Efficient governmental control is an essential condition for the functioning of the state apparatus. Today, the governmental bodies are facing the task of improving the efficiency of the way they perform their functions, for this is what considerably determines the condition of the state budget, which produces an immediate effect on the people's welfare through the corresponding areas of the budget expenditures. The importance of finding a solution for the task stimulated us to perform this research. I believe developing methods for efficiency assessment of the taxation control of taxes and duties collected to the Russian budget system represents an important scientific and practical task and finding a solution for it will contribute to improvement of the quality of the entire social and economic policy of the state, including the taxation policy. The research shows that every country, including Russia, requires efficiency assessment of the governmental control. The central governmental bodies of Russia apply various internal criteria and efficiency parameters to assess the performance of the subordinate bodies. However, Russia is still in the process of establishing a unified methodology to assess the quality both of the taxation control in general and the controlling activities of particular taxation authorities. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2p370
The present paper is focused on the development of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in Bulgaria. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the legislation that regulates the existence of social enterprises in the country. It outlines and describes the main aspects and effect of social enterprises activity at present
Stefan Elbe (2005) in his writing about international security dimensions calls HIV/AIDS as a "global security threat" and emphasizes the importance of the disease acknowledgement by the scholars and international policy-makers. Indeed, HIV/AIDS is already for a long time not considered solely as a health problem, on the contrary, the medicalisation of the disease, remains one of the biggest obstacles to the global prevention and holistic treatment approaches. This research highlights those particular obstructions in the essence of cross-cultural peculiarities, bringing more vividness into idea of how HIV/AIDS related challenges are seen in different communities, despite of being a globally actual issue for more than three decades. It is almost an undeniable reality that HIV/AIDS pandemic unites millions and millions of people throughout the world each year, and no matter how bitter might the fact of comprehension be, it still continues to take lives away, therefore, investigations and researchers must be going on, for making the survival a better experience. This study provides case-studies of stigma and discriminatory challenges as a cultural systems (both internal and external) with its own symbols, rules, thinking models, approaches, norms, laws, values, beliefs, prejudices, taboos, goals, contexts, and political abutments through the exploration of cultural resources that specific societies adopt. Besides that, psychological and existential analysis are used to reveal. [to full text] ; ŽIV/AIDS jau ilgą laiką nėra laikoma tik kaip sveikatos problema, priešingai, medicininiu požiūriu išlieka viena iš didžiausių problemų taikant pasaulines prevencijos ir holistinį gydymą. Šis tyrimas pabrėžia problemos skirtingose kultūrose ypatumus, todėl dėmesys kreipiamas kaip su ŽIV/AIDS susijusios problemos vertinamos skirtingose bendruomenėse. todėl tyrimai ir tyrėjai turi būti vyksta, už išlikimo geresnį įspūdį. Šis tyrimas atskleidė diskriminacijos problemas, kurios atsiskleidė skirtingose kultūrose per tam tikrus simbolius, taisykles, mąstymo modelius, pagalbos metodus, įstatymus, vertybines nuostatas, tabu. Tyrimo duomenys analizuoti taikant psichologinį ir egzistencinį požiūrius. Bendras tyrimo dalyvių skaičius 13 (11 sergančių ŽIV ir 2 ekspertai). Duomenys rinkti Azerbaidžane, Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje.
"Can we fight poverty and inequality while protecting the environment? The challenges are obvious. To rise out of poverty is to consume more resources, almost by definition. And many measures to combat pollution lead to job losses and higher prices that mainly hurt the poor. In Unsustainable Inequalities, economist Lucas Chancel confronts these difficulties head-on, arguing that the goals of social justice and a greener world can be compatible, but that progress requires substantial changes in public policy. Chancel begins by reviewing the problems. Human actions have put the natural world under unprecedented pressure. The poor are least to blame but suffer the most-forced to live with pollutants that the polluters themselves pay to avoid. But Chancel shows that policy pioneers worldwide are charting a way forward. Building on their success, governments and other large-scale organizations must start by doing much more simply to measure and map environmental inequalities. We need to break down the walls between traditional social policy and environmental protection-making sure, for example, that the poor benefit most from carbon taxes. And we need much better coordination between the center, where policies are set, and local authorities on the front lines of deprivation and contamination. A rare work that combines the quantitative skills of an economist with the argumentative rigor of a philosopher, Unsustainable Inequalities shows that there is still hope for solving even seemingly intractable social problems"--
Using recent research on development projects around the world, this book argues that culture has become an explicit tool and framework for development discourse and practice. Providing a theoretical and empirically informed critique, this informative book includes conceptual overviews and case studies on topics such as: development for indigenous people; natural resource management; social capital and global markets for Third World music; post-apartheid South Africa; cultural difference in the USA's late capitalism. The editor concludes by evaluating the outcomes of development's 'cultural turn', proposing a framework for future work in this field. By combining case studies from both 'Third World' and 'First World' countries, the book, ideal for those in the fields of geography, culture and development studies, raises innovative questions about the 'transferability' of notions of culture across the world, and the types of actors involved.
The article substantiates, that the variety of linguistic meanings and points that a person uses in the process of communication, gives the opportunity to «reconcile» the contradictory manifold of his motivations, including paradoxically. The variety of communicative meaningsis formed not only by the variety of signs, but also, for example, by the possibility of connecting a sign with another object (metaphor), a partial change in sign with the corresponding transformation of meaning (pun).There is curious example from the political sphere of changing meaning in the sign «ялинка», associated with the involuntary transformation by the previous president of Ukraine this sign into the «йолка». As a consequence, the meaning of «evergreen tree with needles» is transformed into the meaning «Ukrainian president, who does not know the Ukrainian language well». The contradictory «four-basicity» of politics, which we designate as the paradox of «four P» (particularity, publicity, populism, privilege) is coherent to diversity of motivations human's behavior. The politics, managing social behavior, is designed to mobilize the motivation of the majority. This is being done with the help of political messages that generate political points, including manipulating the public constituent. The ineffectiveness of political communication in post-Soviet Ukraine is due to the eclectic compound of Soviet mental models in political messages in the form of bureaucratic — etatist and populist rhetoric with post-Soviet rhetoric of stylized patriotism and pseudo-market freedom. The roots of eclecticism are not only in the Soviet past, but also in the modern consumerization of the public component of politics. Relying on the paradox «follow your inclinations, overcoming them,» or otherwise avoiding the politicization of the non-political spheres of life and manipulating the «signed consumption» of the masses, you can try to return publicity to Ukrainian politics. ; В статье анализируется роль знаковой коммуникации в мотивации поведении человека в связи с парадоксальной противоречивостью основ политики. Рассматриваются семиотические аспекты соотношения значений и смыслов политического месседжа, динамика его содержательной и формальной составляющих.Обосновывается, что эклектичное соединение бюрократическо-этатистской риторики с риторикой стилизованного патриотизма является причиной неэффективности политической коммуникации в Украине. Причиной эклектизма является не только сохранившаяся риторика советского прошлого, но и современная девальвация публичности политики. Ключевые слова: знаковая коммуникация, парадокс политики, политический месседж, бюрократически-этатистская риторика, девальвация публичности. ; У статті проаналізовано як різноманітність мовних значень і смислів, які в процесі комунікації використовує людина, дає можливість «примирити» суперечливе різноманіття його мотивацій, в тому числі і парадоксально. Різноманітність комунікативних смислів утворюється не тільки безліччю знаків, а й, наприклад, можливістю з'єднання знака з іншим об'єктом (метафора), часткової зміни знака з трансформацією сенсу (каламбур). Відомий курйозний приклад з політичної сфери зміни значення в знаку «ялинка», пов'язаний з мимовільною трансформацією цього знака в «йолка» екс-президентом України. Внаслідок цього значення «вічнозелене дерево з голками» трансформується в сенс «український президент, що погано знає українську мову». Автор вказує, що суперечлива «чотирьохосновність» політики, яку позначають як парадокс «чотирьох П (партикулярність, публічність, популізм, привілейованість)» когерентна різноманіттю мотивації людської поведінки. Керуючи соціальною поведінкою, політика покликана мобілізувати мотивацію більшості, що робиться за допомогою меседжів, які породжують смисли, в тому числі і маніпулюючи публічною складовою. Неефективність політичної комунікації в пострадянській Україні обумовлена еклектичним поєднанням в політичних меседжах радянських ментальних моделей у вигляді бюрократично-етатистської і популістської риторики з пострадянською риторикою стилізованого патріотизму і псевдоринкової свободи. Коріння еклектизму не тільки в радянському минулому, а й у сучасній консьюмерізаціі публічної складової політики. Спираючись на парадокс «слідуй своїм схильностям, долаючи їх», або інакше, уникаючи політизації неполітичних сфер життя і маніпуляції «знаковим споживанням» мас, можна спробувати повернути українській політиці публічність.
The paper begins with a brief discussion of the value of the term "social exclusion", before drawing on quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interview) evidence to suggest that young people on the caseload of the probation service are, in general, excluded from the full range of social goods. The basis of this exclusion is not only in poverty and unemployment, but in social and personal insecurity, lack of access to the benefits of education and training, and housing and health problems. It is argued that despite their exclusion these young people have predominantly conventional hopes and aspirations, and that there is therefore no reason to believe that a programme for their social inclusion and reintegration would be doomed to fail. The paper then reviews some aspects of present practice in probation which may tend to increase rather than reduce the exclusionary pressure on those with whom the service works, by stigmatizing and marginalizing them through a narrow focus on their offending. It concludes by suggesting strategies for more inclusionary and integrative practice in the areas of anti‐custodialism, restorative justice and reintegrative shaming, community safety, and help with access to education, training and health services. The paper considers what local inter‐agency structures are needed to support intensive work on offending, and sketches some characteristics of a probation service committed to social inclusion.
section 1. Introduction -- section 2. Engaging with subaltern studies in India -- section 3. Subaltern reproduction through idea, knowledge and power -- section 4. Routes of subjugation and emancipation: identity and assertion, mobilization and power, knowledge and production -- section 5. Aspects of social and cultural changes
'Psychology in Organizations' presents an approach to organizational behaviour based on the premise that all aspects of organizational life are affected by people's social ties and group affiliations. This second edition includes a new chapter on stress, with the text presented in a student-friendly format.
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