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Over the last decade, soft planning has become an increasingly visible concept in planning literature. Since the term soft spaces was firstly coined, soft planning has been used to describe a growing number of practices that occur at the margins of statutory planning systems. However, as soft planning-related literature proliferates, so does the diversity of approaches and planning practices it encompasses. Such diversity fuels long-standing questions about what can or cannot be considered as soft planning as well as about its usefulness for today's planning theory and practice. To shed light on this still unclear conceptual outline, this article divides the soft planning debate into five contextual components (ethos; governance; politics; policies; spaces; and scale) while paying particular attention to the relationship between soft planning and strategic spatial planning. The aim is to foreground soft planning as a concept, and add clarity and awareness on the challenges, the risks and opportunities, planning currently faces. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The starting point for a discussion of reform of the global environmental machinery has to be an inquiry into the causes of ineffectiveness of current arrangements. This article argues first that many of the criticisms made of the existing architecture are misplaced while ignoring other key faults. Second, argues that the means of operationalizing an alternative World Environment Organization (WEO) are problematic & may exacerbate existing problems, particularly for developing countries. The article focuses here more on the notion that a WEO should pursue the internalization of environmental externalities. It argues that while this goal is worth pursuing, proposals for a deal-brokering body are unlikely to make much progress in delivering it because of misplaced assumptions about both the existing political order & about the ability of a WEO to remedy current weaknesses. 12 References. Adapted from the source document.

Population ageing in the 21st century- challenges and opportunities for planners -- The need for an age-friendly environment and re-thinking of urban planning and design -- Scale matters: age-friendly planning as a new urban governance agenda -- Planning for ageing-in-place: international age-friendly environment case studies -- Listening to the elders: the case of a bottom-up, context-sensitive place audit in Tai Po District of Hong Kong -- Ageing and mobility : toward age-friendly public transport in Taiwan -- Ageing and walking-friendly community -- From isolation to inclusion: the importance of empowerment in planning age-friendly communities -- Ageing and disaster resilience communities -- Towards the silver 21st century- a conclusion

The republican ideology widely seized the highly symbolic meaning of the municipal architecture. As for the school, it contributed to give her the image of the State, which is democratic and equalitarian. Nevertheless, a fast report shows that on the scale of the national territory, the republican influence on the regional architecture was made with more or less of success, as we are situated near big cultural centers and active political homes. In Brittany, the anchoring of the Republic in the mentalities recovers underlying fights which condition directly the state commission: from the parochial enclosure into the republican city hall-school, it is finally on the marriage of convenience enter the civil society (the municipality) and the rustic community (the parish) which build themselves the items of the power. This thesis has for objective, not to demonstrate the relevance of republican architecture, but more widely to return on the constitution of a common base of representations of the power, the State generally, and the premises in particular. From the powerful image which itloosens, the architecture of the power asks actually the question of its identity: this work offers, from the eighteenth to the 80's, to exceed the purely structuralist approach collectively admitted for this kind of analysis, and to undertake, on the basis of a methodical observation of the springs of archives, inquiries on the ground, the crossing of architects' routes, asecond reading of semantics regional architectural ; L'idéologie républicaine s'est largement emparée de la signification hautement symbolique de l'architecture municipale. Comme pour l'école, elle a contribué à lui donner l'image de l'État, c'est-à-dire démocratique et égalitaire. Pourtant, un rapide constat montre qu'à l'échelle du territoire national, l'emprise républicaine sur l'architecture régionale s'est faiteavec plus ou moins de succès, selon que l'on se situe près des grands centres de rayonnement culturels et des foyers politiques actifs. En Bretagne, l'ancrage de la République dans les mentalités recouvre des luttes sous-jacentes qui conditionnent directement la commande publique : de l'enclos paroissial à la mairie-école républicaine, c'est finalement sur le mariage de raison entre la société civile (la commune) et la communauté villageoise (la paroisse) qui se construisent les items du pouvoir. Cette thèse a pour objectif, non pas de démontrer la pertinence d'une architecturerépublicaine, mais plus largement de revenir sur la constitution d'un socle commun de représentations du pouvoir, de l'État en général, et du local en particulier. A partir de l'image puissante qu'elle dégage, l'architecture du pouvoir pose de fait la question de son identité : ce travail offre, du XVIIIe siècle aux années quatre-vingt, de dépasser l'approche purement structuraliste communément admise pour ce type d'analyse, et d'entreprendre, sur la base d'une observation méthodique des sources d'archives, d'enquêtes sur le terrain, du croisement des parcours d'architectes, une relecture de la sémantique architecturale régionale

Until the last decade, Peace and Security (PAS) issues were among the least discussed topic in the budding China–Africa relations. However, China's recent involvement in African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) has attracted critical review. Critics aver that China's expanding security engagement in Africa is a clear manifestation of China's willingness to use its growing military to challenge the global status quo. This paper reviews China's involvement in APSA to ascertain whether the realities of China's PAS engagement in Africa support the 'China Threat' narrative (zhōngguó wēixié lùn). The paper establishes that, albeit the considerable flexibility in China's foreign security policies, many of its aspects are still guided by the policy constraints of sovereignty, non-interference, and non-aggression. By upholding these policy constraints, China's involvement in APSA has occurred on a constructive interactive basis and principally within the multilateral frameworks and mandate of regional and international bodies. However, the novelty is that China has taken an endogenous viewpoint in its security engagement with Africa that is hinged on the idea that Africa's problems must be confronted with African solutions and capabilities. This is manifested in the increasing level of functional security exchanges and capacity-building activities to enhance African countries' security capabilities to confront common security challenges independently.