Suchergebnisse

Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung jener Gründe, warum die Village Common Forests (VCFs) in den Chittagong Hill Tracts von Bangladesch allmählich an Größe und Menge verlieren, obwohl VCF eine nachhaltige Technik der Waldbewirtschaftung darstellt. Für die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit wurden Felderhebungen in den drei VCFs der Distrikte Rangamati, Bandarban und Khargrachari in den Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesch mittels halbstrukturierter Interviews und Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit Forest User Groups (FUG) und NGO-Mitarbeitern, die mit VCFs Arbeitserfahrungen haben, durchgeführt. Feldbesuche bei den verschiedenen VCFs zeigten, dass die Größe der VCFs zwischen 15 und 250 Hektar variiert und die Anzahl der davon wirtschaftlich abhängigen Familien zwischen 50 und 240 Familien liegt. VCFs in den Chittagong Hill Tracts sind zugleich wertvolle Bewahrungszonen für die biologische Vielfalt. Es sind dort verschiedenste Pflanzen und Tiere beheimatet, darunter Kräuter und Pflanzen, die auch in der indigenen Medizin Verwendung finden sowie einige seltene Pflanzenarten, die in staatlich bewirtschafteten Wäldern nicht vorkommen. Der Lebensunterhalt der Ureinwohner ist aus verschiedenen Gründen untrennbar mit den Ressourcen des VCF verbunden, darunter Baumaterialien, Brennholz, Holz und Nahrungsquellen. Die VCFs speichern sehr viel Wasser und sind deshalb eine wichtige Quelle für den täglichen Bedarf an Trinkwasser und werden auch für die Bewässerung von den Landwirten genutzt, da sie einen kontinuierliche Quellschüttung garantieren und Bäche und kleinere Flüsse in der CHT mit Wasser anreichern. Die VCFs beziehen sich auch auf die Religionen, kulturellen Überzeugungen, Rituale und Zeremonien der indigenen Völker. Aus sozialen, ökologischen, wirtschaftlichen, medizinischen und kulturellen Gründen sind VCFs für die indigenen Völker in der CHT von immensem Wert. Trotz der Tatsache, dass VCFs eine wirksame Technik zur Erhaltung der Wälder darstellen, die kurz vor einer enormen Waldzerstörung in Bangladesch stehen, nehmen Größe und Anzahl der VCFs aus verschiedenen Gründen ständig ab. Die Studie ergab, dass das Management von VCFs für den Lebensunterhalt der Menschen in der Region von immer größerer Bedeutung wird, zusätzlich zur Anerkennung des traditionellen Ressourcenmanagementsystems, der Anerkennung der üblichen gemeinsamen Eigentumsrechte, der Gewährleistung der Sicherheit des Landbesitzes und dem Schutz vor politischen Nachlässigkeit. Um Landraub oder gewaltsame Beschlagnahme von Ureinwohnern durch Außenstehende und eine übermäßige Ausbeutung zu beenden, ist es sehr wichtig, technische Schulungen zum Management von VCF und finanzielle Anreize für die Gemeinden der VCFs anzubieten, das Bewusstsein für die Vorteile von VCFs zu schärfen, die Beteiligung von Frauen an Entscheidungsprozessen und im Management von VCFs zu fördern und Schulungen und Seminare zum Klimawandel und zur Umweltzerstörung anzubieten. ; The aim of this study was to explore the reasons why the Village Common Forests (VCFs) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh are gradually declining in size and quantity despite VCF being a sustainable technique of forest management. For this study, field visits were carried out in the three VCFs of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khargrachari districts of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with Forest User Groups (FUG) and NGO workers who have VCFs related work experiences. Field visits to the different VCFs shows that the VCFs vary in size from 15 acres to 250 acres and the number of families dependent also ranges from 50 families to 240 families. VCFs in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are repositories of biodiversity as they are homes of diverse plants and animals, including herbs and plants used in indigenous medicine as well as some rare species of plants trees that are not found in state managed forests. The livelihoods of the indigenous people are inextricably dependent on the VCFs resources for various reasons including construction materials, fuel-wood, timber and as sources of food. The VCFs are also major sources of water for daily domestic use and irrigation for farmers as they keep sustained flow of annual and perennial springs, streams and small rivers in the CHT. The VCFs are also related to the religions, cultural beliefs, rituals and ceremonies of the indigenous peoples. Therefore, for social, environmental, economic, medical and cultural reasons, VCFs are of immense value to the indigenous people in the CHT. Despite the fact that VCFs are an effective technique for forest preservation on the verge of enormous forest degradation in Bangladesh, VCFs are still gradually decreasing in size and number due to various reasons. The study found out that management of VCFs are becoming increasingly crucial for the sustenance of the people in the region and in addition to acknowledgement of traditional resource management system, recognition of customary common property rights, providing land tenure security, safeguarding of no policy negligence, end land grabbing or forceful confiscation of indigenous by outsiders and a over exploitation, it is very essential to provide technical trainings on VCFs management and financial incentives to the VCFs communities, provide awareness building on the benefits of VCFs, encourage women participation in decision making and in management of VCFs and provide trainings and seminar on climate change and environmental degradation. ; by Priyanka Tanchangya ; Enthält Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)5332935

The Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment (European Commision, 1997) is the basis of the legal framework for protection of pressure equipment within the European Union. Codes and standards are useful to comply with the legal and regulatory responsibilities stipulated in PED Directive regarding the protection of pressure equipment against overpressure, sizing, and selection safety relief devices. Rupture disk devices are primary relief devices to protect vessels, pipe, and equipment against overpressure. A rupture disk bursts once the so-called burst pressure is reached in the protected system, thereby discharging flow and preventing further increase in pressure. Currently, rupture disks are sized with standards and codes assuming the worst-case scenario at burst pressure. There is however no standardized procedure for sizing rupture disks with two-phase flow and there lacks suited test-facilities, test-sections, and reliable experimental data for model validation. Sizing rupture disk vent-line systems with current characteristic numbers comes with significant uncertainties, especially for high-velocity compressible flows (Schmidt, 2015). Zero-Emission and Green Safety are current trends for organizations that seek to attain innovative protection concepts beyond regulatory compliance. A procedure to size a rupture disk vent-line should accurately determine the discharge rate and pressure-drop across a rupture disk, from the point of rupture disk activation to the point when the system depressurizes fully. This procedure is critical for further safety considerations, such as for modeling the dispersion of toxic gases released during emergency-relief and calculating the emissions to the environment with time. Over-dimensioning is one measure taken today to mitigate uncertainties encountered while sizing with current methods. This is not always an option, as over-dimensioning the rupture disk vent-line system leads to unnecessary financial costs. It may also cause malfunction of the collecting systems downstream when the fluids discharged are more than the design limits. Emissions to the environment are thereby potentially higher than necessary, causing excessive harm to the environment. Under-dimensioning, on the other hand, may lead to hazardous incidents with loss of human life and equipment. This work has therefore focused on the investigation of the mass flow rate and pressure-drop through rupture disk devices with compressible gas and two-phase flow. The experimental focus was in the design, construction, and commissioning of a high-capacity, high-pressure industry-scale test facility for testing small- to large-diameter rupture disks and other fittings with gas flow. The resulting test facility is suited to test safety devices and pipe fittings at near realistic flow conditions at pressures up to 150 bar. This work also presents the design of a pilot plant for testing rupture disks with air/water two-phase flow. These test facilities open-up new frontiers for capacity testing because they have precise and state-of-the-art measurement and instrumentation. Experimental results from these facilities deliver reliable experimental data to validate proposed sizing procedures for rupture disk devices. The theoretical focus was on the development of a reliable rupture disk sizing procedure for compressible gas and two-phase flow. This required phenomenological studies of flow through rupture disks with both experiments and CFD studies. Better suited rupture disk characteristic numbers and model parameters for determining the mass flow rate and pressure-drop across rupture disks are identified. The proposed sizing procedure with compressible gas and two-phase flow predicts the dischargeable mass flow rate and pressure-drop across a rupture disk within ±4 % of measured value. Experimental validation has been undertaken with different types of rupture disks. The procedure is suited for determine the mass flow rate and pressure-drop through rupture disk seamlessly, from the point of rupture disk activation (worst-case scenario) to the point when the system fully depressurizes beyond regulatory compliance.

ilustraciones a color, fotografías a color ; Con autorización de uso ; Esta tesis aborda el aprendizaje de la participación ciudadana (PC) en tres organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC) de Bucaramanga que defienden, promueven y ejercen sus derechos en el marco de una ciudadanía activa y responsable. Estas organizaciones, auto-identificadas como movimientos o colectivos, en su desempeño y sobre la marcha, van construyendo espontáneamente diversos aprendizajes bien sea en torno a las causas que persiguen (p. ej. la movilidad, el agua, el territorio .) como a la participación ciudadana; pues es justo esto lo que hacen al materializar sus luchas, participar. En este sentido dichas organizaciones son asumidas para este trabajo como comunidades de práctica (CdP) donde se vive un aprendizaje experiencial-social y situado de la PC. La investigación se valió de un estudio colectivo e instrumental de tres casos en los cuales se buscó analizar el qué y el cómo se aprende experiencial e informalmente la PC desde este tipo de grupos hoy. Como resultado del estudio, se reconoció que las personas llegan a una comunidad de práctica como las estudiadas, porque hay algo en ellas que despierta su atención, bien sea de manera superficial o profunda en relación con la causa y que tal interés se va transformando a medida que participan en la CdP. Dicha transformación hace que se despierte en algunos su compromiso por asumir un rol cada vez más activo, en otros casos desaparece. Con el fin de identificar qué y cómo se aprende la PC desde estos escenarios, se reconocieron varias experiencias vividas en los grupos y se interpretaron a la luz de tres ejes de participación que se establecieron para este ejercicio. Se aprecia cómo las experiencias cargadas de sentido y emoción propician que algunos individuos vayan conformando una identidad política de ciudadanos activos, solidarios y transformadores. Tales sentido y emoción no son propios de la experiencia per se sino de quien la vive, así que se intentó ilustrarlas como oportunidades para aprender ; "This thesis is about learning of citizen participation (CP) in three Civil Society Organizations (CSO) of Bucaramanga which defend, promote and exercise their rights into the framework of an active and responsible citizenship. These organizations, self-identified as movements or collectives, in their spontaneously performance build diverse learning round the causes they pursue, for example: mobility, water, territory, and also about citizen participation. This learning is achieved thanks to the work that the CSO do, which is precisely to participate. In this sense, these organizations are considered as communities of practice (CoP) for this work, inside them an experiential-social and situated learning of the CP is lived. The research used a collective and instrumental study of three cases to analyze what and how CP is experientially and informally learned inside this kind of groups today. As result, it was recognized that people arrive at a community of practice because there is something in them that catches their attention, superficial or profound way in relation to the cause, and that this interest is transformed while they participate in the CoP. This transformation would cause that the people enhance their interest on take an increasingly active role, or in other cases it interest disappears. In order to identify what and how the CP is learned in these scenarios, it was recognized several experiences lived in the groups; experiences that were understood through three lines of participation that were established for this exercise. It is appreciated how the experiences that are charged with meaning and emotion can encourage to some individuals to form a political identity of active, supportive and transforming citizens. Such meaning and emotion are not typical of experience but of who lives it, so even though the experiences do not generate the same for all people, it was tried to display them as opportunities to learn."--Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado ; Tesis Doctor en Educación ; Tesis Doctorado en Educación ; Doctorado

El presente estudio investigativo construye las bases para un proceso de transición agroecológica para aportar a la garantía de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) en familias agricultoras del resguardo indígena Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra- Chía-Cundinamarca. Se analizaron las limitaciones y potencialidades del contexto de este territorio y sus familias agricultoras para emprender un proceso hacia la transición agroecológica, la cual se concibe como un proceso complejo de cambio desde una forma convencional de producir alimentos hacia una forma alternativa de agricultura más sostenible, la cual implica entender cómo funcionan las dinámicas ecosistémicas que rodea el espacio de cultivo, huerta, o chagra (agroecosistema) con el fin de no causar daños irremediables al agua, la tierra, la biodiversidad y el aire a través de la acción humana, puesto que estos servicios ecosistémicos sustentan la comida de todos los seres vivos. Se planteó una metodología participativa con enfoque mixto fundamentada en un concepto de desarrollo que parte de valores como justicia, equidad, democracia, equidad de género y sostenibilidad, en donde los actores clave son las familias productoras. El trabajo se realizó con 13 familias del resguardo indígena dedicadas a la agricultura familiar con un total de 45 personas. Solo el 23% del total de los predios familiares se encuentra sembrado con cultivos alimentarios, aromáticos, medicinales y/o plantas de uso ritual. Estas familias agricultoras en general comienzan desde la primera etapa de la transición agroecológica, aunque cabe resaltar que algunas familias presentan fortalezas en las etapas 1 y 3. A pesar de las situaciones negativas como la falta de apoyo económico desde el cabildo y el municipio y la falta de personas para cultivar, existe un interés intacto por producir alimentos conservando el ambiente y existe un conjunto de saberes que vale la pena promover desde el interior del resguardo indígena para repensar lo alimentario desde la colectividad. Palabras clave: Sostenibilidad, Transición, Agroecología, SAN, Agricultura familiar, Indígena, Familias, Resguardo. ; This research study builds the bases for an agroecological transition process to contribute to the guarantee of Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) in farming families of the Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra-Chía-Cundinamarca indigenous reservation. The limitations and potentialities of the context of this territory and its farming families were analyzed to undertake a process towards the agroecological transition, which is conceived as a complex process of change from a conventional way of producing food towards an alternative form of more sustainable agriculture, which implies understanding how the ecosystem dynamics that surround the cultivation space, garden or chagra (agroecosystem) work in order not to cause irreparable damage to water, land, biodiversity and air through human action, since that these ecosystem services support the food of all living beings. A participatory methodology with a mixed approach based on a development concept was posed, which takes up values such as justice, equity, democracy, gender equity and sustainability, where the key actors are the producer families. The work was carried out with 13 families from the indigenous reservation dedicated to family farming with a total of 45 people. Only 23% of the total land owned by the family farms are planted with food, aromatic, medicinal and/or ritual crops. These farming families generally start from the first stage of the agroecological transition, although it should be noted that some families have strengths in stages 1 and 3. Despite the negative situations such as the lack of economic support from the indigenous cabildo and the municipality and the lack of people to cultivate, there is an intact interest in producing food while preserving the environment, and there is a set of knowledge that is worth promoting from inside the indigenous reservation to rethink food from the collectivity. Keywords: Sustainability, Transition, Agroecology, SAN, Family Farming, Indigenous, Families, Indigenous reservation. ; Maestría

River transport has become an important axis of development and economic growth of countries that have navigable networks with potential for use. The projection of this progress requires the understanding, in each nation, of the potentialities of its infrastructures, of its natural resources, the impacts on these, and of the legislation and regulations that favor its development; the ignorance of these aspects is the main obstacle facing the management, planning and exploitation of this means of transport. The objective of this article is to provide a perspective on river transport in Colombia, a country that has a network and fluvial capacity with great potential for the transport of passengers and merchandise. The methodology was oriented to the analysis of the issues related to its origin and progress, as well as the current situation of its operations and infrastructure, the impacts on the environment, and the legislation and regulations applicable to its regulation and control. Based on these issues, a prospective about its development potential oriented to trade, infrastructure and new plans and public policies is provided. It is concluded that the fluvial transport in Colombia can be boosted given the water richness of its territory, which together with the investment in priority infrastructures and logistic services, and the development of public policies that regulate and promote its environmentally sustainable operation, can provide a favorable socioeconomic panorama for the country. ; El transporte fluvial constituye un eje de desarrollo y crecimiento económico en países con vías navegables aprovechables, como los europeos en donde la adecuada explotación de un transporte fluvial eficiente ha redundado en su mayor competitividad en el comercio exterior. Estos desarrollos requieren que cada nación posea un claro entendimiento de sus potencialidades en el sector fluvial, en razón a que el desconocimiento de estos aspectos es el principal obstáculo de cara a la planeación, gestión y explotación óptimas de este sistema de transporte. El objetivo de este artículo es proveer una perspectiva del transporte fluvial en Colombia y una prospectiva sobre su potencial de desarrollo. La metodología se orienta al estudio de su origen, progreso, su forma de operación actual, las características de su infraestructura, la situación ambiental y el marco normativo aplicable en el contexto colombiano. Sobre lo anterior se proporciona una prospectiva de desarrollo del transporte fluvial orientado al comercio, la infraestructura y nuevos planes y políticas públicas. Se concluye que este modo de transporte tiene gran viabilidad en Colombia, para lo cual se requiere la inversión en infraestructuras prioritarias y servicios logísticos, así como el desarrollo de nuevas políticas públicas. ; O transporte fluvial tornou-se um importante eixo de desenvolvimento e crescimento econômico de países que possuem redes navegáveis com potencial de uso. A projeção deste progresso requer o entendimento, em cada nação, das potencialidades de suas infra-estruturas, de seus recursos naturais, dos impactos sobre estes, e da legislação e regulamentação que favoreçam seu desenvolvimento; o desconhecimento destes aspectos é o principal obstáculo para a gestão, planejamento e exploração deste meio de transporte. O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer uma perspectiva sobre o transporte fluvial na Colômbia, país que possui uma rede e capacidade fluvial com grande potencial para o transporte de passageiros e mercadorias. A metodologia foi orientada para a análise das questões relacionadas à sua origem e andamento, bem como a situação atual de suas operações e infraestrutura, os impactos ao meio ambiente, a legislação e os regulamentos aplicáveis à sua regulação e controle. Com base nessas questões, é apresentado um prospecto sobre seu potencial de desenvolvimento voltado ao comércio, infraestrutura e novos planos e políticas públicas. Conclui-se que o transporte fluvial na Colômbia pode ser melhorada dada a riqueza de água de seu território, que, juntamente com o investimento em infra-estruturas prioritárias e serviços de logística, bem como o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para regular e promover a operação ambientalmente sustentável, pode fornecer panorama socioeconômico favorável para o país.

The issue of determining the objects of environmental law ofUkrainefrom the very beginning of the formation of this branch of law doesn't lose its relevance. Numerous monographs, scientific articles, abstracts and other publications appear that study the scientific and methodological aspects of the development of the doctrine of objects of environmental law, analyze the theoretical approaches to their understanding, substantiate the position about the need to highlight new objects of environmental legal regulation etc.Supporting the position expressed by many environmental lawyers about the need to rethink traditional ideas about environmental law and taking into account the latest trends in the development of international environmental law, primarily related to the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and the ecosystem approach, the author believes that the study of environmental law in Ukraine from just that angle view deserves special attention. Given this, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative and scientific foundations of understanding the objects of environmental law ofUkrainein the context of the implementation and realization of the ecosystem approach.The ecosystem approach, which is being actively developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, is defined as a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that ensures their conservation and sustainable use on an equitable basis. By analogy with the ecologization of law and legislation, which in general terms represents the process of implementation environmental legal principles and norms into all branches of law and the relevant legislation regulating human activities related to environmental impact, the process of implementation the ecosystem approach into the legal regulation of environmental relations it is proposed to call the «ecosystemization» of environmental law and legislation.In the author's opinion, the necessary condition for the implementation and realization of the ecosystem approach in environmental law and legislation of Ukraine is not so much recognition of the ecosystem as a separate object on an equal basis with others, but understanding of all objects of environmental and legal regulation and the environment as a whole in the ecosystem context. Indeed, it is obvious that the use of natural resources, as a certain useful property of natural objects, on the basis of the ecosystem approach, can be discussed only if the natural objects themselves are «ecosystemized». That is, when designating natural objects in environmental legislation and their study in the environmental legal doctrine, their ecosystem characteristics must be taken into account.Based on a thorough analysis of regulatory legal acts and the views of scientists, a tendency to gradual «ecosystemization» of objects of environmental law of Ukraine was identified and it was assumed that this tendency will continue and intensify, and in the distant, but foreseeable future, all natural objects and the environment as a whole will be studied by scientists and determined in environmental legislation precisely in the ecosystem context. According to the author, this approach will allow to overcome the fragmentation of environmental law ofUkraineand create a holistic legal basis for the qualitative regulation of social environmental relations. ; Анализируются законодательные и научные основы понимания объектов экологического права Украины в контексте внедрения и реализации экосистемного подхода. Сделано предположение, что современная тенденция к «экосистемизации» объектов экологического права будет продолжаться и усиливаться, и в отдаленной, но обозримой перспективе все природные объекты и окружающая природная среда в целом будут исследоваться учеными и определяться в экологическом законодательстве именно в экосистемном контексте. Такой подход позволит преодолеть фрагментацию экологического права Украины и создать целостную правовую основу для качественного регулирования общественных экологических отношений. ; У статті проаналізовано законодавчі та наукові засади розуміння об'єктів екологічного права України в контексті впровадження та реалізації екосистемного підходу. Зроблено припущення, що сучасна тенденція до «екосистемізації» об'єктів екологічного права буде продовжуватися та посилюватися, й у віддаленій, але осяжній перспективі всі природні об'єкти та навколишнє природне середовище в цілому досліджуватимуться науковцями та визначатимуться в екологічному законодавстві саме в екосистемному контексті. Такий підхід дасть можливість подолати фрагментацію екологічного права України та створити цілісне правове підґрунтя для якісного регулювання суспільних екологічних відносин.

Electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings are widely used for steel protection against corrosion and for assembly by rubber to metal bonding. However, ZnNi technologies cost and the possible restriction for its use due to European legislation strengthening are serious drawbacks. This work proposes particles codeposition of silica and polymethyl methacrylate together with zinc, of respectively nanometric and submicronic size. If silica particles are available on the market, polymer particles are not in a reasonable cost. Thus, a synthesis protocol had been developed. It consists in emulsifying monomer into water by sonication of the mixture with successive sonications of increasing frequencies. After polymerization, monodisperse PMMA spherical particles of 100 to 300 nm in diameter are obtained. Moreover, the proposed synthesis allows the choice of particles charge signs. This parameter is a key one in particles codeposition in electrodeposited matrix. After a preliminary study with conductive polymers, particles are dispersed into the electrolytes and then characterized by electrochemistry. It appears that PMMA particles interact with the steel substrate if polarized as a cathode. Composite coatings are elaborated, under mechanical steering or ultrasound irradiation, with convection intensity near the cathode previously homogenized to compare the contribution of the different kinds of convection, thanks to the concept of equivalent velocity. The influence off the particles' incorporation on the morphology and the microstructure off the coatings are evaluated, related to the hydrodynamic conditions and the type of particle incorporated. PMMA particles incorporation leads to the refinement of the coating, the opposite being observed for silica particles. Ultrasound as well as the surface charge sign of PMMA particles influenced significantly morphology and microstructure off the coatings. The scale up off the plating process is led in a pilot cell of 50L. An exposure to Neutral Salt Spray test showed that Zn/PMMA composite coatings exhibit the best corrosion properties, while the better adhesion results are obtained with Zn/SiO2 composite. ; Les revêtements électrodéposés d'alliages zinc-nickel, sont très utilisés pour protéger l'acier de la corrosion et dans la production de pièces d'assemblage avec des caoutchoucs adhérisés. Cependant, ils présentent l'inconvénient de coûts élevés et sont par visés l'évolution des normes européennes qui cherchent à restreindre l'usage des sels de nickel. Ce travail propose d'incorporer des particules de silices et/ou de PMMA à une matrice de zinc, de dimensions respectivement nano et submicrométriques. Si la disponibilité commerciale des particules de silice n'est pas un problème, ce n'est pas le cas des particules polymères. Une méthodologie originale de synthèse des particules a donc été développée. Elle est basée sur l'émulsification du monomère dans l'eau par irradiation ultrasonore en exposant le mélange à plusieurs sonication de fréquences croissantes, permettant de maitriser la taille des particules dans une gamme de 100 à 300 nm, et le signe de leur charge de surface. L'influence de ce dernier paramètre a pu être vérifié lors d'une étude préliminaire de leur incorporation dans une matrice organique. Les particules sont ensuite dispersées dans des électrolytes qui sont caractérisés par voie électrochimique. Ceci a permis de mettre en évidence une interaction entre les particules de PMMA et le substrat d'acier lors de sa polarisation cathodique. Ensuite, les revêtements composites sont réalisés sous agitation mécanique ou sous irradiation ultrasonore. La convection au niveau de la cathode est au préalable calibrée de manière à pouvoir comparer la contribution du type d'agitation, grâce au concept de vitesse équivalente. L'impact de l'incorporation des particules sur la morphologie et la microstructure des revêtements est alors évalué suivant les conditions hydrodynamiques et le type de particule incorporé. L'incorporation de particules entraine un affinement de la morphologie des revêtements par modification de l'orientation de leur structure cristalline. Les ultrasons, comme le signe de la charge de surface des particules de PMMA, permettent de moduler la morphologie et la structure des revêtements. La transposition du procédé de revêtement est ensuite opérée dans une cellule pilote d'une capacité de 50L. Une exposition en brouillard salin permet de constater que les meilleures performances anticorrosion sont obtenues pour les revêtements composites Zn/PMMA. Les meilleures propriétés d'adhérence sont obtenues pour le revêtement composite Zn/SiO2.

BACKGROUND: Due to increasing pressure on natural resources, subsistence agriculture communities in Uganda and Sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing increasingly restricted access to diminishing natural resources that are a critical requirement of their livelihoods. Previously, common-pool resources like forests and grasslands have been either gazetted for conservation or leased for agriculture, the latter in particular for large-scale sugarcane production. Satisfying the increasing consumer demand for grassland or forestry products like wild mushrooms as food or medicine, requires innovative ethno-biological and industry development strategies to improve production capacity, while easing the pressure on diminishing natural resources and averting ecosystems degradation. METHODS: This case study addresses traditional knowledge systems for artisanal mycoculture to identify cultivation practices that enhance sustainable utilization of natural resources. Multi-scalar stakeholder engagement across government and community sectors identified artisanal mushroom producers across five districts in Uganda. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews characterized artisanal production methods and identified locally used substrates for cultivation of different mushroom species. RESULTS: Artisanal practices were characterized for the cultivation of six wild saprophytic mushroom species including Volvariella speciosa (akasukusuku), two Termitomyces sp. (obunegyere and another locally unnamed species), Agaricus sp. (ensyabire) and Agrocybe sp. (emponzira), and one exotic Pleurotus sp. (oyster) that are used as food or medicine. The substrates used for each species differed according to the mushroom's mode of decomposition, those being the following: tertiary decomposers such as those growing under rotting tree stumps or logs from forestry activity like the Agrocybe sp. known as emponzira which grows in forests, thickets, or near homesteads where big logs of hardwood have been left to rot. Also pieces of firewood are chipped off whenever need arises thus providing fuel; secondary decomposers growing on naturally composted grass associated with termites like the Termitomyces sp. known as obunegyere growing in protected sites in gardens, composted cattle manure for Agaricus sp. known as ensyabire in the kraal area where cattle manure is plenty, composted maize cobs for a locally unnamed Agaricus sp. on heaped cobs placed near homesteads; and primary decomposers growing on waste sorghum from brewing the traditional alcoholic drink, muramba for Pleurotus sp. (oyster), and banana and spear grass residue from banana juice processing like the Volvariella speciosa known as akasukusuku because it is associated with the banana plantation locally known in the Luganda language as olusuku and is usually heaped under ficus trees. Management practices also varied based on mode of decomposition and other ecological requirements such as the following: zero tillage and minimal disturbance in areas where obunegyere grow, heaping banana and spear grass residues under the cool ficus trees which also keep them away from banana stump that may cause infestation with nematodes and insects. Even within the generic practices accessibility by the users is critical for example placing logs near homes where children can use them to play, they can be used as fire wood and to even get off-season mushroom as household waste water can make the mushrooms grow. CONCLUSIONS: Our description of artisanal mycoculture methods that respond to conservation and utilization pressures, demonstrates the value of addressing traditional knowledge to improve ethno-biology and mycoculture industry practice. Traditional communities engage in multiple technological and organizational innovations and practices for sustainability and in the case of mushroom production to conserve the environment and culture, ensure variety, food and nutrition security, and income. The results of this study present opportunities to preserve ecosystem quality while developing an artisanal mycoculture system. They have also identified aspects of artisanal mycoculture that most urgently require further ethno-biological study and industry development. Future research and industry development can utilize the result of this study to boost artisanal production of wild saprophytic mushrooms in Sub-Saharan countries, for food or medicinal consumption, and environment conservation. Further development of production efficiencies in context with sustainable natural resource management is recommended.

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones ; Con los avances recientes en el campo de observación de la Tierra (EO), el uso de la información obtenida por los sensores (ubicados en plataformas aéreas y/o satelitales) ha adquirido un papel fundamental en las actividades humanas, por ejemplo, la gestión del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales, la prevención de riesgos y catástrofes, la planificación de espacios urbanos y rurales, la detección de objetivos militares y tareas de inteligencia, entre otras. Esto ha sido fomentado por el hecho de que ahora es posible una caracterización detallada de la superficie de la Tierra permitiendo que los sensores puedan adquirir imágenes con cientos de bandas espectrales, recopilando gran- des cantidades de información (en el dominio espectral) para la una zona. Esto permite "ver lo que el ojo humano no puede", haciendo posible la generación de imágenes hiperespectrales (HSI) con una alta dimensionalidad. El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo y la aplicación de nuevas técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes para una explotación computacionalmente eficiente de las escenas HSI, haciendo uso de la información espacial y espectral disponible en los datos, con particular interés en el desarrollo de técnicas paralelas y distribuidas basadas en unidades de procesamiento gráfico (GPU) y plataformas de computación en la nube. Para este propósito, llevamos a cabo una variedad de experimentos sobre diferentes escenas de referencia que se han utilizado ampliamente en la comunidad, ilustrando así las ventajas de nuestros algoritmos recientemente desarrollados con respecto a otras técnicas de vanguardia disponibles en la literatura. ; With the recent advances developed in the Earth Observation (EO) field, the use of remote sensing information captured by available sensors (located on aerial and/or satellite platforms) has acquired a very important role in a wide range of human activities such as, for instance, management of environment and natural resources (including forests, water, geological and mineralogical resources), prevention of risks and catastrophes, planning of urban and rural spaces, detection of military objectives. and intelligence tasks, among others. Actually, the sensors capable of acquiring images with hundreds of spec-tral bands (called imaging spectrometers) are able to gather large amounts of information for the same area by recording hundreds of measurements in the spectral domain at different wavelengths. This allows "to see what the human eye cannot",making possible the generation of hyperspectral images (HSI) with very large dimensionality. The goal of this thesis is the development and application of new image processing techniques for adequate and computationally eficient exploitation of remotely sensed HSI scenes, making use of the complementarity of spatial and spectral information available in the data, and exploring new computationally eficient models for extracting information from these remotely sensed images, with particular interest in the development of parallel and distributed techniques based on graphical processing units (GPUs) and cloud computing platforms. For this purpose, we conduct experiments using a variety of HSI benchmark scenes that have been widely used in the community, illustrating the advantages of our newly developed algorithms with regards to other state-of-the-art techniques available in the literatura. ; • Ministerio de Educación, Secretaría de Estado de Educación, Formación Profesional y Universidades: Ayuda para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU 14/02012), en el marco del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016 • Junta de Extremadura: Ayuda para la realización de actividades de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico, de divulgación y de transferencia de conocimiento por grupos de Investigación de Extremadura (Ref. GR18060) • Junta de Extremadura: Proyecto "Tools for mapping human exposure to risky environmental conditions by means of ground and Earth observation data (EOXPOSURE)" , financiado por el Programa de la Unión Europea Horizonte 2020 en virtud del acuerdo de subvención nº 734541

Knowledge of the effects that technologies have on society is the essential input to motivate the development of science, since it provides inputs to policy makers to project the impact of future investments. In Ecuador, the main public center in charge of research and development of technologies in the agricultural sector is the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP), which develops genetic material (seeds) and crop management recommendations to increase and add value to farmer's production, alternatives for the soil and water management and the conservation of genetic resources. In order to estimate the adoption and impact of agricultural technologies that are generated in the country, 37 studies of adoption, impact and economic profitability of technologies generated by the INIAP were analyzed. These studies were published in the period 2007-2017. The average adoption rate of the varieties developed by INIAP at the national level was 37%, with an average internal rate of return of 33%. The overall impacts of agricultural technologies developed in Ecuador were positive at an economic, environmental and productive level for the farmers who adopted these technologies. These results support the politicians and decision makers in the country for the direction and strategic planning of the research to invest more in science and technology, which will allow the development of a sustainable agriculture for Ecuador and for the region. ; El conocimiento de los efectos que tienen las tecnologías en la sociedad es el instrumento esencial para motivar el desarrollo de la investigación, ya que brinda insumos a los tomadores de decisiones y generadores de políticas que permiten proyectar el impacto de futuras inversiones. En Ecuador, el principal centro público encargado de la investigación y desarrollo de tecnologías en el sector agropecuario es el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), que desarrolla material genético, alternativas de manejo para incrementar y agregar valor a la producción, alternativas para el manejo del suelo y agua y la conservación de los recursos genéticos. Con el objetivo de estimar la adopción e impacto de las tecnologías agropecuarias que se generan en el país, se analizaron 37 estudios de adopción, impacto y rentabilidad económica de tecnologías generadas por el INIAP, publicados en el período 2007-2017. La tasa de adopción promedio a nivel nacional de las variedades desarrolladas por el INIAP fue del 37%, con una tasa interna de retorno promedio del 33%. Los impactos fueron positivos a nivel económico, ambiental y productivo para los agricultores que adoptaron las tecnologías. Estos resultados sirven de apoyo a los políticos y tomadores de decisiones en el país para el direccionamiento y planificación estratégica de la investigación, que permita el desarrollo de una agricultura sostenible y de referencia para la región. ; O conhecimento sobre os efeitos que as tecnologias exercem sobre a sociedade é o instrumento essencial para motivar o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, pois fornece informações aos gestores e promotores de políticas que permitem projetar o impacto de futuros investimentos. No Equador, o principal órgão público responsável pela pesquisa e desenvolvimento de tecnologias no setor agropecuário é o Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuária (INIAP), pois desenvolve material genético, alternativas de gestão para aumentar e agregar valor à produção, alternativas para o manejo do solo, da água e conservação de recursos genéticos. Com o objetivo de estimar a adoção e o impacto das tecnologias agropecuárias geradas no país, foram analisados 37 estudos de adoção, impacto e rentabilidade econômica das tecnologias geradas pelo INIAP publicadas no período 2007-2017. A taxa média de adoção nacional das variedades desenvolvidas pelo INIAP foi de 37%, e a taxa média interna de retorno de 33%. Os impactos foram positivos ao nível econômico, ambiental e produtivo para agricultores que adotaram as tecnologias. Esses resultados servem de apoio para os políticos e gestores de estratégias e planejamento de pesquisas do país, o que permite o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável e de referência para a região.

Поступила в редакцию 12.02.2019. Принята к печати 18.04.2019. ; Submitted on 12 February, 2019. Accepted on 18 April, 2019. ; С опорой на публицистический материал русской, монгольской, финской прессы рассматриваются особенности метафорического использования языковых средств, вербализирующих элементы кулинарно-гастрономической сферы в политическом дискурсе. Употребление рус. кухня, монг. гал тогоо 'кухня', фин. keittiö 'то же' в переносном значении, закрепленное в толковых словарях, дает основу для доказательства универсальности бытовой артефактной метафоры в разных языках. Популярность метафоры кухни как средства концептуализации политической жизни объясняется тем, что кухня и политика — сферы жизнедеятельности, где процесс приготовления пищи, с одной стороны, и проведение самостоятельной политики и принятия решений по каким-либо важным вопросам — с другой, — представляют собой сложное по своей природе явление, требующее определенного мастерства и профессионализма. В результате действий, скрытых от внимания непосвященных, готовится некое «блюдо», качественно не похожее на первоначальный набор исходных компонентов. Интенсивность политической жизни передается «температурными» лексемами разных частей речи: глаголами «варить», «вариться», «кипеть», «бурлить», «пениться», «ошпариться»; существительными «огонь», «кипяток», «пар»; прилагательными и причастиями: «горячий», «раскаленный», «бурлящий». Универсальные блюда всех политических кухонь — «каша» и «суп», приготовление которых связано с беспорядочным смешиванием ингредиентов в кипящем состоянии, характеризуют сложность и неконтролируемость активной политической жизни. Анализируемая модель обладает мощным аксиологическим потенциалом. Кухня как компонент мира повседневности часто выступает как изнанка бытия, непривлекательная для посторонних глаз, формируя негативную характеристику политической деятельности, связанной с неблаговидными поступками и нечистоплотными делами людей, вовлеченных в политический процесс. Кулинарно-гастрономическая метафора вовлекает в свой дискурс также метафору грязи, что усиливает негативную характеристику политической деятельности. ; Referring to journalistic materials of the Russian, Mongolian, and Finnish press, the authors consider the features of the metaphorical use of language means that verbalise the elements of the culinary and gastronomic sphere in political discourse. The figurative use of the Rus. кухня, Mong. гал тогоо, Fin. keittiö "kitchen" fixed in explanatory dictionaries provides a basis for proving the universal character of the household artifact metaphor in different languages. The popularity of the kitchen metaphor as a means of conceptualising political life is due to the fact that kitchen and politics are spheres of life where the process of cooking, on the one hand, and conducting independent policies and decision-making on important issues, on the other, are complex phenomena in their nature and require a certain skill and professionalism. As a result of actions hidden from the attention of the uninitiated, a kind of "dish" is prepared, and it is qualitatively different from the original set of ingredients. The intensity of political life is transmitted by "temperature" lexemes of different parts of speech: "cook", "stew", "boil", "seethe", "foam", "scald"; nouns "fire", "boiling water", "steam"; adjectives and participles: "hot", "red-hot", "boiling". Porridge and soup are universal dishes of all the political cuisines and cooking them is connected with the indiscriminate mixing of ingredients in a boiling state and characterising the complexity and uncontrollability of active political life and political seasonings. The model analysed has a powerful axiological potential. Kitchen as a component of the world of everyday life often shows the inside of life, unattractive to prying eyes, forming a negative characteristic of political activities associated with unseemly and unscrupulous deeds of the people involved in the political process. The culinary and gastronomic metaphor involves the metaphor of dirt in its discourse and reinforces the negative characteristic of the political activity. ; Исследование поддержано программой 211 Правительства Российской Федерации, соглашение № 02. A03.21.0006; исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-012-00399А «Аксиологический потенциал современной русской метафоры». ; The study was supported by the program 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, agreement № 02.A03.21.0006; the study was performed with financial support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 19-012-00399А "Axiological Potential of Modern Russian Metaphor".

Building Resilient Agro-sylvo-pastoral Systems in West Africa through Participatory Action Research (BRAS-PAR) is a CCAFS Flagship 2 funded four year (2015-2018) project coordinated by the World Agroforestry (ICRAF) and implemented in collaboration with partners namely national agricultural research institutions (INERA in Burkina Faso, SARI in Ghana, INRAN in Niger and ISRA in Senegal) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN in Burkina Faso). BRAS-PAR sought to develop up-scalable technological and social innovations of climatesmart agriculture integrating tree-crop-livestock systems through improved understanding of farmer's perceptions and demands, by addressing barriers to adoption taking into consideration gender and social differentiation. The specific objectives include 1) testing, evaluating and validating with rural communities and other stakeholders, scalable climate-smart models of integrated tree-crop-livestock systems, the dominant farming systems in the region, that include climate-risk management strategies; 2) simulating options for improving water and tree-crop-livestock systems under different climate and socio-economic scenarios using models (WaNuLCAS, SWAT, etc.) for informed decision making; 3) assessing the conditions of success and failure of technological interventions on adaptation to climate change. The work here focus on research that evaluates climate-smart practices and technologies that are defined through participatory identification by multistakeholders in each site. Beyond these sites, the approach capitalizes lessons learnt from on-going climate resilient projects to encourage partners to add missing components to the climate-smart village model or initiate new activities when deemed appropriate. Started in 2015, BRAS-PAR targeted three main outcomes: (i) National agricultural research institutions institutionalize the principles of PAR through integration of non-traditional partners in technologies development to generate wider context specific information to be fed into programs and policies to create the enabling environment for the scaling of CSA technologies; (ii) National extension services, development projects and farmer's organizations widely disseminate and ensure better access to information on best fit CSA portfolios to cope with climate change; and (iii) The private sector including NGOs (FNGN, Larwaal, ARCAD, Care international), microcredit institutions, agro-dealers, rural radios are scaling up/out relevant CSA portfolios through new incentive programs. This project has ended in December 2018 and the meeting review edthe main achievements. During the same first phase of CCAFS , the project "Partnerships for Scaling (P4S) Climate-Smart Agriculture (P56)" was implemented mainly in East Africa with a focus on supporting countries and partners to plan and program CSA actions. It developed new innovations (e.g., The Compendium and Climate Risk Profiles), refreshed and adapted others (e.g., Climate Wizard, mobile-based monitoring) and collaborated on tools (e.g., Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey, CSA MRV Profile) to develop a comprehensive set of evidence and information to serve diverse stakeholder needs for situation analysis, targeting and prioritizing, program support and monitoring and evaluation (aka 'CSA-Plan', Girvetz et al. 2018). Merging the actions of BRAS-PAR and P4S I to become P4S II was done with the intention to use tools and evidence/lessons learned from the Climate-Smart Villages and other development activities, with existing and new partners through direct scientific support to decision makers (e.g., governments, civil society, and researchers) and capacity building to help bring CSA to scale. The scientific activities will be combined with dedicated communication activities such as photo essays, tweets, blog posts, etc. from field staff and partners to raise the visibility of the project and help show case of its successes in supporting countries and position of ICRAF, CIAT, and CCAFS as the go to research organization for the science of scaling up CSA. The key activity areas of P4S II will be around: supporting CSA investment and programming, de-risking agriculture, digital delivery and monitoring and, communauty based scaling of CSA. The present meeting was thought to plan the new activities around these areas for 2019 and beyond.

Urban waterlogging, as a common natural disaster in China, seriously restricted the development of society. Nowadays, while the computer technology is developing continuously, the urban waterlogging model is also constantly improved. These models can simulate the process of urban waterlogging, but the simulation results are not intuitive. So it is difficult for users to understand how the model works. Therefore, it is important to find a way to show the simulation results so that people can see the waterlogging simulation intuitively. Cesium, as a three-dimensional visualization platform, can reproduce the process of the urban waterlogging. It will make sense if we could show the simulation results on the Cesium platform. Nowadays, many studies focus on both urban waterlogging and visualization methods. However, there are fewer studies on the combination of the two, especially the interactive visualization of urban waterlogging under parameter adjustment. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on urban three-dimensional interactive visualization method based on Cesium. On the one hand, the three-dimensional visualization of the urban waterlogging simulation facilitates the intuitive expression of the simulation results. Without visualization, the results of the simulation are only some complicated and unintuitive figures for most non-experts. On the other hand, visualization based on the Cesium platform can better adapt to the cross-platform application. It can better meet the needs of different terminal devices of different users for the visualization platform, so that users can obtain the disaster information more accurately, consistently and intuitively. It is conducive for management departments to respond to sudden disasters more quickly and efficiently. This research aims to propose a three-dimensional dynamic interactive visualization method for urban waterlogging. Particularly, we hope to find out how to integrate urban waterlogging model and 3D visualization platform. With this 3D visualization platform, we can combine the advantages of the SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) and Cesium platform. Using this platform, it will be easier and more effective to respond to disasters for the masses and management departments. The following two issues are resolved in this study: i) How do model parameters affect the urban waterlogging simulation and visualization results? ii) How to integrate SWMM and Cesium 3D visualization platform? In order to address the above research objectives, we will apply the following methodologies: i) We will analyse the parameters of the SWMM for the urban waterlogging visualization. Under the premise of understanding the development process of the urban waterlogging, we will analyse the modelling principle of the urban waterlogging, the mechanism of each part of the model separately. Then, we will find out the method of determining the model parameters of urban waterlogging and its influence on the simulation visualization results. ii) We will study integration methods of urban waterlogging model and 3D visualization platform. We will analyse the mechanism and process of urban waterlogging. We will also calculate the urban waterlogging process data by the SWMM, and establish a three-dimensional visualization platform by the node.js and Cesium, which can dynamically show the process of urban waterlogging. iii) We will complete the design and implementation of the interactive visualization platform of urban waterlogging. According to the above research, taking the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing Normal University as an example, we will build a dynamic interactive visualization system of urban waterlogging simulation based on Cesium. We will also verify the effectiveness of the system by comparing it with actual flood situation. With this study, we expect to answer how model parameters affect the urban waterlogging simulation and visualization results. As expected results, we plan to build an interactive visualization system of urban waterlogging simulation based on Cesium, publish the flood calculation results into the 3D scene. This will make urban waterlogging process shown in the 3D scene. This visualization system is designed for different users, including specialists, government and individual. It means that you can use the system easily even if you are non-cartographers or non-IT-specialists.

Tropospheric O3 remains a major air-quality issue in the Mediterranean region. The combination of large anthropogenic emissions of precursors, transboundary contributions, a warm and dry aestival climate, and topographical features results in severe cases of photochemical pollution. Chemical transport models (CTMs) are essential tools for studying O3 dynamics and for assessing mitigation measures, but they need to be evaluated specifically for each air basin. In this study, we present an optimisation of the LOTOS-EUROS CTM for the Madrid air basin. Five configurations using different meteorological datasets (from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, ECMWF; and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, WRF), horizontal resolution and number of vertical levels were compared for July 2016. LOTOS-EUROS responded satisfactorily in the five configurations reproducing observations of surface O3 with notable correlation and reduced bias and errors. However, the best-fit simulations for surface O3 were obtained by increasing spatial resolution and using a large number of vertical levels to reproduce vertical transport phenomena and the formation of reservoir layers. Using the optimal configuration obtained in the evaluation, three characteristic events have been described: recirculation (REC) episodes and northern and southern advection (NAD and SAD, respectively) events. REC events were found to produce the highest O3 due to the reduced ventilation associated with low wind speeds and the contribution of reservoir layers formed by vertical transport of O3 formed near the surface in the previous days of the event. NAD events, usually associated with higher wind speeds, present the lowest ground-level O3 concentrations in the region. During SAD episodes, external contributions along with low wind speeds allow O3 to increase considerably but not as much as in REC events because steady southerly winds disperse local emissions and hinder the formation of reservoir layers. ; Funding text #1 1Centro Universitario de la Defensa (CUD) de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain 2TNO, P.O. Box 80015, 3584 TA, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 4Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain 5Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Urkixo Zumarkalea, s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Funding text #2 Acknowledgements. This work was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds through the project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R); the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment; the Madrid City Council; the Madrid Regional Government; and by the Department of Research, Innovation and University of the Aragón Regional Government and the European Social Fund (project E23_17D). The study was also partially supported by the scientific programme TECNAIRE-CM funded by the Directorate General for Universities and Research of the Greater Madrid Region (S2013/MAE-2972). The authors gratefully acknowledge air-quality data provision by the following entities: Ministry for the Ecological Transition (MITECO); Madrid City Council; AEMET; and the autonomous communities of Madrid, Castilla y León and Castilla–La Mancha. Miguel Escudero received a grant from the José Castillejo programme of the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (ref. CAS17/00108) for a 6-month research visit at TNO.View less Funding text #3 Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain and FEDER (grant no. CGL2016-78594-R); the Department of Research, Innovation and University of the Aragón Regional Government and the European Social Fund (grant no. E23_17D); the Directorate General for Universities and Research of the Greater Madrid Region (grant no. S2013/MAE-2972); and the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (grant no. CAS17/00108). ; Peer reviewed

Landscape is a result of natural assets and human work for a long period of time. During that time natural assets are changed by human activities. The most of our surrounding are cultural landscapes as a result of human presence. The main way to study the landscapes is spatial analysis within landscape analysis. Description and investigation of nowadays status of landscapes is not difficult. Understanding the way of landscape development is very difficult because of the lack of data, especially spatial data. Usage of historical maps is the appropriate method of understanding landscape development through past times. For that procedure historical maps should be georeferenced. In this work the examples of georeferencing historical maps from First and Second Military Mapping Survey of Austrian Empire are presented. The usage of georeferenced historical maps was used for the preparation of land use maps for different periods and land use changes analyses. Those changes were used in landscape analyses for the investigation of development of built up areas and hydrological features in the city of Zagreb as well as investigation of authenticity of the areas of the Park of Nature Lonjsko Polje. The aim of the project was to prove that the landscape in the area of Lonjsko polje has not changed significantly over the last 250 years. For the area of Lonjsko polje Nature Park, an analysis of landscape authenticity was carried out. As there were no methods for evaluating landscape authenticity, we decided to analyze the changes in land use by size and spatial distribution for the last 250 years. For this purpose, we used Austro-Hungarian military maps from 1765. The maps, covering the Nature Park were scanned and georeferenced. Digitalisation of 6 main land use classes (settlements, arable land, forests, seminatural areas, mostly grasslands, marshes and waters) was performed and the land use map in a scale 1 : 25.000 was produced. The land use map for 2005, with accuracy of the map in a scale 1 : 25.000, was made using CORINE methodology. Orthorectified satellite images (Aster) were vectorised on screen into the same 6 land use classes as the old map. To evaluate the changes between these two maps the union operation was made, and land use flow analysis was performed. The largest surface of the changes occurred in 9 types of changes, with the largest changes being made to the category of grass vegetation that is changed into forests, agricultural land or the swamp. The second largest change was experienced in forests that were changed into agricultural land, grass vegetation or water. The third category that has undergone major changes is the category of swamps that were changed into forests, grass vegetation or agricultural land. Other types of changes took part in the total area with less than 1% and are not significant any more than the difference in the changes that may have arisen due to cartographic inaccuracies created by georeferencing of the old map. The land use structure as a landscape element was analyzed on the macro level within squares of 10 km × 10 km and at a micro level within squares of 2 km × 2 km. Changes in the structure of the land use practice exists but are not significant either on macro level or at the micro level. Thus, changes on macro level are the result of human activities (changes in agricultural areas) and at the micro level changes are more a result of natural processes (succession / regression of vegetation). Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that changes in land use patterns over the last 250 years exist and are the result of human activities to a small extent or natural processes for the most part. When considering the significance of the changes, it should always have in mind that historical military maps could not be fully integrated into the valid cartographic system. Cartographic inaccuracies created by georeferencing the old map generate changes of small size that should not be considered.