Suchergebnisse

The article sheds light on the history of deep-sea diver training in Warnemünde and Stralsund in the German Democratic Republic. The author describes his own training as a deep-sea diver on the basis of a private diary in which he kept a record of his assignments at the time. It was in 1956, at what was then the Institut für Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeitung (Institute for Deep-Sea Fishery and Fish Processing) in Rostock, that the first diving group was established for research purposes. The training was carried out by the VEB Schiffsbergung und Taucherei (State-Owned Enterprise for Ship Salvage and Diving) in Stralsund (1950-1963) which later became the VEB Bagger-, Bugsier- und Bergungsreederei (State-Owned Enterprise Dredger, Towboat and Salvage Company) of Rostock. Winkler experienced his first assignment "under the helmet" on 21 February 1957 in the Alter Strom (Old Stream) in Warnemünde, from the lifting vessel HÜ 2, a barge with a lifting jack. Among other things, the author describes his repair tasks, the removal of plank pilings and the recovery of derelicts as well as scrap, giving detailed accounts of the equipment. Further
topics are the social conditions during the training phase, and the examination requirements.
The "Enactment on the Training and Examination for the Attainment of the Certificate of
Competence as Commercial Diver and Diving Signaller" passed on 10 April 1975 represented a new legal basis for the practise of this occupation in the German Democratic Republic. A distinction was now made between helmet diving and swim diving. Winkler's final examination was at the same time his final assignment wearing heavy helmet/tube diving equipment. Nowadays, diving for research purposes is the responsibility of trained scientists. Certified research divers are insured via their employers by their respective professional associations. The universities of Kiel, Oldenburg, Munich and Rostock and the Biologische Anstalt (Marine Biological Station) on Helgoland offer an additional qualification as "licensed research diver". Rostock is the only location in Germany which trains approximately twelve research divers per year.

Master Paperwork thoroughly overviews technical protection measures of intellectual property and various classifications of them and determines the main differentiation in this work context – i.e. classification to active and passive technical protection measures. This paperwork also deeply analyses legal protection mechanisms of technical protection measures, starting WIPO Copyright, Phonogram producers and broadcasters treaties of year 1996, continuing to European Union directive on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society of year 2001 and finishing the analysis of the national legal regulations of different world countries, including Lithuania. Under the basis of the analysis of the legal information, the author reveals harmonized and incompatible areas between legal protection of intellectual property and technological protection measures and concludes that the legal protection mechanism, which was chosen to regulate the usage and other related actions of technological protection measures, was not correct and did not serve the purpose, because many countries diversely and without seeking primary goals of WIPO treaties interpreted and implemented the provisions of the legal protection of technological protection measures. The practical survey of the situation reveals negative opinion of society, scholars and justice institutions concerning the chosen legal protection model and concerning the usage of technological protection measures in general, because technological protection measures raises many problems to legitimate users of intellectual property objects and in opposite – do not influence persons, who illegally uses the technologically protected intellectual property objects. Because of many legal and practical problems, we are now observing the trends of refusal of technological protection measures and this is one of the reasons why the author of the paperwork offers to change legal regulation by refusing the legal protection of active technological protection measures or to concentrate the regulation to the preparatory actions. It is also proposed to pay more attention to practical usage and to the legal regulation of passive technological protection measures as of the future protection form.

The paper analyses Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963; bilateral consular conventions, as well as other international and national legislation, regulating consular immunities and privileges with the emphasis on the main differences of various legal acts, as well as the application of the before-mentioned immunities and privileges. The main consideration of the paper is made on the matter of violations and abuses of consular immunities and privileges, when the states fail to fulfil their international obligations or the consular officers misuse their immunities and privileges while using them for personal benefit and avoidance of legal liability for their unlawful acts instead of applying immunities for the facilitation of the exercise of consular functions. The author uses historical, comparative and teleological methods and seeks to identify legal gaps, collisions of legal norms, interests of the states and other grounds giving access to abuses and violations of consular immunities and privileges as well as determining its misapplication. Consular immunities and privileges of consular post and consular officer as well as other consular employees are examined separately in the paper, in order to highlight its different aspects and to draw attention to the most typical problems that occur in a particular sphere. The examination of the relationship between consular immunities and privileges and human rights forms a significant part of the analysis as there is an urgent need to solve the problem of their collision. A current situation, when fundamental human rights are violated by abuses of consular immunities is no longer tolerated in democratic societies. However, the states are still unwilling to apply liability to the representatives of a foreign state in order not to harm their international relations. Finally, the author proposes to make some amendments of the legal norms regulating consular immunities and privileges, as many legal imperfections and flaws have been brought out by their application; moreover, the major part of the legislation regulating consular immunities and privileges is out-of-date and not responding to the current needs, therefore in order to solve urgent problems current legislation must be updated.

The paper analyses Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963; bilateral consular conventions, as well as other international and national legislation, regulating consular immunities and privileges with the emphasis on the main differences of various legal acts, as well as the application of the before-mentioned immunities and privileges. The main consideration of the paper is made on the matter of violations and abuses of consular immunities and privileges, when the states fail to fulfil their international obligations or the consular officers misuse their immunities and privileges while using them for personal benefit and avoidance of legal liability for their unlawful acts instead of applying immunities for the facilitation of the exercise of consular functions. The author uses historical, comparative and teleological methods and seeks to identify legal gaps, collisions of legal norms, interests of the states and other grounds giving access to abuses and violations of consular immunities and privileges as well as determining its misapplication. Consular immunities and privileges of consular post and consular officer as well as other consular employees are examined separately in the paper, in order to highlight its different aspects and to draw attention to the most typical problems that occur in a particular sphere. The examination of the relationship between consular immunities and privileges and human rights forms a significant part of the analysis as there is an urgent need to solve the problem of their collision. A current situation, when fundamental human rights are violated by abuses of consular immunities is no longer tolerated in democratic societies. However, the states are still unwilling to apply liability to the representatives of a foreign state in order not to harm their international relations. Finally, the author proposes to make some amendments of the legal norms regulating consular immunities and privileges, as many legal imperfections and flaws have been brought out by their application; moreover, the major part of the legislation regulating consular immunities and privileges is out-of-date and not responding to the current needs, therefore in order to solve urgent problems current legislation must be updated.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-98). ; Truth commissions are implemented in order to "deal with the past" in the context of a transition in government from authoritarian to democratic rule. At the center of a truth commission is a truth process that attempts to establish the experience of gross human rights abuse at the hands of the state, and does so in a way which places the victims of such abuse at the center of the process, through valuing victim testimony as "truth." It is done with the assumption in mind, that in order for a society, or community, to have healthy relations in the future, violent past experiences must be faced and dealt with. Communities at a local level have imitated the structure, goals and procedures of truth commissions in projects that have been termed "Unofficial Truth Projects." This thesis compares three case studies of unofficial truth projects which have taken place in the Southern United States in the past few years: The Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Greensboro, North Carolina, which sought to establish a community reconciliation process 25 years after what has come to be known as the "Greensboro Massacre"; and two civil-society based truth processes, the Katrina National Justice Commission and the International Tribunal on Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which seek to establish truth and gain reparations for human rights abuses which have taken place in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The author considers various projects in a comparative manner, and through examining their histories, structures and ideological make-up, analyzes the processes in terms how these factors affect the ability for the project to: gain legitimacy as a truth process, generate resources and support, acknowledge victims' experiences, and engage the community in reconciliation efforts. The author also echoes the calls for a shift in paradigm in reconciliation and transitional justice literature, which would allow for a space to exist for truth processes that may be unofficial and fall outside a context of a formal transition. Such processes could still greatly benefit communities living in post-conflict contexts and with histories of racial and political violence, such as many communities in the Southern United States.

Straipsnyje analizuojamas informacines paslaugas teikiančių institucijų – bibliotekų, archyvų irmuziejų – informacinės veiklos teisinis reguliavimas, aptariama savita teisės į informaciją užtikrinimogalimybė.Apžvelgus informacinių bibliotekų, archyvų ir muziejų veiklos aspektų teisinio ir politinioreguliavimo tendencijas Europos Sąjungoje, pastebima, kad šių institucijų veikla nereguliuojamaprivalomaisiais teisės aktais, joms nedeleguojamos teisiškai privalomos informacijos teikimovisuomenei prievolės. Informacinė bibliotekų, archyvų ir muziejų veikla Europos Sąjungoje orientuojamaveiksmų programomis, šitaip siekiama bibliotekų, muziejų ir archyvų informacinės veikloskooperavimo, efektyvaus informacijos visuomenės paslaugų teikimo.Lietuvoje bibliotekų, archyvų ir muziejų veiklą reglamentuojančiuose įstatymuose informacijosteikimo visuomenei prievolė nėra pabrėžiama, ji tik nurodoma, minima. Šių institucijų informacijosteikimo visuomenei veiklos reikšmingumo suvokimas Lietuvoje deklaruojamas politiniuosedokumentuose, pastebimas praktinėje veikloje, atitinkančioje Europos Sąjungos iniciatyvasir planus.Straipsnyje atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad tik archyvams netiesiogiai numatoma informacijosteikimo visuomenei prievolė. Ši archyvų prievolė grindžiama teisės į valstybės oficialią dokumentuotąinformaciją ir archyvų informacijos laisvos, viešos prieigos teisės įtvirtinimu.Institutions of memory and culture in the public advising: Lithuanianlegal regulation of the obligation of access to informationMarija Stonkienė SummaryThe article gives an analysis of the legal regulationof information activities of institutions that providethe access to information: libraries, museums, archivesand discusses peculiarities of realization rightsto access to information.Under reviewing trend of legal and political regulationsin the EU author of the article gives on regulationof information activities of these institutions.According to analysis of documents author states thatlibraries, museums and archives haven't any legalobligation to provide access to information to thepublic, because there are no compulsory rules toregulate their information activities.Special action programs are used to stimulatecooperation in information activities and to encourageof information society services.Lithuanian legal regulation of information activitiesof libraries, museums, archives does not providefor any obligation of access to information. In thespecial legal regulation this obligation is onlyindicated and mentioned.Importance of access to information, that memoryand culture institutions affords for the public, isdeclared in the political documents and asserted inthe practice, that correspond to EU initiatives andplans.The article reveals that the obligation of access toinformation only for archives fixed in legal protectionof right to access to governance information and rightto free, public access to archives' information.

The article is devoted to an analysis of the relationship between the space that is becoming globalized and the traditional agents of world politics the states. The notion of "glocalization" acts as an instrumental basis of the study for it reflects the dialectical relationship between the global and the local. Having underscored that the global space, likewise the space of past empires, included extremely diverse entities, M.Shinkovsky pinpoints the fact that unlike the empires of the past the center of the global world is dispersed being a set of "locals", i.e. the points where financial, commodity, symbolic, and other streams are crisscrossing. The mutually complementary character and inter-penetration of global and local trends are being traced by the author at the example of the Russian Far East where the problem of global vs state political space is particularly sharp because it is so far away from "its own" state center and due to the high intensity of "external" (global) effects. ; The article is devoted to an analysis of the relationship between the space that is becoming globalized and the traditional agents of world politics the states. The notion of "glocalization" acts as an instrumental basis of the study for it reflects the dialectical relationship between the global and the local. Having underscored that the global space, likewise the space of past empires, included extremely diverse entities, M.Shinkovsky pinpoints the fact that unlike the empires of the past the center of the global world is dispersed being a set of "locals", i.e. the points where financial, commodity, symbolic, and other streams are crisscrossing. The mutually complementary character and inter-penetration of global and local trends are being traced by the author at the example of the Russian Far East where the problem of global vs state political space is particularly sharp because it is so far away from "its own" state center and due to the high intensity of "external" (global) effects.

The interpretation of the poetry of Gerrit Kouwenaar (1923) is a paradoxical undertaking. At first glance, his work seems easy to categorise. Ever since his official debut (1953), he has written poems in which the same every-day images constantly reoccur. Yet at the same time, critics disagree on the meaning of these images. Studies on Kouwenaar's position in literary history confirm this paradox: readers acknowledge that his work is difficult to interpret, but they quickly agree on the terms and strategies necessary to define his oeuvre. In this study, I maintain that these paradoxes are the result of literary reading conventions, which are shared by an interpretive community of professional readers. My thesis (Chapter 1) is that Kouwenaar's work not only invites readers to rely on such conventions, but also obscures and allegorises them, making the reader aware of their limitations. My approach combines an analysis of four conventions with a closer look at Kouwenaar's best-known motifs. In Chapter 2, I argue that Kouwenaar's reception has been influenced by the reading convention of poetic autonomy, which states that the poem ought to be regarded as an autonomous object. I demonstrate that this convention is self-contradictory, due to the fact that it does not account for the difference between the author's perspective and that of the reader. In Chapter 3, I point out that Kouwenaar's interview statements, in which he underscores the impersonal nature of his work, cause readers to rely on an anti-intentionalist reading convention. However, this convention again places the author on a pedestal, for readers support their 'impersonal' interpretation by referring to personal statements by the poet. I propose an alternative mode of interpretation, by relating the concept of intentionality to the intentions of the reader, instead of the author. Chapter 4 deals with the referential and the self-referential reading convention. The latter is based on the assumption that poetry does not refer to reality, but is a ...

Born in Vienna in 1898, Julius Overhoff wrote a dozen monographs - historical novels, travel accounts, collections of poems, an epistolary novel, an autobiographical essay and a collection of short stories. His oeuvre spans the period from pre-World War I to the 1980?s, when three of his books were published posthumously. Besides his literary activities, Julius Overhoff occupied senior positions in the German chemical industry, which led him to travel all over the world. This doctoral thesis shows that Overhoff?s awareness of the problems of his time is reflected in his writings. An analysis of the historical novel ?Die Welt mit Dschingiz-Chan?, published in 1959, illustrates Overhoff?s intentions. After a presentation of Overhoff?s life and work, this thesis recounts the circumstances in which the author?s work was written and published. It then analyses Overhoff?s historical views, which led him to write this novel set in the 13th Century but aiming at showing Europe?s situation in the second half of the 20th Century and offering possible solutions for it to regain its former position in the world. The different scenes of the novel are analysed from this perspective. The thesis then looks at the techniques used by the author to reach his aim and finishes with an analysis of the book?s reception. ; Né à Vienne en 1898, Julius Overhoff est l?auteur d?une douzaine de monographies ? romans historiques, récits de voyages, recueils de poésies, roman épistolaire, essai autobiographique, recueil de nouvelles. Son ?uvre s?étend de la période d?avant-guerre jusqu?aux années 1980 avec la publication de trois ouvrages posthumes. Outre son activité littéraire, Julius Overhoff occupait de hautes fonctions au sein de l?industrie chimique en Allemagne, qui l?amenèrent à parcourir le monde entier. La thèse montre que la prise de conscience des problèmes de son époque se reflète dans l??uvre d?Overhoff. L?étude s?appuie sur l?analyse du roman historique Le Monde avec Gengis Khan paru en 1959 pour illustrer les intentions de ...

This article discusses how Indonesian state manages its religious diversity. The state policies on religious diversity cannot be understood without analyzing the history of how the founding fathers decided to choose Indonesia as neither secular nor Islamic country, but somewhere between the two. The author discusses three topics, namely the recognized religions, muslim's fear of christianization, and dialogue and inter-religious harmony. Based on the Decree No.1/1965, Confucianism was one of six religions recognized by the state. However, in the Soeharto era, around 1979, this religion was dropped from the list, and only after his fall Confucianism has been rehabilitated, and even the Chinese New Year has been included as one of the national holidays in Indonesia. In terms of muslim-christian relations, there were tensions since 1960s, particularly dealt with the issue of the high number of Muslims who converted to Christianity. It was in this situation that in 1967 a newly built Methodist Church in Meulaboh, Aceh, was closed by Muslims, arguing that the Church was a concrete example of the aggressiveness of Christian missions because it was built in a Muslim majority area. Since the Meulaboh case, the Muslims consistently insisted the government to accommodate their four demands: (1) restriction on establishing new places of worship; (2) restriction onreligious propagation, and control of foreign aid for religious institutions; (4) Islamic religion classes should be given to Muslim students studying in Christian schools; (5) inter-religious marriage should not be allowed. Apart from these contested issues, the government and religious leaders have been trying to avoid conflict and to establish cooperation and peace among religious groups in the country through inter-religious dialogues, either organized by the government or sponsored by the leaders of religious groups themselves. The author argues that specific socio-political contexts should be taken into consideration to understand state policies making concerning religious diversity. Hence, all debates and compromises achieved afterwards usually do not go beyond the neither secular nor Islamic compromise.

В статье речь идёт об одном из самых противоречивых течений российской общественно-политической мысли первой четверти XX века. Несмотря на то, что единой партии сторонникам безгосударственного устройства общества создать не удалось, что в немалой степени обуславливается особенностями их мировоззрения, с полной уверенностью можно говорить о активизации анархистского движения в России в этот период. В то же время начало XX в. стало временем глубочайшего кризиса в анархистском мировоззрении. Кризис этот имел как внешние, так и внутренние причины. Автор статьи характеризует три основные направления, выделившиеся в анархизме в первом десятилетии XX в.: анархо-коммунизм, анархо-индивидуализм и анархо-синдикализм и показывает, как представители этих направлений пытались не только обосновать свои теоретические взгляды, но и найти выход из кризиса, охватившего учение. Наиболее ярко это видно из исторических концепций теоретиков российского анархизма. ; In the article The Anarchical historic idea in the first quarter of the twentieth century by Novoselov G.V. the matter is about one of the most discrepant currents of social and political view of this period in Russia. In spite of the fact that the supporters of the state free system of the society could not create a single party, you can say with the firm belief about the activization of anarchist movement in Russia during this period. And it depended on the features of their world outlook. At the same time the beginning of the twentieth century became the time of the most profound crisis in the anarchist outlook. This crisis had both external and internal reasons. The author of the article defines three basic schools which were marked out in the anarchism during the first decade of the twentieth century. They were the anarcho communism, the anarcho individualism and the anarcho syndicalism. The author also shows how the representatives of these schools tried not only to prove the theoretical sights, but also to find a way out of the crisis that captured the doctrine. It is impressively shown in the historic concepts of the theorists of the Russian anarchism.

Статья о сопоставлении законов независимой Украины об образовании, государственных стандартов, концепций на предмет соответствия им учебных программ здоровьеформирующих курсов и дисциплин, таблиц с данными о выделении в учебных программах составных частей здоровья, здорового образа жизни и мониторинга здоровья. На основании анализа автор выделяет положительные стороны и недостатки «Программы интегрированного курса «Основы валеологии и медицинских знаний», школьного интегрированного курса «Валеология», «Основы охраны жизнедеятельности», а также действующей программы «Основы здоровья» и делает выводы об уровне реализации своих функций здоровьеформирующими учебными дисциплинами при ознакомлении учащихся с составными частями здоровья, подготовке их к ведению здорового образа жизни и осуществлении мониторинга здоровья детей и подростков. ; The article is based on comparing the laws of independent Ukraine concerning education, state standarts, concepts as for fitting of educative programs of healthforming courses and disciplines to them, also comparing with data tables of separating the basic part of health, healthy way of life and monitoring of health in the educative programmes. On the basis of analyzing the author figures out come positive and negative sides of «The programme of integrated course» school integrated course «Valeology», « The bases of guarding life activity» and the actual programmes «The bases of health», and the author proves his conclusion about the level of realization of his functions with the helthforming educative subjects while showing the structural component of health to students, preparing them to having a healthy way of life and making the monitoring of children s and teenagers health. Nowadays we can watch the process of becoming Ukraine an independent, democratic, rightful state. The renewing of society is observed step by step. Ukraine is becoming the part of European and world community. The rebuilding of education is coming under the influence of some changes in society. Development of educational system is held in the way of renewing its gist and breeding up, reconstructing. Preparing students for living the healthy way of life according to the contents of healthforming courses for general educative establishment of independent Ukraine.

The article presents a comparative study of ontological bases of Russian and Belarusian regimes. Having made a detailed analysis of values and world views of Russian and Belarusian power elites, K. Koktysh comes to a conclusion that with all its asymmetry (monetary context as the world view basis in Russia and public and political one in Belarus) they are quite symmetrical at the level of macro-constructs. In both cases we see a certain symbiosis of mutually controversial logics of decision-making and decision-legitimation, but the logic of legitimization of a decision rejects in essence the logic of making such a decision, and therefore its use will inevitably lead to an erosion of the very system of decision-making. According to the author, such situation manifests that both countries equally have not finished the "transition", they are passing the inter-project stage, and the range of failure options of the "transition" as such has enlarged due to the fact that a number of more favorable scenarios have been missed. ; The article presents a comparative study of ontological bases of Russian and Belarusian regimes. Having made a detailed analysis of values and world views of Russian and Belarusian power elites, K. Koktysh comes to a conclusion that with all its asymmetry (monetary context as the world view basis in Russia and public and political one in Belarus) they are quite symmetrical at the level of macro-constructs. In both cases we see a certain symbiosis of mutually controversial logics of decision-making and decision-legitimation, but the logic of legitimization of a decision rejects in essence the logic of making such a decision, and therefore its use will inevitably lead to an erosion of the very system of decision-making. According to the author, such situation manifests that both countries equally have not finished the "transition", they are passing the inter-project stage, and the range of failure options of the "transition" as such has enlarged due to the fact that a number of more favorable scenarios have been missed.

Based on the analysis of data received from public opinion polls conducted by the "Eurasian monitor" in 2005-2007, I. Zadorin comes to a conclusion that new integration perception points of the former USSR population are just being developed. The article proves convincingly that the choice of one or another vector of integration (or autonomous development without joining alliances and unions) is to a great extent influenced by the current economic situation in a state (its deterioration results in a much greater disposition for integration), as well as economic successes and/or failures of major centers of gravitation Russia and the European Union. According to the author, the process of sovereignization at the post-soviet space has not yet exhausted itself, and juxtaposing it with the process of integration means that the latter will be threatened with discredit and deception. New integration that is not based on a common past should be thoroughly prepared and argued for, because its expediency is no longer evident to the population and requires explanations and proves. ; Based on the analysis of data received from public opinion polls conducted by the "Eurasian monitor" in 2005-2007, I. Zadorin comes to a conclusion that new integration perception points of the former USSR population are just being developed. The article proves convincingly that the choice of one or another vector of integration (or autonomous development without joining alliances and unions) is to a great extent influenced by the current economic situation in a state (its deterioration results in a much greater disposition for integration), as well as economic successes and/or failures of major centers of gravitation Russia and the European Union. According to the author, the process of sovereignization at the post-soviet space has not yet exhausted itself, and juxtaposing it with the process of integration means that the latter will be threatened with discredit and deception. New integration that is not based on a common past should be thoroughly prepared and argued for, because its expediency is no longer evident to the population and requires explanations and proves.

For years, most voices from the gay liberation movement were made basically to counter oppression and homophobia. This "fallen state" of the gay community has been used as springboard of actions for change and "gay studies." This approach has failed to provide definitive philosophical answers to basic questions on gender identity-- the identity of the individual and his/her work, particularly in the Philippine context. Rodriguez sees a trap in the obsession with this kind of liberation and looking at gays as "special persons." Oppression, although an essential element in the gay experience, is merely symptom, he contends. This paper seeks to make a radical departure from the traditional oppression-based discourse on homosexuality en route to a deeper, indigenous aesthetics, gender studies and a new way of looking at the bakla. Initially the paper used the idea of gender as a social construct woven by collective consciousness. Accordingly, it is also acted upon by power relations which is the province of politics. This is where issues on oppression can be drawn. Aesthetics is rooted in politics. Society accepts and prohibits actions of its members based on their gender, which is what aesthetics, or that by which society imposes what is acceptable or not, is all about. A gender can be considered unacceptable and something to be suppressed. Plays and films support or contest this construction on that gender. The author noted the strong metaphor of the castrated male in gay plays and films. This means the stereotypical depiction of the bakla as hysterical, a disease, laughable and abnormal. The author says this is necessary to give shape to the bakla being an outcast and to the heterosexual as normal. However to make this oppression as basis for the movement for change would leave out questions that would still need to be answered even after the oppression is over, questions such as what is the bakla as gender? Rodriguez then puts forward the concept of "sign" to define the bakla gender using plays and films. He ...