself.In addition, a novel procedure to test for linearity and unit root in a nonlinear framework is proposed by introducing a new model – the MT-STAR model – which has similar properties of the ESTAR model but reduces the effects of the identification problem and can also account for asymmetry in the adjustment mechanism towards equilibrium. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed unit root test is non-standard and is derived.The power of the test is evaluated through a simulation study and some empirical illustrations on real exchange rates show its accuracy. Finally, the thesis defines a multivariate Self–Exciting Threshold Autoregressive with eXogenous input (MSETARX) models and present an estimation procedure for the parameters. The modeling procedure for the MSETARX models and problems of estimation are briefly considered. ; L'axe principal de la thèse est centré sur des approches non-linéaires modernes d'analyse des données économiques et financières, avec une attention particulière sur les cycles économiques et les crises financières. Un consensus dans la littérature statistique et financière s'est établie autour du fait que les variables économiques ont un comportement non-linéaire au cours des différentes phases du cycle économique. En tant que tel, les approches/modèles non-linéaires sont requis pour saisir les caractéristiques du mécanisme de génération des données intrinsèquement asymétriques, que les modèles linéaires sont incapables de reproduire.À cet égard, la thèse propose une nouvelle approche interdisciplinaire et ouverte à l'analyse des systèmes économiques et financiers. La thèse présente des approches robustes aux valeurs extrêmes et à la non-stationnarité, applicables à la fois pour des petits et de grands échantillons, aussi bien pour des séries temporelles économiques que financières. La thèse fournit des procédures dites étape par étape dans l'analyse des indicateurs économiques et financiers en intégrant des concepts basés sur la méthode de substitution de données, des ondelettes, espace incorporation de phase, la m´méthode retard vecteur variance (DVV) et des récurrences parcelles. La thèse met aussi en avant des méthodes transparentes d'identification, de datation des points de retournement et de l´évaluation des impacts des crises économiques et financières. En particulier, la thèse fournit également une procédure pour anticiper les crises futures et ses conséquences.L'étude montre que l'intégration de ces techniques dans l'apprentissage de la structure et des interactions au sein et entre les variables économiques et financières sera très utile dans l'élaboration de politiques de crises, car elle facilite le choix des méthodes de traitement appropriées, suggérées par les données.En outre, une nouvelle procédure pour tester la linéarité et la racine unitaire dans un cadre non-linéaire est proposé par l'introduction d'un nouveau modèle – le modèle MT-STAR – qui a des propriétés similaires au modèle ESTAR mais réduit les effets des problèmes d'identification et peut aussi représenter l'asymétrie dans le mécanisme d'ajustement vers l'équilibre. Les distributions asymptotiques du test de racine unitaire proposées sont non-standards et sont calculées. La puissance du test est évaluée par simulation et quelques illustrations empiriques sur les taux de change réel montrent son efficacité. Enfin, la thèse développe des modèles multi-variés Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive avec des variables exogènes (MSETARX) et présente une méthode d'estimation paramétrique. La modélisation des modèles MSETARX et des problèmes engendrés par son estimation sont brièvement examinés.

This thesis explores the use of serious games from an instructor perspective. More specifically, it aims to study the roles of instructors and how they can be facilitated within an instructor-led game-based training environment. Research within the field of serious games has mostly focused on the learners' perspective, but little attention has been paid to what the instructors do and what challenges that entails. In this thesis, I argue that serious games, as artefacts used for learning and training, cannot fully replace the instructors' tasks, but must rather be designed to facilitate the various activities of the instructors. Thus, instructors form an important target audience in serious game development – not just as subject matter experts, but also as users and players of the game – with a different set of needs than the learners. Moreover, serious gaming (the actualisation of a serious game) involves more than in-game activities, it also involves actions and events that occur off-game. These activities must also be considered when designing and utilising games for learning and training. Using a qualitative approach, instructor-led serious gaming has been explored from a range of contexts, from rehabilitation to incident commander training and military training. Several different instructor roles have been identified and characterised, including in-game facilitator, puckster, debriefer, technical support and subject matter expert. Based on empirical and theoretical material, a framework for instructor-led serious gaming has been developed. It involves best practices in different phases of game-based training, such as scenario authoring, coaching-by-gaming, assessing in-game and off-game performance, giving feedback, and conducting a debriefing or after-action review. Furthermore, specific needs and challenges for instructors have been identified and reformulated into guidelines for instructor-led serious gaming. The guidelines highlight the importance of usability and visualisation, as well as the need for carefully designed support tools for instructors' situation awareness, assessment and debriefing. Lastly, a number of success factors pertaining to both the development and actualisation of serious games are presented. Since serious games aim to be both productive and engaging, it is advantageous to work with interdisciplinary teams when developing serious games. This includes subject matter experts well versed in serious gaming practices. Furthermore, a successful serious game should adhere to sound pedagogical theories, be easy to use and maintain, and include system support for instructors' tasks. Successful serious gaming practices also involve having an organisational culture that fosters knowledge sharing among practitioners. ; Denna avhandling undersöker användningen av serious games från ett instruktörsperspektiv. Mer specifikt är syftet att studera instruktörernas roller och hur de kan underlättas inom en lärarledd spelbaserad träningsmiljö. Forskning inom området serious games har mestadels fokuserat på elevernas perspektiv, medan ringa uppmärksamhet har ägnats åt vad instruktörerna gör och vilka utmaningar det innebär. I avhandlingen argumenterar jag att serious games, i egenskap av artefakter som används för lärande och utbildning, inte helt kan ersätta instruktörernas uppgifter, utan måste i stället utformas för att underlätta instruktörernas olika sysslor. Således utgör instruktörer en viktig målgrupp i utveckling av serious games – inte bara som ämnesexperter, utan även som användare och spelare – med en annan uppsättning av behov än eleverna. Dessutom innebär serious gaming (dvs. användandet av ett serious game) förutom de aktiviter som utförs i spelet, även handlingar och händelser som förekommer utanför spelet. Dessa aktiviteter måste också beaktas när man utformar och använder spel för lärande och träning. Serious gaming har, utifrån en kvalitativ ansats, undersökts i en rad olika sammanhang, från rehabilitering till utbildning av räddningsledare och militär utbildning. Flera olika lärarroller har identifierats och karakteriserats, bland annat facilitator i spelet, puckster (skötare av AI-enheter), utvärderare, teknisk support och ämnesexpert. Ett ramverk för lärarledd serious gaming har utvecklats baserat på empiriskt och teoretiskt material. Det omfattar en beskrivning av bästa praxis i olika faser av spelbaserad träning, såsom scenarioskapande, coachning genom spelande, bedömning av prestation i och utanför spelet, återkoppling, samt sammanfattande utvärdering. Vidare har särskilda behov och utmaningar för instruktörer identifierats och omformulerats som riktlinjer för lärarledd serious gaming. Riktlinjerna belyser vikten av användbarhet och visualisering, liksom behovet av omsorgsfullt utformade stödverktyg för instruktörernas situationsmedvetenhet, utvärdering och avrapportering. Slutligen presenteras ett antal framgångsfaktorer avseende både utveckling och utförande av serious games. Eftersom serious games syftar till att vara både produktiva och engagerande, är det fördelaktigt att utveckling av dessa utförs av tvärdisciplinära team. Detta inkluderar ämnesexperter väl bevandrade i serious gaming. Vidare bör ett framgångsrikt serious game hålla sig till välgrundade pedagogiska teorier, vara lätt att använda och underhålla, samt innehålla systemstöd för instruktörernas uppgifter. Framgångsrik serious gaming-praxis innebär också att ha en organisationskultur som främjar kunskapsutbyte mellan instruktörer.

Why do people tend to vote for the same political party many years, despite the fact that parties change their electoral programs, their leaders and their candidates in elections? Why do they tend to justify the actions of the party much more easily than others? The answer to those questions is provided by the party identification theory originating in the prominent Michigan school of electoral behaviour research.While there is some evidence that party identification is decreasing in Western countries, the concept is still widely discussed and used in electoral research. There is a huge amount of literature on the measurement issues, changing level of partisanship in US, Europe and other countries, on the determinants and the effects of party identification. The empirical evidence on the formation of the party identification in new democracies, however, is scarce. The case of Lithuania, therefore, is interesting and informative.The aim of the article is to examine the factors of the emergence of party identification in Lithuania, trying to reveal the mechanisms of the formation of partisanship in the emergent state of party system formation. The analysis is based on the data from the representative face-to-face post-electoral survey carried out in 13 November – 10 December 2012 (N = 1500) for the Lithuanian National Election Study.In the first part of the article, the two rival theories of party identification are introduced and hypotheses about the factors of party identification formation are presented. In the second part, the methodological issues of measurement of party identification are discussed and the level of party identification in Lithuania is examined. The third part of the article focuses on the determinants of party identification. Three main hypotheses are tested. The first hypothesis presumes that party identification derives from the political socialisation in family and depends on the party identification of parents. Family socialisation in Lithuania, however, should only have an impact on those who were born after 1972 because they received their political socialisation in democratic regime. The second hypothesis is related to the theory of social cleavages. It states that the probability of having party identification is bigger for those who feel the salient social cleavage in the society and recognize its political relevance. Finally, the third hypothesis, based on the theoretical claim of Philip Converse, is that party identification depends on the length of democratic experience of electorate.Careful analysis of the level of party identification reveals that no less than a third of Lithuanian electorate could be characterised as party identifiers. Only half of them, however, have an affective relation with their party. The partisanship of the others seems to be based on rational evaluation rather than psychological attachment. The three parties that have most of partisan supporters are the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, the Labour Party and the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats.The results of the analysis reveal that consistent party identification of parents has an impact on the party identification of their children. The effect, however, is not different for those who are born before and after 1972. It suggests that this is the effect of social network rather than family socialisation. The probability to have a party identification is higher for those who are most anti-communist as it is the dominant political cleavage in Lithuania. The impact, however, is mediated by age and moderated by interest in politics.The impact of age on party identification is considerable but not consistent with the hypothesis. The theory presumes that the probability to have a party identification should consistently grow until the age of 40 and afterwards it should remain constant. The results of the logistic regression, however, reveal that the highest probability to have a party identification is in the 50–59 age group rather than 30–39, even after controlling other variables such as interest in politics, political sophistication and salience of political cleavages. One possible explanation of this finding suggests that party identification is strongest for the generation that was most active in the formation of democratic political system in Lithuania in 1988–1991. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas partinės tapatybės reiškinys Lietuvoje, remiantis 2012 m. porinkiminės gyventojų apklausos duomenimis. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje aptariamos skirtingos partinės tapatybės teorijos ir suformuluojamos hipotezės apie partinę tapatybę Lietuvoje galinčius lemti veiksnius. Antroje dalyje aptariamos metodologinės partinės tapatybės matavimo problemos ir analizuojamas partinės tapatybės Lietuvoje lygis. Trečioji dalis skirta partinės tapatybės formavimosi aiškinimui. Tikrinamos trys pagrindinės hipotezės – 1) partinę tapatybę lemia politinė socializacija šeimoje;2) partinė tapatybė susiformuoja politinių skirčių pagrindu; 3) politinė tapatybė priklauso nuo dalyvavimo demokratiniame procese patirties kaupimo laiko. Straipsnyje pristatomi logistinės regresijos rezultatai verčia koreguoti partinės tapatybės teoriją.