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With the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots having just past, it is astounding to see the leaps and bounds made by queer historians towards developing an understanding of homophobia in the American postwar period which led up to the riots. While the publicised, state-sanctioned homophobic purges of men and women from public service has been well documented in American history, the equivalent persecution of gay men and lesbians in Canada has gone largely unexamined. Much like other oppressive acts enacted by the Canadian government, the purging of those suspected of homosexuality has been left out of Canada's collective national history. That organisations such as the RCMP and CSIS act as arbiters of archival documentation detailing the means of constructing and detecting the homosexual other only complicates matters further. As such, researchers can be better served through the examination of auxiliary texts, or interviews with those affected by the purges. This paper opts for the former, utilising postwar medical periodicals, popular media publications, and audio recordings of postwar symposiums to unravel the proposed medical basis for state homophobia and demonstrate how scholarly research was appropriated by the press. Through utilising a queer reading of these texts and employing contemporary queer theory, it is revealed that gender anxiety was at the root of the purges and that constructions of homosexual men and women as subversive was the result of self-reinforcing cycles of information misinterpretation.

Endometriosis is a chronic gynaecological condition which has been referred to as the 'missed disease' due to its unclear aetiology and inconsistencies in its diagnosis and management. Unlike other long-term conditions such as diabetes and asthma, endometriosis has remained largely ignored in government policy and research funding globally. Drawing on scholarship from the growing field of 'ignorance studies', this paper considers how ambiguity around endometriosis is part of a wider constellation of discursive, material and political factors which enrol certain forms of knowledge whilst silencing, ignoring or marginalizing other forms of knowledge. It uses concepts of 'undone science' and 'wilful ignorance' to explore how an absence of knowledge on endometriosis is a result of structural, cultural and political processes and forces which privilege certain voices and communities. This paper suggests that the association of endometriosis with historically specific constructions of menstruation and women's pain has informed contemporary imaginaries around the condition, including ideas about women being somehow accountable for their own illnesses. Applying an ignorance lens demonstrates how the legacy of invisibility of endometriosis shapes its place in the present political and social arena, and is reflective of a process of undone science. The paper concludes by arguing that the social and political significance of endometriosis as a chronic, life-limiting condition which affects millions of women globally continues to need attention, illumination and critique.

BACKGROUND: Temporal discounting, the tendency of individuals to discount future costs and benefits relative to the present, is often associated with greater engagement in risky behaviors. Incentives such as conditional cash transfers (CCTs) have the potential to counter the effects of high discount rates on health behaviors. METHODS: With data from a randomized trial of a CCT intervention among 434 HIV-positive pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we used binomial models to assess interactions between discount rates (measured using a delay-discounting task) and the intervention. The analysis focused on two outcomes: 1) retention in HIV care, and 2) uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services. RESULTS: The effect of high discount rates on retention was small, and we did not observe evidence of interaction between high discount rates and CCT on retention. However, our findings suggest that CCT may mitigate the negative effect of high discount rates on uptake of PMTCT services (interaction contrast (IC): 0.18, 95% CI: − 0.09, 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence to support the continued use of small, frequent incentives, to motivate improved uptake of PMTCT services, especially among women exhibiting high rates of temporal discounting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT01838005, April 23, 2013. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10499-0.

In the last 30–40 years, developed countries in particular, but also developing ones, have seen an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in infant mortality and morbidity rates. These factors are due to an increase in living standards, a decrease in differences between social classes, the increased accessibility of education to women, and the implementation of some public health measures. When certain basic social and medical measures are implemented on a large scale, their benefits are first reflected in lower infant mortality rates, and only in the second stage are such benefits reflected in decreasing neonatal mortality rates and a smaller number of stillbirths. In this study, we review the literature on these factors. We extrapolate and compare this literature with data recorded in our country in the hopes of finding the reasons why Romania ranks first in the European Union in terms of infant mortality rates. We found that lowering the infant morbidity, mortality, and congenital malformation rates is an absolute priority in Romania, which requires the involvement of decision makers in taking effective measures regarding food supplementation or enhancement using folic acid, adequate counselling of couples, monitoring of all pregnancies, setting antenatal diagnosis, implementing optimal delivery management and therapeutic approaches to problematic pregnancies in other hospitals and by involving the population in health education, avoiding occupational or in-home exposure to toxic factors, avoiding drug use, and implementing disease and infection prevention measures for pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Epinephrine is the first-line therapy for patients with anaphylaxis, and intramuscular (IM) delivery is shown to be superior to subcutaneous (SC) delivery. There currently is no consensus on the ideal body position for epinephrine autoinjector (EAI) administration. OBJECTIVE: We designed this study to investigate whether SC tissue depth (SCTD) is affected by body position (e.g., standing, sitting, supine), which can potentially impact delivery of EAI into the IM space. METHODS: Volunteer adults (ages ≥ 18 years) from a military medical treatment facility in the United States were recruited to participate in this study. SCTD of the vastus lateralis was measured via ultrasound at standing, sitting, and supine body positions. Subjects' age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to compare average SCTD between body positions, sex, and BMI. RESULTS: An analysis of variance of 51 participants (33 men and 18 women) did not reveal statistically significant difference in SCTD among standing, sitting, and supine body positions. It did show a significantly greater SCTD in women than in men (2.72 ± 1.36 cm versus 1.10 ± 0.38 cm; p < 0.001). There was no significant association observed between BMI and SCTD in this study. CONCLUSION: Body position did not seem to significantly change the distance between skin and thigh muscle in adults. This would suggest that there might not be an ideal body position for EAI administration. Therefore, in case of anaphylaxis, prompt administration of epinephrine is recommended at any position.

AbstrakSaat ini banyak sekali terjadi kasus korupsi di pemerintahan maupun sektor swasta dilakukan oleh para lelaki yang sudah memiliki istri dan anak.Dengan adanya penyuluhan ini, diharapkan wanita khususnya anggota BKOW bisa menjadi pelopor dirumah tangga untuk membentuk keluarga anti korupsi baik kepada anak dan suami. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan 4 metode yakni: ceramah, dialog, bedah kasus, dan best practice. Hasil dari kegiatan ini, peserta menjadi antusias, yang terlihat dari banyaknya pertanyan yang diajukan serta terbentuknya komunikasi yang baik. Pengabdian ini perlu dilanjutkan kembali, di organisasi-organisasi wanita lainnya agar penyampaian ini mencakup banyak wanita aktif di kepulauan Riau.Kata Kunci: Penyuluhan Hukum, Korupsi, Organisasi Wanita.AbstractNowadays there are many cases of corruption in the government and private sector carried out by men who already have wives and children. With this counseling, it is hoped that women, especially BKOW members, can be pioneers in the household to form an anti-corruption family for both children and husbands. This devotional activity is carried out with 4 methods namely: lectures, dialogue, case surgery, and best practice. As a result of this activity, participants became enthusiastic, which was evident from the many questions raised as well as the formation of good communication. This service needs to be resumed, in other women's organizations in order for this delivery to include many active women in Riau islands.Keywords: Legal Counseling, Corruption, Women's Organizations.

Dins de l'àmbit d'estudi que tracta les diferències lingüístiques existents entre la parla dels homes i les dones, són moltes les investigacions realitzades al voltant de la manifestació de cortesia verbal atenent el factor sexe del parlant. En aquesta ocasió, ens centrem en el cas específic de la interrupció, fenomen en el qual els estudis inicials semblaven confirmar l'estereotip, vigent en les cultures occidentals, que consistia a afirmar que les dones parlaven en excés i que els homes les interrompien. En aquest sentit, en aquest treball pretenem ensenyar la correlació que s'estableix entre la realització en la conversa d'interrupcions de diferent naturalesa i els factors sexe i rol del parlant en un tipus discursiu específic: la tertúlia periodística de tema polític, on es produeix un sistema, en general, lliure pel que fa a la distribució del torn de parla. ; Several works have been carried out about linguistic differences between men and women talk and, specifically, about how they use polite and impolite strategies. In this article, we aim to focus on interruption, an impolite strategy whose appearance in conversation was initially explained by some authors as the consequence of the fact that, in Western communities, women spoke so much that men interrrupted them. In this sense, we intend to show the correlation between different kinds of interruptions and gender and role variables in a specific discourse type, the political talk show, in which turn-talking generally takes place freely.

The African democratic forces, among other things, aimed to resuscitate and re-essentialise African identities that the colonial administration had endangered earlier. These autonomous corps dispensed mechanisms to champion Africanism and conscientise African natives about their heritage. The cherishing of African identities automated decolonial shifts and inculcated an urge into Africans to be proud of who they are and where they come from. Notwithstanding these efforts, the study diagnoses skin whitening as a stubborn nemesis that menaces the authenticity of Africanism in the present day. Many Africans, especially black women appear to be gravitated to skin whitening. This act embraces the attempt to alter one's dark skin tone to be bright. Most of the skin whiteners are postulated to whiten their skins in an effort to qualify into the modern-day Eurocentric criterions of beauty at the expense of their black (African) identity. This paper employed a qualitative methodology and has relied on secondary data to unveil the extent to which skin whitening imperils African identities. It has employed Morrison's The Bluest Eyes as a lens to crystalise the impacts of skin whitening on Africanism. The study has discovered that the skin-whitening phenomenon epitomises and perpetuates Eurocentric ideologies and it is preferred by most women because of the assumed glory that comes with the white identity such as social class, privilege, attractiveness, favour, and admiration.

This publication is aimed at gaining the insight into the concept of "gender equality". The article shows that the growing need for understanding the principle of gender equality at the philosophical and legal level is caused by the trends themselves within the changing legislation. The authors have specified that according to the generally accepted position, gender equality is understood as an absolutely identical range of opportunities. The participation and presence of both sexes in every area of society is an integral part of the legal equality of men and women. It is noted that value of women is heatedly discussed, as they are seen as an abnormal group from the point of view of a patriarchal society. All above is ultimately aimed at finding legal constructs that minimize the hierarchy of differences between the genders. ; Настоящая публикация направлена на постижение сущности понятия «гендерное равноправие». В статье показано, что растущая необходимость осмысления на философско-правовом уровне принципа равенства полов вызвана самими трендами в рамках меняющегося законодательства. Авторами установлено, что согласно общепринятой позиции под гендерным равенством понимают совершенно одинаковый уровень возможностей. Участие и присутствие представителей обоих полов в каждой сфере общества выступает неотъемлемым атрибутом юридического равноправия мужчин и женщин. Отмечается, что сегодня дискуссия разгорается вокруг ценности женщин, которые являются аномальной группой с точки зрения патриархального общества. Все это, в конечном счете, направлено на поиск юридических конструкций, минимизирующих иерархию различий между полами.

Change seems to be a constant feature of the 21st century workplace. Successful organisations embrace change and make sure the personnel are valued, and that they remain engaged and motivated. Employers do not require to formally be in charge of a group of people to be called leader, but demonstrating leadership is an important feature for employees at every level of an organization. Women face a diverse range of difficulties in today's workplace, and therefore this study aims to focus on the phenomenon of leading change without formal authority and develop a model for women to bring about change within their working climate. This conceptual research aims to identify novel connections between the concepts of leadership and feminism and in consideration of the features of the 21st century workplace. Reviewing the relevant literature particularly around the leadership qualities (drive, motivation, honesty, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business) this study proposes dedication, political skill and sincerity as qualities of leadership without formal authority. Since, male and female personalities appear to be different in a number of aspects, the basic five personality qualities (known as the Big Five) are reviewed: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Reviewing models of change as well as females' qualities, this study suggests a model for leading change without formal authority including Identifying gaps, Connecting with emotions, and Committing to change (ICC model).

Arguments as to the status of women in political, economic, social and religious spheres of life have dominated contemporary narratives and had given birth to different schools of thought all in attempt to nip in the bud, the growing consequences of this social construct. There have been psychological and emotional feelings of distrust, marginalization and oppression echoed by the female gender against the male gender. The female gender nursed some sense of inferiority and uniqueness in her conducts, interaction and relationship with the male gender. The male carries itself as the alter ego, and feels high-level superiority and in command of the 'estates'. This x-rayed circumstance has given rise to feminism and its varying shades, all geared towards the protection and preservation of the rights of women, and advancing for equality in all respects. Cologenderism which seeks to balance the arguments of both sexes by arguing that both sexes can marginalize and be marginalized, oppress and be oppressed, subjugate and be subjugated depending on statistical structuring in a particular circumstance, in this context, posits that equality contest or demand between sexes should not be categorized as gift or privileges. This paper using analytical, rational, expository and critical methods, argues that equality is a right for both sexes and, therefore, should be contested and struggled for with consistency and available mental talents until it is achieved.

This study uses survey data among both a random sample (N = 500) and a convenience sample (N = 2,919) of Flemish adults to assess public support for 24 potential labour market reforms. The results show that there is a lot of public support for (both encouraged and mandatory) training and community service for the unemployed and for the so-called 'job bonus', which are all reforms planned by the Flemish government Jambon I. However, there is little public support for reforms which should make the - apparently strongly desired - increase of the minimum pension to 1,500 euro after taxes possible, such as gradually eliminating early retirement possibilities, decreasing how much equated periods (such as periods of sick leave and unemployment) count towards pension accrual, and (partly) unlinking wages from seniority. This indicates that the end-of-career-debate that the Belgian federal government De Croo I wants to have will not be an easy one. For the planned increased monitoring to fight social and fiscal fraud, there is, however, a lot of public support. Somewhat surprisingly, there is little public support for reforms which aim to strengthen the position of women on the labour market, such as more quota for women in boards of directors in private companies, more parental leave for couples who divide this leave more equally, and increased paternity leave from 10 to 20 days.

This article analyses an image from the work of Polish-born Israeli artist Naomi Judkowski (Zofia Rosenstrauch) in juxtaposition with a work done by Russian artist Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya. The study aims to compare two art works of two women with different backgrounds who both suffered under two oppressive regimes. One of the founders of the Ghetto Fighters kibbutz in Northern Israel with its known museum and archive dedicated to the Holocaust memory and education, Naomi Judkowski was an important voice in the Israeli post-war society. Not only her drawings were used as the state of Israel put Eichman on trial, but she also wrote a memoir of her experiences in Auschwitz-Birkenau available for the future generations. At the same time, Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya represents unique evidence to the experience of forced labour and deadly conditions in the Soviet GULAG. Her memoir together with 680 drawings reached the audience in 1990 when it was published by Russian and foreign periodicals. Despite the importance of these works, none of them has received the proper attention to this day. However, in the works of both authors, one can clearly see the "unique female language" that served as an expression of feelings and emotions in response to the sexualized humiliations perpetrated by the men against these two women. The works of both artists are characterized by a realistic visual language and were created out of a need for emotional expression, making the viewer witness their experience.

Overcoming discrimination against women is an essential element for the construction of a truly democratic society, founded on respect for the rights of the person and human dignity. In Angolan society there are sexist communities that discriminate against women; Therefore, the work of the gender mobilizers and promoters is very much done, which is why a special preparation is necessary that includes other forms and techniques through the use of free time, which, as it was found, exists until now. This program proposes, through a system of techniques based on popular education, to offer a contribution to education and the gender approach in current Angolan society. ; La superación de la discriminación de la mujer es un elemento indispensable para la construcción de una sociedad verdaderamente democrática, fundada en el respeto de los derechos de la persona y de la dignidad humana. En la sociedad angolana existen comunidades machistas que discriminan a la mujer; por tanto, se hace muy difícil el trabajo de las movilizadoras y promotoras de género, por lo que se hace necesaria una preparación especial que incluya otras formas y técnicas mediante el empleo del tiempo libre, que, como se constató, hasta ahora existe. Este programa propone, a través de un sistema de técnicas basadas en la educación popular, ofrecer una contribución a la educación y al enfoque de género en la sociedad angolana actual.

Inequality of earnings between men and women from economic activities is a common phenomenon in the developing countries like Bangladesh. Similarly, wage differential between the government and private (or non-government) employees is also found in these courtiers. Thus, analysis of earning gaps from the perspectives of gender, and public-private sectors has received significant attention of the researchers in the context of developing countries. This study aims at assessing the wage gaps from the above perspectives to achieve better understanding about the extent of discrimination in wage between different groups of employees through performing a decomposition analysis. This is an empirical study in the context of Rajshahi City on the basis of primary data that are collected randomly from selected employees involved in different job sectors. It explores the wage gaps between male and female employees, and between government and non-government employees. The widely accepted Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition method is applied to analyze the wage differentials towards recognizing as to how far the current wage gap can be attributed to differences in the characteristics of employees and to labor market discrimination. The results of the decomposition analysis show that male employees and public sector employees earn on average 35.6% and 71.2% more than the female and private sector employees, respectively. Finally, the study suggests that appropriate policy reforms need to be done to reduce the earning gaps between men-women as well as public-private employees.