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Cover -- Contents -- Epigraph -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 'The battle of this life' -- Against luxury: Commodian -- The miles Christi as a devotional model for christian women -- Fathers and sons -- Miles Christi and miles saeculi -- Poverty, obligation, and inheritance: traditionalist senatorial Christianity during and after the barbarian invasions -- Ad Gregoriam in Palatio: the senatorial domina as miles Christi -- The domina at the gate -- Chapter 2 'The obscurity of eloquence' -- The 'jewelled style' and the Cento of Proba -- Prudentius -- The Aristocratic Laity and the 'Ostrogothic renaissance' -- Boethius, Cassiodorus, Benedict, Gregory -- Christian prose and the 'jewelled style' -- Chapter 3 Household and empire -- The structure of the late Roman estate -- Domus and familia -- The domina as female paterfamilias -- Obligation and reciprocity: the Bobbio domina -- Slaves and masters: Ad Gregoriam in Palatio -- Gregoria and Reginus: Spielregeln for a Christian Aristocracy? -- The coming Judgement -- Chapter 4 'Such trustful partnership': the marriage bond in Latin conduct literature -- Roman marriage in late antiquity -- From Diocletian to Justinian: the changing balance of power in the late Roman household -- The early Christian legacy -- Augustine, Pelagius, and the Latin readers of John Chrysostom -- Celanthia and Optatus: the permanence of the marriage bond -- Ad Gregoriam in Palatio and Augustinian mediocritas -- Chapter 5 The invisible enemy -- The paradox of invisible powers in early patristic tradition: Tertullian and Cyprian -- Origen and Ambrose -- Imitatio -- The late fourth-century sources -- Arnobius the Younger -- The raiment of mortal flesh -- Appendix. Ad Gregoriam in palatio -- Chapter 1. That the human race is to be allowed to be tested for a time, so that it may rejoice forever in the future -- Chapter 2. The nobility of the soul is to be defended -- Chapter 3. It is through endurance (patientiam) that all virtues are able to exist -- Chapter 4. What kind of thing in particular is endurance -- Chapter 5. That the kind of person who disdained the virtue of patience in time of peace is not likely to bear the persecutions of martyrdom successfully -- Chapter 6. Excepting by the will of God, the wife should not despise the will of the husband in any matter -- Chapter 7. With respect to what duties and by what judgements a true wife is to be judged -- Chapter 8. By compliance husbands can be won over by wives, and can be called out to the grace of the Holy Spirit from the traffic of the flesh -- Chapter 9. It is better to teach the things to be avoided rather than those to be set aright [after the wrong is done] -- Chapter 10. A viewing-tower is set up in contemplation, ascending which the soul turns its attention either to those winning or to those losing, in order to imitate them -- Chapter 11. The battle of truth against falsehood -- Chapter 12. The fight of liberality (benignitas) against avarice -- Chapter 13. The battle of faithlessness in support of avarice against the despiser of the world (contemptorem mundi) -- Chapter 14. The battle of abstinence against gluttony -- Chapter 15. Against desire of the flesh [concupiscentia] -- Chapter 16. Of endurance -- Chapter 17. That a woman placed in marriage should search the will of God through His law, and keep the commandments ... -- Chapter 18. A respectable Christian married woman must be so he.

Household income dispersion in Poland is growing systematically. Since the late 1970s, the Gini index has increased from 0.252 (1975) to 0.313 (2016). At the same time in France, the ratio has dropped from 0.34 (late 1970s) to 0.293 (2016). A higher income dispersion is also observed among various occupations and across genders. The ratio of minimum to average wages has increased from 33.7% (1975) to 45.45% (2019). The research period covers the period of the centrally planned economy in Poland, when income leveling was an effect of government policy, and that of the market economy, which caused significant income disparities. The research problem is the growing household income dispersion in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the institutional sources of increasing income dispersion. The study involved a comparative analysis of income dispersion in the years 1975–2017 in the context of institutional changes taking place in these countries, especially after 1990. The author applied a hypothetico-deductive method. Having analysed income dispersion, the author made a hypothesis regarding the influence of institutional changes on this phenomenon and presented the groups of institutional factors. The conducted research indicated inequalities in Poland grew mainly as a result of high dynamics in the income of the highest earners (top 10% and 1%). The social policy of the Polish government may have had little impact on this factor. Moreover, the distributional effects of taxes and transfers were slightly weaker in Poland than in France. An increase in the scale of acceptance of the inequality level in Poland over the past few years is noteworthy. In France, the public opposition to inequality is growing, even though income inequality is lower than in many European countries. ; Zróżnicowanie dochodów ludności Polski systematycznie wzrasta. Indeks GINI od końca lat 70. XX w. wzrósł z 0,252 (1975) do 0,313 (2016). W tym samym czasie we Francji indeks ten zmniejszył się z 0,34 (koniec lat 70. XX w.) do 0,293 (2016). Wzrost zróżnicowania dochodów obserwowany jest też w przekrojach grup zawodów i płci. Towarzyszy temu zwiększenie relacji płacy minimalnej do przeciętnego wynagrodzenia z 33,7% (1975) do 45,45% (2019). Okres przyjęty do badań obejmował w Polsce gospodarkę centralnie planowaną, w którym to okresie spłaszczenie dochodów było efektem polityki państwa oraz gospodarkę rynkową, która silnie zdywersyfikowała dochody ludności. Problemem badawczym było rosnące zróżnicowanie dochodów ludności Polski. Celem podjętych badań było wskazanie instytucjonalnych źródeł wzrostu zróżnicowania dochodów ludności. Dokonano analizy porównawczej zróżnicowania dochodów w Polsce oraz we Francji za lata 1975–2017 na tle zmian instytucjonalnych, szczególnie od roku 1990. Wykorzystano metodę hipotetyczno-dedukcyjną. Postawiono hipotezę o wpływie zmian instytucjonalnych na ten problem oraz wskazano grupy czynników instytucjonalnych oddziałujących na nierówności dochodowe ludności. Przeprowadzone badania wskazały, że nierówności w Polsce rosły głównie w wyniku wysokiej dynamiki dochodów najwyżej zarabiających (10% i 1%). Działania rządu polskiego z zakresu polityki socjalnej w niewielkim stopniu mogły wpłynąć na ten czynnik. Ponadto efekty dystrybucyjne podatków i transferów w stosunku do nierówności dochodowych były w Polsce nieco słabsze niż we Francji. Zwraca uwagę wzrost skali akceptacji nierówności w Polsce w ostatnich kilkunastu latach. Natomiast we Francji rósł sprzeciw społeczeństwa wobec nierówności, mimo że ich skala jest niższa niż w wielu krajach europejskich. ; Funds of the Faculty of Economics and Finance, University of Białystok, BST-403.

AbstractThe study of the medieval city of Santiago de Compostela is generally centred on the ecclesiastical sphere, characterized by its cathedral, the episcopacy and the pilgrimage route. This analysis has left certain segments of study in need of further research in order to define social and political relationships in one of the main Peninsular cities of ecclesiastical lordship. This is primarily the case of the town council and its relation to the main Compostelan feudal power. This article offers an initial examination of the urban institution in the later medieval period. The purpose is to unveil its structure after a brief look at its evolution up to the later Middle Ages. This analysis will focus on its members in the second half of the thirteenth century (justices, notaries and keepers of the seal); the materialization of power as viewed in the records of the first third of the fourteenth century with respect to a royal privilege negotiated by the prelate Berenguel de Landoira; and with the members of the town council in the fifteenth century and the consent of the regidores and procuradores. The analysis will conclude with a sketch of the main functions assumed by the institution, namely urbanism, justice, public order, economic issues, and supply and trade. ; El estudio de la ciudad medieval de Santiago de Compostela viene marcado generalmente por el ámbito eclesiástico, materializado en su catedral, el episcopado y la peregrinación. Estos análisis han dejado ciertos segmentos necesitados de profundidad a la hora de definir las relaciones sociales y de poder político en una de las principales urbes peninsulares de señorío eclesiástico; es el caso, principalmente, del poder concejil y su relación con el poder feudal compostelano. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación y sistematización monográfica de la institución urbana en los siglos medievales, atendiendo principalmente a sus integrantes (justicias, notarios y guardianes del sello, a los que se añaden luego regidores y homes boos) en tiempos del concilium y del regimiento, y a las funciones que desarrolla, a saber: urbanismo; justicia; orden público; economía común; y abastecimiento y comercio.AbstractThe study of the medieval city of Santiago de Compostela is generally centred on the ecclesiastical sphere, characterized by its cathedral, the episcopacy and the pilgrimage route. This analysis has left certain segments of study in need of further research in order to define social and political relationships in one of the main Peninsular cities of ecclesiastical lordship. This is primarily the case of the town council and its relation to the main Compostelan feudal power. This article offers an initial examination of the urban institution in the later medieval period. The purpose is to unveil its structure after a brief look at its evolution up to the later Middle Ages. This analysis will focus on its members in the second half of the thirteenth century (justices, notaries and keepers of the seal); the materialization of power as viewed in the records of the first third of the fourteenth century with respect to a royal privilege negotiated by the prelate Berenguel de Landoira; and with the members of the town council in the fifteenth century and the consent of the regidores and procuradores. The analysis will conclude with a sketch of the main functions assumed by the institution, namely urbanism, justice, public order, economic issues, and supply and trade.

This thesis examines the question of what it means to think about a text as Atlantic literature. I consider two novels, Melville's Moby-Dick and Pynchon's Mason & Dixon, in their relation to the Atlantic cycle of capital accumulation. I borrow this term from Ian Baucom, who, drawing on the work of Giovanni Arrighi, argues that the period extending from the late eighteenth century to the late twentieth century represents a definite epoch of historical capitalism: an Atlantic cycle of capital accumulation. To think about these texts as Atlantic literature, then, is to think about how they reproduce the logic of or understand themselves in relation to this Atlantic cycle, the dynamic engine of a circum-Atlantic world. I turn to two key theorists whose work I feel is best suited to each novel. Moby-Dick is primarily focused on capitalist production as represented by the whaling industry,and thus I employ Georg Lukács—particularly his model of realism and its emphasis on revealing the nature of production of a given social field—for my reading of that novel. Mason & Dixon, however, is less directly concerned with production and instead centers its narrative on the consumption of Atlantic commodities, which invites a reading that draws on Walter Benjamin, whose work focuses (primarily) on this stage of capitalist production. In my reading of Moby-Dick, I argue that the novel approaches the requirements of Lukácsian realism, but fails to meet them because of its compositionally eclectic nature. Because Moby-Dick is inherently contradictory, it does not contain what Lukács calls the moving center (the force that orients and directs the "totality of objects" of a given social field, in this case, capital)—or at least not conventionally. Instead, the moving center is displaced and reproduced figuratively in Ahab's monomaniacal hunt for the white whale, leaving the empty shell of its rhetoric on Starbuck: Atlantic capitalism as contradiction. This, I argue, is not Lukácsian realism per se, but what I term a "realism of crisis," as the text encounters its own moving center (capital) in a moment of crisis and subsequently displaces it (to Ahab). Mason & Dixon, however, traces the Atlantic cycle across space and, importantly,through a time that does not simply pass, but accumulates. We see this in the novel's ghostliness, in how it represents commodities, and in the Benjaminian constellation of the late eighteenth and late twentieth centuries—the "bookends" of the Atlantic cycle. Through adopting a Benjaminian philosophy of history, the text reveals how the Atlantic cycle is composed not of discrete and isolated past moments moving through the empty, homogeneous time of capitalist modernity, but rather of nonsynchronously contemporaneous moments accumulating in the wake of a singular historical catastrophe. That catastrophe, Pynchon's "the Day," is analogous to the Atlantic cycle of accumulation. Both novels encounter the logic of capitalist accumulation and respond in turn with an alternative form of accumulation. In Moby-Dick, we see a trend of literary accumulation (the "nonrealist" element) that seeks to counteract the brutalizing reality of the logic of capitalist accumulation (uncovered by he "realist" element). And in Mason & Dixon, we see an accumulative (Benjaminian) philosophy of history that seeks to counteract the empty time of capitalist modernity, and articulates itself as a politics of melancholy.

AbstractCohen (1997) employed the term "classical" diaspora in reference to the Jews. Indeed, a vast corpus of work recognizes the Jewish people as examples of quintessential diasporic groups. However, a broader conceptualization of the term diaspora allows for the inclusion of immigrant communities that would be otherwise sidelined in the conventional literature on diaspora.This study is therefore a departure from the traditional diasporic literature, which tends to use the Jewish Diaspora as the archetype. It favours, rather, the classification of three principal broad historical waves in which the Jewish Diaspora can be interpreted as part of a classical period. The historicizing of diasporization for the purpose of this paper is achieved by an empirical discussion of the three major historical waves that influenced the diasporic process throughout the world: the Classical Period, the Modern Period, and the Contemporary or Late‐modern Period.The paper discusses these three critical phases in the following manner: first, reference is made to the Classical Period, which is associated primarily with ancient diaspora and ancient Greece. The second historical phase analyses diaspora in relation to the Modern Period, which can be interpreted as a central historical fact of slavery and colonization. This section can be further subdivided into three large phases: (1) the expansion of European capital (1500–1814), (2) the Industrial Revolution (1815–1914), and (3) the Interwar Period (1914–1945). The final major period of diasporization can be considered a Contemporary or Late‐modern phenomenon. It refers to the period immediately after World War II to the present day, specifying the case of the Hispanics in the United States as one key example. The paper outlines some aspects of the impact of the Latin American diaspora on the United States, from a socio‐economic and politico‐cultural point of view.While the Modern and Late‐modern periods are undoubtedly the most critical for an understanding of diaspora in a modern, globalized context, for the purpose of this paper, more emphasis is placed on the latter period, which illustrates the progressive effect of globalization on the phenomenon of diasporization. The second period, the Modern Phase is not examined in this paper, as the focus is on a comparative analysis of the early Classical Period and the Contemporary or Late‐modern Period.The incorporation of diaspora as a unit of analysis in the field of international relations has been largely neglected by both recent and critical scholarship on the subject matter. While a growing number of studies focus on the increasing phenomenon of diasporic communities, from the vantage of social sciences, the issue of diaspora appears to be inadequately addressed or ignored altogether. Certain key factors present themselves as limitations to the understanding of the concept, as well as its relevance to the field of international relations and the social sciences as a whole.This paper is meant to clarify some aspects of the definition of diaspora by critiquing the theories in the conventional literature, exposing the lacunae in terms of interpretation of diaspora and in the final analysis, establishing a historiography that may be useful in comparing certain features of "classical" diaspora and "contemporary" diaspora. The latter part of the paper is intended to provide illustrations of a contemporary diasporic community, using the example of Hispanics in the United States.

Among topics discussed: Rabbis Epstein, Geffen, and Rothschild; Archbishop Halverman and Randy Taylor of the Central Presbyterian Church; Sugarman; synagogues of Atlanta in reference to a civic power structure; Reformed Church of New York; Buddy Innis; Tom Cousins and CAP; CAS task force; Bill Johnson of the Ritz Carlton; John Wieland; Andy Young's book on the SCLC and black Baptist preachers; Congregationalists; Timothy McDonald; Cameron Alexander; Alicia Phillip; Sweat's transfer from Massell's office; move from City Hall office to ARC; the formation and development of ARC; The Atlanta Metropolitan Planning Commission; 1960s regional planning pressure from the federal government; Fulton County Health Department and the Fulton County Hospital Authority; Grady Hospital; John Vining; Minneapolis tax sharing plan; zoning in reference to city planning; county commissioners and zoning; the Atlanta Area Transportation Study; Atlanta Magazine article by Margaret Shannon discussing ARC; ARC's responsibilities, expectations and realities. ; Sweat was born in 1933 in Waycross, Georgia. He graduated from Georgia State College (later Georgia State University) in 1957 with a degree in public administration. He married his wife Tally in 1956, and they had three children and several grandchildren. Sweat covered the Fulton County courthouse for the Atlanta Journal while still in college. In 1957 he entered the Navy, where his commander allowed him to attend Seventh Fleet scheduling conferences. Sweat later returned to Atlanta, and the Journal, but later took at job as information director at DeKalb County. County Commission chairman Charles O. Emmerich took Sweat under his wing, but lost his reelection bid in 1964. Emmerich then took a job with Economic Opportunity Atlanta, a new federal anti-poverty program, and took Sweat with him. Sweat earned a reputation as a master at getting federal grants. Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. eventually offered Sweat a position at City Hall. Sweat took a job in 1966 as director of government liaison, charged with bringing as much federal money to Atlanta as possible. Eventually Allen promoted Sweat to chief administrative officer in August of 1969. Sweat kept the same job under Mayor Sam Massell, who succeeded Allen. He coordinated Atlanta's War on Poverty and Model Cities programs during his tenure at City Hall. Sweat also played a role in the naming of the first two black department heads in city government. Sweat left City Hall in late 1971, and early the next year took a job as executive director of the Atlanta Regional Commission. He was involved in establishing the Chattahoochee River Corridor, and helped the commission survive its initial court challenges. In 1973, Sweat became president of Central Atlanta Progress. In that role he represented downtown business interests, and gained the reputation as a major power broker in Atlanta. Sweat bridged the gap between new black political power at City Hall and the white downtown business establishment. He was involved in numerous high profile downtown projects, including the redevelopment of both Underground Atlanta and the Bedford Pines neighborhood. Sweat left CAP in 1988 and took a job with the CF Foundation, a philanthropic organization affiliated with developer Thomas G. Cousins. In 1991, former President Jimmy Carter appointed Sweat coordinator of the Atlanta Project. Sweat helped raise $14 million in his first year on the job. He left in 1995. These interviews were conducted during an illness that resulted in Sweat's death in 1997. His condition during the interviews had an impact on the content, length, and structure of the interviews.

1. Introduction, Alexandra Cox and Laura S. Abrams -- 2. Self-Isolation May Feel Like Jail—It's Nothing Compared to Youth Prison, Hernán Carvente-Martinez -- 3. Children and Young People in Custody in England and Wales – Rights and Wrongs, Laura Janes -- 4. Everyday Violence in El Redentor Specialized Care Center in Bogotá, Colombia, Laura Liévano-Karim and Amy E. Ritterbusch -- 5. Doing Time: Young People and the Rhetoric of Juvenile Justice in Ghana, Kofi E. Boakye and Thomas D. Akoensi -- 6. The Rebirth of Delinquent: Adult-Children: Criminal Capacity, Socio-Economic Systems and the Malleability of Penality of Child Delinquency in India, Shailesh Kumar -- 7. Juvenile Deprivation of Liberty in Brazil: Discretion, Expansion and Deterioration, Rafael Barreto Souza -- 8. "I wanna be somebody by the time I turn 25": Narratives of Pathways into Crime and Reentry Expectations among Young Men in Germany and the United States, Michaela Soyer and Janina L. Selzer -- 9. State Property, an excerpt from A Stone of Hope: A Memoir, Jim St. Germain -- 10. Boredom: A Key Experience of Youth Imprisonment, Tea Torbenfeldt Bengtsson -- 11. Friendship in the Juvenile Correctional Institution, Anne Nurse -- 12. Juvenile Facility Staff: Research, Policy, and Practice, Alexandra Cox -- 13. Straight and Narrow: Girls, Sexualities, and the Youth Justice System, Lisa Pasko -- 14. "This Place Saved My Life": The Limits of Christian Redemption Narratives at a Juvenile Detention Facility for Girls, Mary Thomas- 15. Horizontal Surveillance and Therapeutic Governance of Institutionalized Girls, Carla P. Davis -- 16. Hypermasculinity in Interaction: Affective Practices, Resistance And Vulnerability in a Swedish Youth Prison, Anna Franzén -- 17. Incarcerated Young Men and Boys: Trauma, Masculinity, and the Need for Trauma-Informed, Gender-Sensitive Correctional Care, Nina Vaswani, Carla Cesaroni, and Matthew Maycock -- 18. The Expectations and Challenges of Youth Reentry, Elizabeth Panuccio -- 19. "Nothing's Changed but Me": Reintegration Plans Meet the Inner City, Jamie J. Fader -- 20. Young Women and Desistance: Finding a Net to Fall Back On, Laura S. Abrams and Diane J. Terry -- 21. My Shame, Christian Branscombe -- 22. The Pains of Life Imprisonment During Late Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, Serena Wright, Susie Hulley, and Ben Crewe -- 23. Surviving Life: How Youth Adapt to Life Sentences in Adult Prisons, Kaylyn Canlione and Laura S. Abrams -- 24. Experiencing the Death Penalty as a Child in Malawi: The Story of Henry Dickson, Alexious Kamangila and Linda Kitenge -- 25. The Pitfalls of Separating Youth in Prison: A Critique of Age-Segregated Incarceration, Hedi Viterbo -- 26. Towards Transformation: The Youth Justice Movement in the U.S. on Ending the Youth Prison Model, Liz Ryan -- 27. Critical Reflections on Education For Children in Youth Justice Custody, Caroline Lanskey -- 28. Transforming Youth Justice Inside and Out, Alexander Schneider and Vincent Schiraldi. .

PART I.GESTATION, BIRTH, DISEASE, AND DEATH --Becoming Human : from the Embryo to the Newborn Child /Véronique Dasen, Université de Fribourg --The Demography of Infancy and Early Childhood in the Ancient World /Tim Parkin, University of Manchester --Babies in the Well : Archaeological Evidence for Newborn Disposal in Hellenistic Greece /Maria Liston and Susan Rotroff, University of Waterloo/Washington University in St. Louis --(Not) Bringing up Baby : Infant Exposure and Infanticide /Judith Evans Grubbs, Emory University --The child patient of the Hippocratics : early Pediatrics? /Lesley Dean-Jones, University of Texas at Austin --Raising a Disabled Child /Christian Laes, University of Antwerp/Free University of Brussels --PART II.CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN ANCIENT GREECE --Children in Archaic and Classical Greek art : A Survey /John Oakley, College of William and Mary --Children as Learners and Producers in Early Greece /Susan Langdon, University of Missouri at Columbia --Shifting Gender : Age and Social Status as Modifiers of Childhood Gender in Ancient Athens /Lesley Beaumont, University of Sydney --Children in Athenian Religion /Robert Garland, Colgate University --Play, Pathos and Precocity : The Three 'P's of Greek Literary Childhood /Louise Pratt, Emory University --PART III.CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN ANCIENT ROME --Children in Latin Epic /Mark Golden, University of Winnipeg --The Socialization of Roman Children /Janette McWilliam, University of Queensland --Slave and Lower-class Roman Children /Hanne Sigismund Nielsen, University of Calgary --Children and Childhood in Roman Commemorative Art /Lena Larsson Lovén, Gøteburg University --Toys, Dolls and the Material Culture of Childhood /Mary Harlow, University of Birmingham --Roman Children and the Law /Thomas A.J. McGinn, Vanderbilt University --PART IV.EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD --Education in Plato's Laws /Cynthia Patterson, Emory University --Boys, Girls, Family, and the State at Sparta /Nigel Kennell, American School of Classical Studies at Athens --Engendering the Scroll : Girls' and Women's Literacy in Classical Greece /Matthew Dillon, University of New England --Educating the Youth : the Athenian ephebeia in the Early Hellenistic Era /Eric Casey, Sweet Briar College --The Ancient Child in School /Martin Bloomer, University of Notre Dame --PART V.CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN --Children in Hellenistic Egypt : What the Papyri Say /Maryline Parca, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign --Children in Roman Egypt /April Pudsey, Birkbeck College --Adoption and Fosterage in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean /Sabine Huebner, Max-Planck Institut, Rostock --Pictorial paideia : Children in the Synagogue /Hagith Sivan, University of Kansas --PART VI.LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY --Children and 'the Child' in early Christianity /Blake Leyerle, University of Notre Dame --Elite Children, Socialization and Agency in the Late Roman world /Ville Vuolanto, University of Tampere --Remembering Children in the Roman Catacombs /Jenny Kreiger, University of Michigan --Stages of Infancy in Roman Amphora Burial /Susan Stevens, Randolph College --ENVOI /Keith Bradley, University of Notre Dame.

Introduction : new imperial histories / Stephen Howe -- Part 1: Promoting and explaining 'new imperial history' -- The colonial situation : a theoretical approach / George Balandier -- Rules of thumb : British history and 'imperial culture' in ninettenth- and twentieth-century Britain / Antoinette Burton -- Provincializing Europe : postcoloniality and the critique of history / Dipesh Chakrabarty -- Part 2: Intellectual battles and exchanges -- Postcolonial studies and the study of history / Frederick Cooper -- Coda : the burden of the past / Nicholas Dirks -- Shoot them to be sure / Richard Gott -- Part 3: Influences from anthropology and psychoanalysis -- Colonialism and Its forms of knowledge . the British in India / Bernard Cohn -- The psychology of colonialism : sex, age and ideology in British India / Ashis Nandy -- Part 4: Imperial cultures as global networks -- Imperial networks : creating identities in nineteenth-century South Africa and Britain / Alan Lester -- Mapping the British world / Carl Bridge and Kent Fedorowich -- The roots of colonial intellectual life / Philip S. Zachernuk -- Part 5: Feminism, gender studies, histories of the body -- Carnal knowledge and imperial power : race and the intimate in colonial rule / Ann Laura Stoler -- Thinking back : gender misrecognition and Polynesian subversions aboard the Cook voyages / Kathleen Wilson -- Part 6: Ecological history -- The colonial state and the origins of Western environmentalism / Richard H. Grove -- Retrospectives on socio-environmental history and socio-environmental justice / Nancy J. Jacobs -- Part 7: Racial imaginings -- Knowledge, empire, globalization / Tony Ballantyne -- Slower than a massacre : the multiple sources of racial thought in colonial Africa / Jonathon Glassman -- The imperial working class makes itself 'White' : White Labourism in Britain, Australia, and South Africa before the First World War / Jonathan Hyslop -- Part 8: The impact of colonialism's cultures on metropoles -- The persistence of empire in metropolitan culture / John M. Mackenzie -- 'There'll always be an England' : representations of colonial wars and immigration, 1948-1968 / Wendy Webster -- The language of imperialism and the meanings of empire / Andrew S. Thompson -- Part 9: Colonialism's afterlives -- Has it come to this? / Paul Gilroy -- Claudia Jones and the West Indian Gazette : reflections on the emergence of postcolonial Britain / Bill Schwarz -- Part 10: Africa and The Caribbean -- Haiti, history, and the Gods / Joan Dayan -- Modern Blackness : what we are and what we hope to be / Deborah A. Thomas -- Re-introducing the 'people without history ': African historiographies / E.S. Atieno Odhiambo -- Part 11: Other empires, other histories -- 'They live in a state of nomadism and savagery' : the late Ottoman Empire and the postcolonial debate / Selim Deringil -- La République Métissée : citizenship, colonialism, and the borders of French history / Laurent Dubois -- Part 12: New histories, new empires -- and the 'colonial present' -- Imperialism, liberalism and the quest for perpetual peace / Anthony Pagden -- Empire after globalisation / Partha Chatterjee.

Cuando hablamos de niños y mensaje publicitario, nos enfrentamos a tres realidades muy distintas: el niño frente al mensaje, el niño como actor publicitario y el niño como creador de contenidos publicitarios. En este artículo abordamos estas tres situaciones desde la perspectiva de los derechos y obligaciones de los menores. Partimos del acercamiento a conceptos básicos como la definición de niño, madurez suficiente, el mejor interés del menor, principios publicitarios, limitaciones a la publicidad por sector, edad o producto. Posteriormente, tratamos de dar respuesta a preguntas como como: ¿Qué se puede y qué no se puede hacer en la publicidad dirigida a los niños? ¿Qué derechos y obligaciones tienen los niños en el entorno publicitario? ¿Vale todo para un influencer? Preguntas que requieren respuesta. En este trabajo se hace referencia a todas las normas que regulan estos temas en nuestro país. Normas jurídicas y de autorregulación que conviven con normas europeas, autonómicas, sectoriales. Como conclusión principal: hay demasiadas normas para regular una única realidad, lo que dificulta distinguir las conductas lícitas de las ilícitas, sobre todo en el campo de la infancia. Sería deseable -y necesaria- una legislación clara y unívoca que regulara todos los aspectos referidos a la infancia y la publicidad. ; In considering children and the advertising message directed at them, we face three very different realities: the child facing the message, the child as an advertising actor and the child as the creator of advertising content. Herein, we address these three situations from the perspective of the rights and obligations of minors. We start from the approach to basic concepts such as the definition of a child, sufficient maturity, the best interests of the minor, advertising principles, limitations on advertising by sector, age or product. Later, we try to answer questions such as: what can and cannot be done in advertising addressed to children? What rights and obligations do children have as recipients of advertising or as advertising actors? Is anything of worth to an influencer? What to do when the rule is violated? Questions that need to be answered. This paper refers to all the rules that regulate these issues in our country, the legal and self-regulatory standards that co-exist with European, regional, sectoral standards, etc. A major conclusion is drawn from the exposition: there are too many rules to regulate a single reality, which makes it difficult to distinguish lawful from illicit behaviours, especially in the field of childhood. Clear and unequivocal legislation regulating all aspects relating to children and also, of course, the advertising phenomenon would be desirable - and necessary.

This interview between Francesca Ferrando (New York University) and Asijit Datta (University of Calcutta) is an extended and exhaustive effort to weigh the pressing concerns of posthuman life, death, and philosophy in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. Philosophical discourse on matters related to dualism, humanism, anthropocentrism, during a phase when exposed human bodies are susceptible to a deadly, mutating virus itself, warrants some paradoxical attention. There has never been a more suitable age and a period to discuss the onto-epistemological anxieties against the background of biotechnological advancements. Akin to an inverse ouroboros, the latest medical equipment or a favourable vaccine for diseases is part of the reparation process undertaken to balance out the damage perpetrated by capitalism. Questions from the interviewer traverse topics involving the Anthropocene, non-human animals/others, genetic mutations, ethnic crises, ethical response towards the dead, posthumanism as spiritualism, and the posthuman multiverse. The conversation is initiated by Dr. Ferrando's apposite response to the critical and desperate epoch facing the sixth mass extinction; she urges humans to recognize themselves as the most significant geological force impacting and contaminating the planet. The talk then shifts to the need for a harmonious ecological community and behavioural and dietary awareness of posthumanists. A major agitation in the first days of the compulsory lockdown in India had been the return of the migrant labourers and a reverse victim blaming to steer away attention from the failures of governmental policies and its impulsive decisions. Professor Ferrando rightly observes these as emanations from problems in humanization and socialization techniques and our collective negligence towards plurality. The Heideggerian understanding of technology as a revelation and Ferrando's attachment of the concept of Brahman from the Hindu tradition bring the readers to her seminal book, Philosophical Posthumanism (2019). Spiritualism, Ferrando clarifies, is connected to post-dualism and assists in acknowledging multi-layered alterity and pluralism. Ferrando's reply to Donna Haraway's assertion of humans as compost conjoins her with Colebrook's authentic human actions vis-à-vis the immediacy of extinction. Towards the end of the interview, Ferrando and Datta examine and explore the politicization of Covid deaths, mass burials, the hiding of data by governmental agencies, and the gravity of incomplete mourning as a result of these. The exchange concludes with a philosophical investigation into Nietzsche's eternal return and a rhizomatic multiverse. Ferrando believes that the possibility that we are all networks and strings birthing multiple universes as we tread and vibrate along must propel us to act in ways that are more ethical, ecological, and interrelatonal.

The article analyzes the influence of physical culture and sports on the health of the population. The author explores the behavioral factors of health and illness, using experience and examples from previous Russian and international research. The work highlights the main components of a healthy lifestyle and obstacles that prevent it from practicing, such as lack of material and time resources, lack of will, bad habits, high pace of life and work, etc. Based on the latest statistics and analysis, it is shown that there are few people leading a healthy lifestyle in Russia (from 12 to 25% according to various estimates), but there are real barriers to improving the situation. Furthermore, there is a lack of motivation among the population itself. The article focuses on the importance of adequate physical activity to preserve health. Author presents data on the share of those practicing physical education and sports in Russia and in the world, as well as the results of scientific research confirming the fact that the interest of Russians with sports activities has increased, they began to devote more time to physical development. However, it will take time to achieve the indicators typical for the countries of Northern Europe and the USA. The problem of high-performance sports, associated huge costs, its use as an effective instrument of "soft power" in world politics, dehumanization and commercialization of big-time sports and, of course, the issue of its impact on health are touched upon. It also analyzes the importance of professional sports for the development of mass sports and increasing the motivation of the population to engage in physical culture.The situation in the development of physical culture and mass sports in Russia and the involvement of the population of our country in these practices are assessed. Author analyzes interlinks between physical activity on one side and influence of socio-demographic characteristics of the population, such as gender, age, level of education and income, region of residence on the other side.The empirical basis of the work consists of data of the WHO, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) and the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), as well as the study undertaken in 2018–2019 by the Department of Sociology of Family and Demography, Faculty of Moscow of Sociology, Lomonosov Moscow State University (2489 respondents) "Interregional studies of life values and nontransitivity of family and child orientations among women, men and married couples on the basis of crosscutting analysis of comparable data" (SEDOZH).

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas ; As China's basic national policy, the one-child policy has been in place for over 30 years, and the population has been effectively controlled. However, with the development of society, the implementation of this policy gave rise to problems such as the decline in the fertility rate, the sharp decrease in the working age population and the worsening of population aging. Since implementing the second child policy in 2016, the number of births has increased by 1.3 million compared to 2015. However, since then, the policy's effect has not been obvious. The focus of this thesis was to analyze the factors that hinder the implementation of the second child policy in China. There was also an analysis of the implementation of the second child policy in the various provinces of China. For this analysis, official documents from the central government and provincial governments were collected and analyzed. The results show that the government only advocates increasing the fertility rate, but does not encourage it, and provincial governments have difficulties in implementing the second child policy due to local laws and regulations. As factors that hinder the implementation of the second child policy, personal factors (late marriage, career development, increased costs, cultural aspects and physical factors) and social factors (which include resources from public services, such as education and health care). ; Como política nacional básica da China, a política de um filho foi implementada há mais de 30 anos, e a população tem sido efetivamente controlada. No entanto, com o desenvolvimento da sociedade, a implementação desta política originou problemas como o declínio da taxa de fecundidade, a acentuada diminuição da população em idade ativa e o agravamento do envelhecimento populacional. Desde a implementação da política do segundo filho em 2016, o número de nascimentos aumentou 1,3 milhão em relação a 2015. No entanto, desde então, o efeito da política não tem sido óbvio. O foco desta tese foi analisar os fatores que dificultam a implementação da política abrangente do segundo filho na China. Fez-se, também, a análise da implementação da política abrangente do segundo filho nas várias províncias da China. Para esta análise fez-se a recolha e análise de documentos oficiais do governo central e dos governos das províncias. Os resultados mostram que o governo só defende o aumento da taxa de fecundidade, mas não a incentiva e os governos das províncias têm dificuldades em implementar a política do segundo filho devido às leis e regulamentos locais. Como fatores que dificultam a implementação da política do segundo filho, foram identificados, fatores pessoais (casamento tardio, desenvolvimento da carreira, aumento dos custos) e fatores sociais (que incluem recursos dos serviços públicos, como a educação e assistência médica). ; N/A

In early 2000's, senior archivist Vilhelm Lange came across a collection of records at the National Archive of Norway (from here on Riksarkivet), that help document the Armenian Genocide and thus have immense cultural and historical value particularly for the descendants of the victims, the Armenian community. This collection, composed of photographs, slides, photo-albums, letters, pamphlets and the missionary newspaper of the time, is part of the larger institutional archive of the now defunct Norwegian Women Missionary Workers, Kvinnelige Misjonsarbeidere (KMA).2Bodil Biørn, a young Norwegian nurse and KMA member, travelled in 1905 from Norway to the Ottoman Empire with her personal camera. There, she lived on and off until 1925.3 Biørn and her KMA colleagues took photographs and wrote accounts of their daily life and the events around them. These records would later take on a life of their own and a meaning beyond Biørn, the KMA and Norway. The story of this collection begins with the story of Bodil Biørn's missionary work in Armenia, yet as I will describe here, goes beyond the narrative of the Nordic missionaries showing us how records travel through contexts and time to be activated for different purposes, and the fundamental role that archives play in their activation. This is particularly the case in this digital age. The paper shows the importance of a community of records in cases of atrocity, for contextualisation, a deeper understanding of historical events and respect for the victims. A community of records is described as 'both to how records are (re-)created or reused within a community as well as its contextualization of records (through memory and narrative construction)'.4 This community of records, a community that has a stake and an interest in the records, has helped activate the records in the Bodil Biørn collection and prolong their life in the service to which they were intended by Biørn, helping the Armenian community. This paper shows the participative nature of archivists and archives making them more than spectators but active participants in the politics of remembering. It is a case of third-country sharing5 and the collaborative efforts of a national archive to promote remembrance and acknowledgement of genocide, in opposition to the political stand taken by the Norwegian government. Digitalisation has extended the lives of these records, as is central to the sharing process with partners such as the Armenian Genocide Museum, Wikimedia, documentary film-makers, authors and with other projects. Yet, an online life raises concerns of erratic use that decontextualises and disconnects records from their community and memory institutions, which can at least be made accountable for their narratives. ; publishedVersion

The largest diasporic exodus fanning out of mainland China took place in the context of the immense turmoil, turbulence, suffering, and pauperization of the masses from late 19th to early 20th centuries. Today, over 24 million diasporic Chinese and ethnic Chinese are spread across Southeast Asia in Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos, Indonesia, and Timor-Lester. The first generation (G1) diasporic Chinese came to Southeast Asia with the mentality of sojourners because their emigration was self-imposed and for survival, fueled by the astounding historical, social, political, and economic circumstances of the times. Giving and generosity naturally follows back to motherland; it was focused on "giving back to China and loyalty to motherland". The longstanding heritage in these cultures holds strength in the ethos of the "heart" when it comes to beneficence and philanthropy.The next generation (G2 now born outside of China) began to recognize that the success of their family businesses was dependent on resources, access to networks, and social norms of these local communities, outside of China. We begin to see flexibility in identifying with local communities since their stakes as Nationals are now becoming evident. After WWII, and the realities of a closed-door policy in China from 1949-1978, their vision of retiring back in China became less and less viable. It forced many already outside of China to shed their sojourner mentality.Impulses of the "heart" are soon quickly checked by rational prudence of the "head". In the lands they have just adopted as their new homes, they quickly assimilate, advocate, and find resources for their own survival – including continued re-migration until families found the most suitable location to settle. Naturally, this leads to multiple loyalties over a lifetime. To assimilate and optically appear to be "local", their philanthropy is often used as a platform to affirm their identity as Nationals. Without the "motherland memory" to fall back on, future generations will likely reduce their giving to their parents' country of origin.More recently, globalization, information/digital age, social media have all converged to redefine human connectivity, ease of travel, social-political dynamics, and more. Entities in the diasporic world are now hybridized – thriving on flexible identities and multiple loyalties. Current generations from the original diasporic Chinese are now more "transnational" Chinese than diasporic.However, this hybridity is contextual or versatile in different social settings. As they become westernized or secular in lifestyle, education, ethos, and religion, there will come the time when they cease to "give back" to their parents' or grandparents' homeland. Their choices in philanthropy follows the contextual mutation of their own Chineseness and evolution of flexible identities and multiple loyalties through religion, lifestyles, ethics, worldviews, and localized social norms.