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This paper seeks to demonstrate that Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is a feminist critique of male definitions of civilization. Civilization is the master word in her essay, and she exposes the vestiges of 'barbarism in European' societies or civilization because of the male-centered public sphere. Yet she is optimistic as to the possibility of salvaging civilization through a project of a future enlightened society propped by a rational political system and a rational morality based on a well-reflected educational system. This project proposes a revision of the enlightenment philosophers' definition of education like that of J.J. Rousseau and Dr. Gregory and the ideological construction of femininity that runs counter to the project of building a new civilization. In parallel to the language of 'folly' and 'civilization,' she also deploys the language of prison, the clinic, and sexuality that Foucault has also amply documented. She is particularly harsh with those who seek to imprison women in their own bodies by urging them to care much more about personal accomplishment than the development of virtues that will ensure the immortality of their souls. Through her critique of male definitions of civilization, Wollstonecraft entered one of the professions, which until then was denied to women by the gender boundaries set by the ideology of separate spheres.Kewords: Wollstonecraft, feminism, civilization, enlightenment, separate-sphere ideology.

This special issue presents a series of papers by scholars who participated in a workshop entitled 'Men's Groups: Challenging Feminism', which was held at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, 26-27 May 2014. The workshop was organised by Susan B Boyd, Professor of Law and Chair in Feminist Legal Studies at the UBC Faculty of Law, and was sponsored by the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies at UBC, the Peter A Allard School of Law, the Centre for Feminist Legal Studies at UBC, and the Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. The aim of the workshop was to bring together feminist scholars from multiple disciplines and multiple national contexts to explore a source of resistance to feminism that has been largely overlooked in scholarly research: the growing number of nationally situated and globally linked organisations acting in the name of men's rights and interests which contend that men are discriminated against in law, education and government funding, and that feminism is to blame for this. This special edition presents eight papers inspired by the workshop, authored by scholars from Canada, New Zealand, Poland, Sweden and the United States. A second special issue comprised of eight other papers inspired by the workshop was published in the Canadian Journal of Women and the Law as volume 28(1) in 2016.To find out more about this special edition, download the PDF file from this page.

When, in the mid-2000s, a number of pop-feminist essayistic volumes appeared in Germany, their authors expressed the desire to reinvigorate feminism for a new generation of young women. Their texts focus in part on the continuing need to ensure equal democratic rights for young women in terms of equal pay, reproductive capacities and child care. Yet they simultaneously register their dissatisfaction with the legacy of the New Feminism and, more specifically, with the role models it produced. Although in their written interventions these new German pop-feminists often draw on the generic and rhetorical strategies of their feminist forebears, they employ the generational metaphor as a means of producing a narrative of 'progress' (Hemmings, 2011) which signifies a departure from previous feminist discourses and firmly 'others' their exponents. This type of narrative resonates troublingly with wider social and political narratives which situate feminism firmly in the past. Strikingly, German pop-feminist volumes share the deployment of this progress narrative with similar publications in Britain and the US. Yet the German volumes generally — and uniquely in relation to those three contexts — avoid textual engagement with the writing and protagonists of the first women's movement in Germany. This section of the article examines the feminist historiographical narratives told in pop-feminist volumes across all three contexts, enquiring after the local specificities of generational thinking, its caesurae, emphases and omissions, and revealing the broader transnational commonalities — and political implications — of feminist stories.

Resumen: Apelando a filósofas como Simone deBeauvoir, Celia Amorós, y Iris Young, entre otras, estetrabajo define y caracteriza la violencia contra lasmujeres en el marco del debate entre feminismo de laigualdad, basado en el racionalismo de la Ilustración, yel feminismo de la diferencia, basado en el rechazo postestructuralistaal ideario liberal. El texto se centra enla concepción política de la «identidad» en su interseccióncon la variable «mujeres» en el marco de losdenominados «nuevos movimientos sociales» que son labase de los «nuevos conflictos sociales» y, consecuentemente,de las «nuevas identidades sociales» de conjuntosemergentes en lucha por su reconocimiento. Seentra en diálogo con la realidad latinoamericana alabordar el problema de la violencia como un problemade importancia global, rescatando los valores universalistase igualitaristas de la Ilustración.Palabras clave: Violencia, identidad, movimientossociales, Ilustración.Abstract: Drawing from such philosophers as Simonede Beauvoir, Celia Amorós, y Iris Young, this articledefines and characterizes violence against women in theframework of the debate between the feminism of equality,based on the rationalism of the Illustration, and thefeminism of difference, based on the post-structuralistrejection to liberal ideas. It centers on the politicalconception of «identity» in its intersection with thevariable «women» in relation to new social conflictsand new social identities of emerging groups fightingfor recognition. It enters into dialogue with LatinAmerican reality while approaching the problem of violence as a global issue, rescuing the universalist and equalitarian values of the Illustration.Key words: Violence, identity, social movements,Illustration

Background: Anemia in Indonesia is mostly caused by micronutrient deficiency such as iron. Although much have been done to address anemia in the community, the problem remains. As health is not solely government's responsibility, community participation should be seen as an alternative effective approach. Objective: The influence of women's organizations to community participation and their self-sustenance in anemia prevention and control was examined. Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and post-test control group design involving 30 women in reproductive-age who were selected through a multi-stage random sampling method; and 20 health providers, of whom were members of Dasa Wisma, posyandu cadres, PKK, and Karang Taruna. At the intervention group, women's organization in anemia prevention and control was enabled in order to increase community participation. Hemoglobin level was measured as the outcome of the intervention program. Results: By empowering women's organization, participation level of community members in the intervention group significantly increased, shown by family's willingness to provide and consume iron-sufficient foods in their daily diets. As an outcome, hemoglobin level of reproductive-aged women at the intervention group slightly raised from its initial level, whilst the level in the control group was relatively stagnant. Conclusion: Involving the community member has been proven as an effective approach in anemia prevention and control. Given that women's social movement are existed in many settings, therefore, empowering such organization as a manifestation of community participation can be applied in other setting, and also for other health program.

Jamaica Kincaid is an American novelist, short-story writer, gardener, essayist, and reviewer. She has become one of Caribbean's major woman writers in recent decades. Kincaid's writings comprise exile, search for identity, and alienation. Her production strikes the reader with a balanced mixture of anger and loss. Kincaid's great variety of issues draws so many readers to her writings. Kincaid's novels reflect her desire to draw on the people, places, language, race, mother-daughter relationship, values, cultural traditions, and politics that have shaped her own life and that of African American people. In America, Racial discrimination is very common and hurts very much. During the slavery era, white people had black people as slaves in their own household. Black people have to satisfy their white masters. If the white people were not satisfied, they would try to hurt the black people. This paper "Racial Discrimination in Jamaica Kincaid's The Autobiography of My Mother" focuses on how race plays a pivotal role in Africans literature and their day today life and how blacks suffered for their survival. It also reveals how Kincaid's The Autobiography of My Mother illuminates black American experiences in the contemporary American society from various perspectives. It also shows how black women have been exploited in a white dominated male chauvinistic society. In the face of enormous problems and frequent victimization, black women are shown imitating through their sense of community and social powers.

St. Frideswide is the patron saint of Oxford, the town and university. According to her legend, Frideswide dedicated her life to God, serving as an abbess in what is now Oxford and its surrounding area. She is credited with performing many miracles such as eliciting a well for a nunnery and healing a leper. Even after her death, people thanked Frideswide for healing them from injury and affliction. Frideswide lived from 650-727 yet the earliest recording of her story is from the early twelfth-century, nearly 500 years after her death. The legend of St. Frideswide was written many times. The most commonly studied primary sources include three versions written in Latin and two in Middle English, the common language of twelfth-century England. While all of the versions contain some similarities, they were each written at a different time, by different authors, for unique audiences, and served different social and political purposes. None of the versions are a clear and truthful biography of Frideswide. As England underwent a Christian Reformation, Frideswide, her legend, and her relics were lost. Once rediscovered, her legend continued to metamorphosize. While the legend of Frideswide can explain some aspects of her contemporary society and its views of women, the legends shed even more light on the authors' societies and the changing status of women. These changes to Frideswide's legend continue today.1

Este estudo investigou a influência de estereótipos sobre parlamentares e contágio comportamental na participação política, comparando dois países: Brasil e Suécia. Considerou-se que estereótipos podem ser úteis para diferenciar grupos de parlamentares e predizer seus comportamentos. O Contágio Comportamental foi investigado como um possível catalisador da ação política. Os questionários online foram respondidos por 984 brasileiros (37,4% mulheres) e 879 suecos (46,5% mulheres). Empregou-se a Modelagem por Equações Estruturais para aferir as relações entre as variáveis. O Contágio Comportamental foi central na predição do engajamento. Os estereótipos predisseram participação quando desafiavam o senso comum: brasileiros não costumam diferenciar parlamentares, mas aqueles que conseguiam eram mais engajados; na Suécia, o fator "corrupção" predisse a participação não-institucional. ; This study assessed the influence of Stereotypes about Parliamentarians and Behavioral Contagion on Political Participation, comparing two countries: Brazil and Sweden. Stereotypes were admitted to be useful to tell parliamentarians' groups apart and predict their behavior. Behavioral Contagion was investigated as a possible catalyst of political action. Online questionnaires were administered to 984 Brazilians (37.4% women) and 879 Swedes (46.5% women). Structural Equation Modeling assessed relationships among variables. Behavioral Contagion played a pivotal role on predicting political engagement. Stereotypes predicted participation where they challenged commonsense: Brazilians usually cannot tell the difference among politicians, then those Brazilians who could were more politically engaged; in Sweden, the factor "corruption" predicts non-institutional types of Participation.

Este artículo expone un rastreo bibliográfico de investigaciones y autores que han recogido, sistematizado y teorizado, experiencias de afectación de mujeres por causa de la guerra, haciendo un énfasis en las consecuencias que tiene dicha violencia sobre sus cuerpos. Se revisaron las bases de datos: Isis, Scopus, Sage Publications, Scielo y Dialnet. Se evidencia como hay un hilo conductor entre la cultura patriarcal, la violencia de género en la vida cotidiana y la violencia sexual y otras formas de violencia contra las mujeres en medio del conflicto armado. Pero al mismo tiempo las capacidades de resistencia y reconstrucción subjetiva de las mujeres a través de las redes de apoyo y otras formas de expresión que posibilitan la sanación personal y empoderamiento individual y colectivo. ; This article presents a documentary research work on Experiences of affectation of women because of the war; emphasizing the consequences of the violence that marks their bodies and their subjectivity. Several databases of indexed and non-indexed publications were reviewed; prioritizing papers between 2010 and 2016. The results evidence a guiding thread between patriarchal culture; gender violence in daily life and sexual violence and other forms of violence against women within the armed conflict; likewise; women's capacity for resistance and subjective reconstruction through networks and other forms of expression in processes of memory; truth and reparation with psychosocial perspective.

In Southern African postcolonial discourses, sexual violation is often deployed as an allegory for either patriarchal control or racial domination. This perhaps explains the huge archive of narratives of sexual violence in the Southern African literary canon. While this archive and its scholarship mainly concentrates on the experiences of women and girls, a substantial number of texts portraying the sexual abuse of boys from the region demand that scholarly attention is paid to this phenomenon. Does contemporary South African fiction's privileging of the sexual violation of boys suggest that boys are as vulnerable to this form of violence in moments of national crisis as are girls and women? Reading K. Sello Duiker's Thirteen Cents1 as a portrayal of the precarious intersection of post-apartheid familial dystopia on children's bodies—articulated through under-age prostitution—I explore how fiction intervenes successfully to spotlight the susceptibility of boys to pederasty in moments of societal crisis. Additionally, I examine how homosexual prostitution is portrayed as a tool for survival for helpless boys, on the one hand, and exhibition of patriarchal power for the men that pay to have sex with these boys, on the other. I argue that the depiction of underage sex work of some boys in South African cities can help rescue these victims from being perceived as mere statistical footnotes to Southern African inequities and patriarchal power.

The ground of ecowomanist ethics is watered by multigenerational responses to racial and gender stereotypes in relation to communal knowledge of the land. This wisdom survived through centuries of violence and the daily lived experience of bigotry and abuse in a white supremacist world, and rests on pluralistic understandings of the sacred relationship between human and non-human nature. It remains today as part of the womanist call to accountability and spirit defined in Alice Walker's writings. Emergent ecowomanist thought is uniquely situated to interrupt many of the stereotypes that serve to maintain a separation between black communities and environmental engagement. This article argues that a robust ecowomanist ethics should situate itself in the interplay between ecojustice and environmental justice approaches to environmental devastation. It draws on the poem "No Images," written by William Waring Cuney at the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance period, centering on the lived experiences of black women as expressed through black women's musical appropriations of his work. The clear lamentation and grief interwoven between the words of this short poem are given new life in the voices of Nina Simone and Ysaye Maria Barnwell with the women of Sweet Honey in the Rock. Engaging questions of environmental ethics through the lens of black women's lived experiences of agency and struggle can create a theological foundation for ecowomanist thought that promotes the preservation of both nature and human dignity.

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of moderate physical exercise throughout pregnancy on the duration of labor stages. Design. Study was a randomized controlled trial. Setting. The study took place at Hospital Puerta de Hierro and Hospital Severo Ochoa in Madrid, Spain. Subjects. We examined 166 pregnant women (31.6 ± 3.8 years), and all had uncomplicated and singleton gestation. Of these 83 were allocated to the exercise group (EG) and 83 to the control group (CG). Intervention. Women from the EG participated in a physical conditioning program throughout pregnancy, which included 55- to 60-minute sessions, 3 days per week. Measures. Pregnancy outcomes were measured: duration of labor stages, gestational age, weight gain, type of delivery, birth weight, birth size, head circumference, Apgar score, pH of umbilical cord. Analysis. Student's unpaired t-tests and χ2 tests were used; p values of < .05 indicated statistical significance. Cohen's d was used to determine the effect size. Results. Significant differences were found in the duration of the first stage of labor (EG = 389.6 ± 347.64 minutes vs. CG = 515.72 ± 353.36 minutes; p = .02, effect size Cohen's d = .36). The second and third stages did not differ between the study groups. Conclusion. A physical exercise program during pregnancy is associated with a shorter first stage of labor. These results may have important relevance to public health.

This paper examines the implications of women's work in
agriculture and children's nutritional outcomes in Pakistan.
Agricultural growth is an important element of overall economic growth
and poverty reduction. It is generally presumed that growth in
agriculture will also lead to better nutrition through the higher
availability of nutritious foods and increased incomes for the poor.
Growth, however, might also imply changes in the amount of time and
effort women expend in agricultural work. This may have positive
outcomes for nutrition if women have access to their own income, but
might also have negative consequences if women's agricultural work
diminishes their ability to provide nutrition-related care for
themselves and their children. The cotton sector which relies very
largely on women's labour, particularly in harvesting [Siegmann and
Shaheen (2008)], can serve as a key vantage point for observing the link
between women's agricultural work, care and nutrition outcomes in
Pakistan. We first set the context for our research by discussing the
problem of under nutrition in Pakistan and why agriculture can play a
role in improving nutritional outcomes (Section 2). In Section 3, we
introduce the concept of care as it exists in the literature the
determinants of nutrition review the existing evidence on the
relationship between care and women's agricultural work. Empirical
findings from qualitative research in a cotton-growing region in
Pakistan are reported in Section 4. The paper concludes in Section 5
with discussion on how growth in agriculture can be made more
inclusiv

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore clinical-epidemiological characteristics of migraine in Latvia and the disability of migraine patients, to determine the optimal options for care of these patients. Patients selected from three headache centres were asked 40 questions by phone. Among 116 patients, the dominant age group was 25-34 (41.4%) and most patients were women (87.9%). 52.6% of patients were highly educated, and 53.4% had a job involving communication with people. In 56.9% of cases headaches started at the age of 15-24. About 25% migraine attacks lasted for 25-48 hours. The diagnosis "Migraine with aura" was confirmed in 50% of the patients. Headaches were quite frequent: 4-8 times a month or more in 22.4% of patients and 2-4 times a month in 29.3%. As medication, 50.9% used selective serotonin 5-HT (5- hydroxytryptamine) receptor agonists for migraine attacks treatment, 35.3% - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and 30.2% - acetaminophen-containing medicines. The average quality of life estimated by migraine disability assessment questionnaire (MIDAS) was 13.0, which equates to moderate disability. According to our study clinical characteristics of migraine in Latvia do not differ significantly from that of other European countries. Most of the patients are educated, working women of childbearing age. Migraine diagnosis and treatment seems to be appropriate, but nevertheless, too many sufferers have frequent and persistent headache attacks that require further investigation.

Wounded in body and spirit following his participation in Israel's War of Independence, Yoram Kaniuk's (1930–2013) protagonist of several key and stylistically sophisticated America-centered novels escapes to the New World. There, seeking a haven for recuperation and finding his identity, he exhibits some of the unheroic qualities that are a manifestation of his upbringing, of the mythological and unsavory sabra, or are the mirror of the fragmented social circle of acquaintances he makes in New York. Seeking an identity, he attempts to own the New World, doing so by attempts at conquest—of women, financial stability, or climbing the ladder of social hierarchy. In terms of women, he fails at exhibiting a lasting commitment with any. He fails at maintaining a successful career, while the "aristocracy" with which he affiliates turns out to be flawed and decaying. So while he meets some of New York's rich and famous, he finds no model whom to emulate among them. None of these avenues bring any succor to him emotionally, spiritually, or physically from the trauma of the war memories that continue to haunt him and as he continues to search for a place to call home. Realizing the futility of it all, the protagonist escapes to other realms, mostly by returning to Israel in the expectation of finding a modus vivendi there with his memories and the reality of the new society.