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"This innovative ethnography takes a new approach to the study of Philippine sugar. Michael Billig examines sugar's decline within both the dynamic context of contemporary Philippine society and the global context of the international sugar market. His multi-sited ethnographic analysis focuses mainly on conflicts among the various elite sectors (planters, millers, traders, commercial buyers, politicians) and concludes that the most salient political, economic, and cultural trend in the Philippines today is the decline of rural, agrarian elite power and the rise of urban industrial, commercial, and financial power

Analytical Framework for Understanding Economic Systems Elaboration of the Analytical Framework The Firm Intensive System: Economic Challenges and Agent Responses in US, EU, Japan The Firm Intensive System: Polity Functioning and National Accommodations in US, EU, Japan The State Intensive System: Past Polity of the Soviet Union and Allied Countries The State Intensive System: Economic Transitions Economic Systems in the Developing World: Regional Differences Economic Systems in the Developing World: Country Profiles Comparative Performance of Countries Relating to Different Economic Systems: A Social Accounting Approach Long Range Convergence and Displacements in Economic Development and Interactions Between Economic Systems References Appendix

Recurring throughout our history are the ideas that repressive governments are doomed to failure; that liberty is a motivating force; that freedom comes with responsibilities and must be guided by principles; that the example of our democracy is a challenge to all forms of political repression and an inspiration to those desiring to be free. Wilson and Truman took these ideas as the starting point for their policy formulation and pronouncements. Truman both acknowledged his indebtedness to Wilson and learned from his mistakes. This study places the two presidents within the broader American tr

Reviews the legislative basis and institutionalization of property rights, problems of land distribution, and the urban and rural land markets; since adoption of Dec. 1990 Law on Property for the Russian Republic.

1. The presence of the past : a historical ecology of Basque commons and the French state / Seth Murray -- 2. Local places, global influences : pastoralism in Xiberoa and EU regulation / Meredith Welch-Devine -- 3. Some lessons from history : change and adaptation in the common forests of Navarre, 1900-1935 / Inake Iriarte-Goni -- 4. Social and environmental conflicts in the planning and management of natural resources in the Aragon's Pyrenees : the case of los Valles occidentales / Xavier Carbonell -- 5. Highlands and lowlands : political ecology and territorial conflict / Gaspar Mairal -- 6. Twenty-first century transhumants : social and economic change in the Alta Ribagorca / Ferran Estrada, Eli Nadal, and Juan Ramon Iglesias -- 7. Pastoralism and heritage in the Central Pyrenees : symbolic values and social conflicts / Arnauld Chandivert -- 8. Shepherds, hydroelectric stations, and ski resorts : the Pallars Sobira landscape / Oriol Beltran and Ismael Vaccaro -- 9. Rusticity, wild flora and fauna patterns, and identity in a valley of Cadi (Alt Urgell) / Joan Frigole -- 10. Tobacco in the Pyrenees? The ecological politics of tobacco in Andorra, a micro-state in a global market / Dolors Comas d'Argemir -- 11. Localism as nationalism in the eastern Pyrenees / Eric P. Perramond -- 12. Management of environment and landscapes in mountain areas : social representations, actors, and institutions in a regional natural park / Pierre derioz -- 13. Landscape management and evolution : the Montseny Natural Park / Xavier Roige and Ferran Estrada.

Intro -- GLOBAL ORDERS AND CIVILIZATIONS:PERSPECTIVES FROM HISTORY,PHILOSOPHY AND INTERNATIONALRELATIONS -- FOCUS ON CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES -- GLOBAL ORDERS AND CIVILIZATIONS:PERSPECTIVES FROM HISTORY,PHILOSOPHY AND INTERNATIONALRELATIONS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- A NOTE ON THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS -- BEYOND 'UNDER-THEORIZING' AND 'ENDISM':TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVEON GLOBAL ORDERS AND CIVILIZATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART IGLOBAL ORDER FROM THE PRISMOF CIVILIZATIONS: CONCEPTUALAND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- CIVILIZATION, MODE OF PRODUCTIONAND THE WORLD SYSTEM:THE EXPLANATORY SIGNIFICANCE OF MACROSOCIOLOGICALCATEGORIES -- INTRODUCTION -- FROM HISTORICAL MATERIALISM TO DIALECTICAL SOCIOLOGY -- FROM THE HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE TO THE DIALECTICAL SPIRAL -- TOWARDS A DIALECTICAL SOCIOLOGY -- THE CURRENT SITUATION -- METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMSIN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICALINTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS -- David J Sarquis Ramirez -- CONCLUSION -- WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION?:FROM BRAUDEL TO ELIAS THE VARIOUSDEFINITIONS OF "CIVILIZATION"IN SOCIAL SCIENCES -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINING CIVILIZATION AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS BETWEENTHE CITY, EMPIRE, AND RELIGION -- CIVILIZATION" AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES:APPEARANCES OF CIVILIZATION IN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCEREVIEW, WORLD POLITICS, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS -- CONCEPTUAL FAMILY OF "CIVILIZATION":RELIGION, EMPIRE, AND THE CITY -- 1. Religion and Civilization: A Critical Look at Freud, Braudel,and Huntington -- 2. Empire and Civilization -- 3. The City and Civilization: Etymological Roots, Court Society, and ClassRelations -- 4. Defining Civilization as a Dynamic Process between the City, Empire, andReligion through Epistemic Communities, Higher Education, and the Canon.

During the Arab uprisings of late 2010 and early 2011, nine regimes throughout North Africa and the Middle East were confronted by major demonstrations and contentious events. When the uprisings began in Egypt, it became evident that youth movements were going to play a large part in the uprisings themselves, as well as the ensuing political and social changes. In this book, Nadine Sika demonstrates how youth movements initiated contestation, and how the regime in Egypt reacted through a display of authoritarian resilience, creating opportunities, threats to and constraints on the ability of youth movements to mobilize and to network. On the other hand, she explores how youth movement's repertoires can cause a regime to adapt, upgrade, or downgrade its authoritarian tools in an attempt to control, co-opt, or disempower the movement, highlighting how a regime's perception of a threat can propel it towards either defensive or offensive strategies.

Siphokazi Magadla's Guerrillas and Combative Mothers rests on 40 life histories of women who joined armed struggles of many kinds to fight apartheid. The book is a result of her doctorate which in turn rests on work she did while being a research consultant at the Institute for Security Studies. In 2010, on the tenth anniversary of the United Nations' (UN's) adoption of Resolution 1325, Magadla and Chery Hendricks produced the documentary Women and Security Sector Transformation in South Africa (2010). Magadla interviewed Major General Ntsiki Memela-Motumi, then chief director of transformation management in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF); Thandi Modise, a previous chair of the Portfolio Committee on Defence in the National Assembly and; Mala Singh, former deputy national commissioner of the South African Police Service (SAPS). Memela-Motumi and Modise are both former combatants in Umkhonto weSizwe (MK). They provided rich accounts of how their experiences as women in MK informed their later roles in transforming the SANDF. However, the study also has a prior genesis in Magadla's own experience of being the daughter of a soldier in the Transkei Defence Force. He ended his military career at 40 after that force was integrated into the SANDF. Her mother, a psychiatric nurse, also made her aware of the unstable mental conditions of many soldiers who were demobilised from the various armed forces in the period around 1994. This personal knowledge plus the experience of working with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives the impetus for an important study. It is a study arising out of the complicated and turbulent moment in time when seven armies were integrated. These seven armies include the South African Defence Force (SADF), MK, the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) and the four 'homeland' armies. This was a period in which those who had chosen to fight apartheid were faced with the question of whether they were career soldiers or not; and whether a return to civilian life was possible now that there was no longer a war.

In the past decade, the value of so-called ideal theory has become a major point of dispute among political theorists. While critics of ideal theory accuse this approach of "idle utopianism", its advocates fault the critics for conceding to "cynical realism". This dissertation examines two charges against ideal theory. The demandingness charge states that ideal theory fails to acknowledge the constraints on justice set by the empirical conditions that prevail in our world, and that it therefore produces invalid principles. The uselessness charge states that ideal theory, even if it tells us what justice would require under exceptionally favorable circumstances, offers no information valuable for guiding action in the nonideal circumstances characteristic of today's societies. The two charges target the idealized assumptions made in ideal theory, in particular the assumption of full compliance. By assuming full compliance, the critics argue, ideal theory ignores the way real-world agents' motivational limitations render the pursuit of its proposed principles infeasible or undesirable. In four free-standing articles, I examine when and why noncompliance due to motivational limitations puts constraints on justice, and how this affects the status and usefulness of ideal theory. I argue that motivational limitations constrain justice in ideal theory if we hold that justice is action-guiding in the sense that it confers actual duties on individual agents, and that the distribution of collective duties to individuals requires reasonable expectations of others' compliance. In nonideal theory, adopting an actualist standpoint will lead us to conclude that not only the noncompliance of others, but also our own foreseeable noncompliance constrains what justice can demand. I further argue that how this affects the usefulness of ideal theory depends, on the one hand, on how we interpret crucial concepts such as "action-guidance", and, on the other, on which task we expect political theory to perform. My findings shed new light over the complex conflict lines that underlie the current dispute, and urge debaters to render explicit and argue for the assumptions upon which they rest their judgments about ideal theory.

Some (large) EU governments are making the case for digital companies to pay "their fair share of tax". The key underlying assumption is that companies in the digital space are not doing so right now. Governments also assume that there is a substantial source of untaxed profits that is waiting for the embrace of the taxman. The European Commission is now considering "revenue taxes" on those companies that under some definition can be called "digital corporations". In this paper, we provide a critical assessment of the underlying reasoning of the European Commission and those EU governments that currently are in favour of targeted taxes on digital revenues. There is indeed a good case to make for fair taxation and that uneven effective tax rates can distort competition and lead to smaller tax revenues. However, those that are calling for higher taxes on one particular group of firms - digital corporations - have yet to present the evidence for why that is motivated by principles of fair taxation. The European Commission's "hypothetical" estimates for effective corporate tax rates (ECTRs) do not reflect the high effective corporate tax rates of most corporations that operate in the EU and outside EU Member States, including the world's largest digital enterprises. In addition, the European Commission's selective focus on digital companies that are big on "stock markets" mixes up market capitalization with corporate income. Thereby, the focus on the world's "top 100 companies by market capitalisation" and the world's "top 5 e-commerce companies" hardly reflects the reality of the digital economy and profit levels among different, often highly diverse, firms. Real world financial data show that the average corporate tax rates of many digital companies actually exceed the European Commission's "hypothetical" estimates by about 20 to 50 percentage points. Ideas to slap a targeted tax on digital revenues clash with the EU's top policy priorities for the digital economy. It is therefore remarkable that such taxes even are considered. A tax on digital revenues would not only stand in opposition to tax efficiency and neutrality; it would also undermine digitalisation, European integration, and the Digital Single Market.

Mestrdo APNOR e Belarus State Economic University ; Currently with the constant development of technological innovation and the market conditions, the number of companies and business is increasing. However, the number of business headed or owned by women, even there is an increment in the initiatives, policies, and resources designed to promote and develop women's entrepreneurship is not similar to a number of business headed or owned by men. There are many kinds of research that proof, entrepreneurship is still dominated by males, once women still possess and manage fewer businesses than men. According to Busolt and Kugele (2009), and considering the reality of the EU, the low percentage of women researchers leads to even lower results when we look at inventions developed by a female collective. Furthermore, authors like Coelho (2010) seem to conclude that organizational structures are not gender neutral. However, the problem of gender inequality in the field of entrepreneurship still exists and remains to be undetermined, because the number of studies about women entrepreneurs/business owner is substantially low. The crucial aim of this research is to advance existing knowledge and information on innovation and women's entrepreneurship by analysing different gender perspectives, practices and forms of innovation among the owners of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), in Portugal and in Republic of Belarus, and furthermore, to investigate these differences between these two countries. With these objectives in mind, the main purpose of this study is to compare different perspectives, and the environmental status of two countries: Belarus and Portugal. More specifically, the research looked among other things at entrepreneurial motivation, growth strategies, support networks, barriers to innovation in women-owned enterprises, and existing innovative practices within women-owned enterprises. The research is essentially qualitative, and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with women entrepreneurs and/or who hold leadership positions in a group of companies in Portugal and Belarus. ; Atualmente, com o constante desenvolvimento da inovação tecnológica e das condições de mercado, o número de empresas e de negócios está a aumentar. Contudo, o número de empresas chefiadas ou detidas por mulheres, apesar do aumento nas iniciativas, políticas e recursos destinados a promover e desenvolver o empreendedorismo feminino, não é semelhante ao número de negócios dirigido ou possuído por homens. Diversas investigações evidenciam que o empreendedorismo ainda é dominado pelos homens, uma vez que tanto as mulheres empresárias, como as mulheres que ocupam cargos de posição de topo, são ainda em menor número do que os homens em posições similares. Segundo Busolt e Kugele (2009), e considerando a realidade da União Europeia, a baixa percentagem de mulheres investigadoras conduz a resultados ainda menores quando olhamos para as invenções desenvolvidas pelo coletivo feminino. Adicionalmente, autores como Coelho (2010) parecem concluir que as estruturas organizacionais não são neutras em termos de género. No entanto, a principal razão pela qual o hiato de género existente no empreendedorismo continua a persistir continua por determinar, e o número de estudos sobre mulheres empreendedoras/empresárias é ainda substancialmente baixo. O objetivo fundamental desta investigação é compreender o conhecimento e informação existentes sobre inovação e empreendedorismo (feminino), analisando diferentes perspetivas de género, práticas e formas de inovação entre empresárias, em pequenas e médias empresas (PME), em Portugal e na República da Bielorrússia e, além disso, investigar se existem diferenças significativas entre estes dois países. Assim, o objetivo principal é comparar diferentes perspetivas entre empreendedoras dos dois países: Bielorrússia e Portugal. Concretamente, analisaram-se entre outros fatores: a motivação empresarial, as estratégias de crescimento, as redes de apoio e as barreiras à inovação, em empresas pertencentes a mulheres e práticas inovadoras existentes em empresas lideradas por mulheres. A pesquisa é essencialmente qualitativa, e os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a mulheres empreendedoras e/ou a mulheres que ocupam posições de liderança num grupo de empresas em Portugal e na Bielorrússia. ; В настоящее время в условиях постоянного развития технологических инноваций и рыночных отношений растет число компаний и бизнеса. Тем не менее, число предприятий, возглавляемых или принадлежащих женщинам, даже при условии оказания поддержки и введения специальных мер и ресурсов, направленных на поощрение и развитие женского предпринимательства, не приближается к количеству предприятий, которые возглавляются или принадлежат мужчинам. Ряд проведенных исследований подтверждают тот факт, что в предпринимательстве по-прежнему доминируют мужчины, в то время как женщины владеют и управляют меньшим количеством предприятий, которые чаще всего не отличаются высокой прибыльностью. СогласноБузолту и Кагеле(2009), и учитывая реалии ЕС, низкий процент женщин-исследователейприводит к еще более низким результатам в разработке инновационных технологий. В своих работахАккер (1990), подчеркнул, что организационные структуры не являются гендерно нейтральными. Тем не менее,еще предстоит определить основную причину, того, почему гендерный разрыв сохраняется в предпринимательстве. Проведенных исследований еще не достаточно для выявления данной проблемы. Одной из целей данного исследования является раскрытие уже существующих знаний и информации об инновациях и женском предпринимательстве путем анализа различных гендерных перспектив, практик и форм инноваций среди владельцев малых и средних предприятий (МСП) в Португалии и в Республике Беларусь, а также, выявление различий между двумя этими странами. Еще одной целью является выявление рисков и барьеров, с которым могут столкнуться предприниматели, внедряющих инновационную деятельность в свой бизнес. С учетом выше перечисленных целей можно сказать, что главной задачей этого исследования является сравнение показателей бизнес-перспектив относительно развития женского предпринимательства двух стран: Беларуси и Португалии. Точнее говоря, исследования проводились в отношении предпринимательской мотивации женщин, стратегий роста, программ поддержки, барьеров для инноваций в предприятиях, принадлежащих женщинам, и существующих инновационных методов работы на предприятиях, принадлежащих женщинам.Исследование характеризуется качественным анализом, данные были собраны с помощью разнестороннего опроса женщин-предпринимателей и / или занимающих руководящие должности в группе компаний в Португалии и Беларуси.

More knowledge is needed on how to reduce the prevalence of formal and informal coercion in Norwegian mental health care. To explore possible reasons for the widespread differences in coercive practice in psychiatry and drug addiction treatment in Norway, and the poor compliance to change initiatives, we performed a nationwide survey. Six vignettes from concrete and realistic clinical situations where coercive measures were among the alternative courses of action, and where the difference between authoritarian (paternalistic) and dialogical (user participation) practices was explicitly delineated, were presented in an electronic questionnaire distributed to five groups of professionals: psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, other professionals and auxiliary treatment staff. Non-coercive dialogical resolutions were more likely than coercive authoritative. However, there is a clear professional hierarchy with regard to authoritarian approaches, with the psychiatrists on top, followed by nurses and other professionals, and with psychologists as the least authoritarian. The majority of the respondents sometimes prefer actions that are illegal, which suggests that individual opinions about coercion often overrule legislation. The variation between and within professional groups in attitudes and opinions on coercion is extensive, and may account for some of the hitherto meagre results of two ministerial action plans for coercion reduction.