Suchergebnisse

The article attempts to explore the views of the Polish parliamentarians on threats to the security of Europe and the EU and their implications for Poland and its relations with Germany
in the context of the Ukrainian conflict, NATO transformations, divergent energy interests and
the refugee crisis. We follow the hypothesis, that the opinions on the threats and conflicts in the
neighborhood of Europe were consistent across party lines in Europe's neighborhood and they
suggest a strong consensus on the necessity to strengthen the cooperation in NATO. The article examines the responses of members of the Polish parliament (members of parliamentary committees on foreign and European affairs and security, members of the Polish-German parliamentary group) and all Polish members of the European Parliament to a dual survey carried out in 2015 and 2016. The questionnaire was completed by 22 respondents in the first and 21 respondents in the second survey. The respondents represented diverse political parties (Civic Platform,Law & Justice, Democratic Left Alliance, Polish People's Party).

This article focuses on the internationalisation of the Louvre since the 2000s. A flagship of French culture, it is, along with the British Museum in London, the universal museum of reference. The French state, through successive governments, has mobilised the Louvre, that is, the institution, as an intermediary in international agreements. This museum and cultural institution then become a real stakeholder in international relations. Thus, the whole point of our remarks is to analyse the issues and controversies surrounding the close relationship between the Louvre and the French State. The Louvre, a renowned French museum and heritage site, is now multi-spatial. This model responds in part to a request from the French government to perfect the interplay of international influence. The internationalisation of the Louvre is thus understood not as the Louvre's reputation on an international level, but as the use of this heritage in international political strategies. By approaching this case in French international relations, we can first of all question the stakes of the transition from heritage to National Branding. In other words, to understand how in contemporary literature, heritage is transformed not only as a tool to retrace the past of a society, but also how it becomes an emblem that can be mobilised by States to claim a form of legitimacy from other States. The method, which is essentially based on interviews conducted within the framework of these, aims to answer two questions. What does the deterritorialisation of a national heritage such as the Louvre produce regarding international relations between the Louvre, the city of Abu Dhabi and in relations between France and the United Arab Emirates, then the impact that the Louvre Abu Dhabi can have at the local and regional level. ; Este artículo se centra en la internacionalización del Louvre desde la década de 2000. Un símbolo de la cultura francesa, es, junto con el Museo Británico de Londres, el museo universal de referencia. El Estado francés, a través de los sucesivos gobiernos, ha movilizado al Louvre, es decir, a la institución, como intermediario en los acuerdos internacionales. Este museo e institución cultural se convierte entonces en un verdadero actor de las relaciones internacionales. Así pues, el objetivo de nuestras observaciones es analizar las cuestiones y controversias que rodean la estrecha relación entre el Louvre y el Estado francés. El Louvre, un famoso museo y sitio patrimonial francés, es ahora multiespacial. Este modelo responde en parte a la petición del gobierno francés de perfeccionar la interacción de la influencia internacional. La internacionalización del Louvre se entiende así no como la reputación del Louvre a nivel internacional, sino como el uso de este patrimonio en las estrategias políticas internacionales. Al abordar este caso en las relaciones internacionales francesas, podemos en primer lugar cuestionar lo que está en juego en la transición del patrimonio a la Marca Nacional. En otras palabras, comprender cómo en la literatura contemporánea, el patrimonio se transforma no sólo como herramienta para remontar el pasado de una sociedad, sino también cómo se convierte en un emblema que puede ser movilizado por los Estados para reclamar una forma de legitimidad a otros Estados. El método, que se basa esencialmente en entrevistas realizadas en el marco de un éstas, tiene por objeto responder a dos preguntas. ¿Qué produce la desterritorialización de un patrimonio nacional como el del Louvre en las relaciones internacionales entre el Louvre, la ciudad de Abu Dhabi y en las relaciones entre Francia y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, y luego el impacto que puede tener el Louvre de Abu Dhabi a nivel local y regional? ; Este artigo enfoca a internacionalização do Louvre desde os anos 2000. Uma bandeira da cultura francesa, é, juntamente com o Museu Britânico em Londres, o museu universal de referência. O Estado francês, através de sucessivos governos, tem mobilizado o Louvre, ou seja, a instituição, como intermediário em acordos internacionais. Este museu e instituição cultural passa então a ser um verdadeiro protagonista nas relações internacionais. Assim, o objetivo de nossas observações é analisar as questões e controvérsias em torno da estreita relação entre o Louvre e o Estado francês. O Louvre, um renomado museu e patrimônio francês, é hoje multiespacial. Este modelo volta em parte a um pedido do governo francês para aperfeiçoar a interação da influência internacional. A internacionalização do Louvre é assim entendida não como a reputação do Louvre em nível internacional, mas como a utilização desse patrimônio em estratégias políticas internacionais. Ao abordarmos este caso nas relações internacionais francesas, podemos, antes de tudo, questionar os desafios da transição do patrimônio para o Nacional Branding. Em outras palavras, entender como, na literatura contemporânea, o patrimônio se transforma não apenas como um instrumento para refazer o passado de uma sociedade, mas também como ele se torna um emblema que pode ser mobilizado pelos Estados para reivindicar uma forma de legitimacy de outros Estados. O método, que é essencialmente baseado em entrevistas realizadas no âmbito de um destes, visa responder a duas perguntas. O que a desterritorialização de um patrimônio nacional como o Louvre produz nas relações internacionais em nível do Louvre, a cidade de Abu Dhabi e nas relações entre a França e os Emirados Árabes Unidos, então o impacto que o Louvre Abu Dhabi pode ter em nível local e regional.

Abstract
Will China displace the United States as the world's leading power by the centenary of Communist rule in 2049? The outcome will depend on many unknowns including what the two countries do over the next three decades. US leaders are likely to rely on their mental maps of how the world works. The primary sources of their mental maps tend to come from historical analogies and from international relations theories. Both are highly imperfect representations of reality. Historical metaphors and analogies are rife in the debate over how to understand the current rise of China, but three are particularly salient: a Thucydides trap; a new Cold War; and 1914 sleepwalkers. This article discusses the merits and demerits of relying on each of these analogies in turn, and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of prior mental maps that guided US policy-makers during the post-Cold War era. Chinese elites expect to replace the US as the leading global power by 2049. How should the US respond? Two prevalent historical analogies are misleading: a Thucydides trap about power transition, and a new Cold War that ignores the three-dimensional nature of US–China interdependence. More promising is the cautionary narrative of sleepwalking into the First World War. A successful strategy must lay out conditions for a cooperative rivalry starting with a careful net assessment of power resources and the formulation of feasible goals.

This article sets out to bring sound and music to the field of visual studies in International Relations. It argues that IR largely has approached the visual field as if it was without sound; neglecting how audial landscapes frame and direct our interpretation of moving imagery. Sound and music contribute to making imagery intelligible to us, we 'hear the pictures' often without noticing. The audial can for instance articulate a visual absence, or blast visual signs, bring out certain emotional stages or subjects' inner life. Audial frames steer us in distinct directions, they can mute the cries of the wounded in war, or amplify the sounds of joy of soldiers shooting in the air. To bring the audial and the visual analytically and empirically together, the article therefore proposes four key analytical themes: 1) the audial–visual frame, 2) point of view/point of audition, 3) modes of audio-visual synchronization and 4) aesthetics moods. These are applied to a study of 'war music videos' in Iraq and Syria made and circulated by Shi'a militias currently fighting there. Such war music videos, it is suggested, are not just artefacts of popular culture, but have become integral parts of how warfare is practiced today, and one that is shared by soldiers in the US and Europe. War music videos are performing war, just as they shape how war is known by spectators and participants alike.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a state composed of different ethnic, religious and cultural identities, with a complicated political and administrative system in which it is difficult to achieve political and economic progress. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a state in which the symptoms of conflict and fragmentation are present, particularly in the context of secessionist efforts by representatives of the Republika Srpska. Although the conflict or the dispute over the secession of the Republika Srpska could be considered rational, we considered the ambitions of the representatives of the Republika Srpska to be irrational, also in view of the predicted development of this dispute and the impact of the efforts of the international community. Therefore, the study was focused on the threat of secession efforts from the Republika Srpska and analysed and assessed the actual situation in the years 2020-2023. The aim of the study was to predict the development of the situation in relation to the secessionist efforts of the representatives of the Republika Srpska. The study used the model of unrecognised statehood to make a forecast. It took into account not only the ambitions of the secessionist entity and the threatened state, but also the influence of external actors pursuing their ambitions. By applying a comprehensive approach to assessing the secessionist conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the study predicted the outcome in terms of "status quo equilibria".

Aus indischer Sicht + Offizieller Standpunkt von Staaten/Staatengruppen