Suchergebnisse

The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women (the "Beijing Conference") was a landmark in policy terms, setting a global policy framework to advance gender equality. Ten years after Beijing, in March 2005, the UN's Commission on the Status of Women presided over an intergovernmental meeting in New York to review the progress achieved on the commitments made in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. This "Plus 10" event was decidedly low key. Its aim was not agenda setting but agenda confirming; not policy formulation, but policy affirmation. Whether it proves to be part of an ongoing worldwide movement in support of gender equality, or whether it marks the decline of that process, is a question that many in international women's movements are asking. This paper, drawing on research undertaken for the UNRISD report, Gender Equality: Striving for Justice in an Unequal World, reflects on the ambivalent record of progress achieved by women over the last decades and considers how the policy environment has changed over the period since the high point of the global women's movements. Drawing on a number of commonly employed indicators of "women's progress", the paper argues that the record of achievement regarding gender equality is more ambivalent, and the causal influences more diverse and less unidirectional than is sometimes assumed. It also argues that development policies have an important role to play in securing outcomes, and that the first phase of the structural reforms (dating from the early 1980s) was in many respects negative for women. In the ten years since the Beijing Conference there have been some significant shifts in international development policy along with a growing appreciation of the need to develop gender aware policies. By the end of the 1980s, "market fundamentalism" and shock therapy had lost much of their appeal, opening up a space for new ideas and approaches in development policy and practice. Growing discontent over the social effects of the reforms, as well as criticism from leading economists in the international financial institutions (IFIs) have brought about a policy shift, which is sometimes referred to as the "Post-Washington Consensus". The new policies have shown a willingness to give social and political concerns greater attention, expressed under indicative headings such as "social capital" and "good governance". Social policy and, in particular, poverty relief have moved up the scale of international priorities in the 1990s. But behind the apparent consensus forged by a shared vocabulary of "poverty" and "social protection", there are conflicting understandings of social policy based on different values, priorities, and understandings of state responsibility. There are serious concerns over whether sustainable routes out of poverty are being provided or can be provided in the absence of appropriate job creation measures and regional regeneration. Given women's greater share of responsibility for unpaid care work and their less advantageous access to cash and income-earning opportunities, the redefining of state responsibility and the greater role given to market forces is likely to impact adversely on their time and their access to social benefits. The retreat from market fundamentalism has seen a partial rehabilitation of the state as a significant actor in development, and emphasis has been placed on "good governance" through democracy, participation, decentralization and community ownership. A broad understanding of a "good governance" agenda would embrace political liberalization, participation, human rights, and address problems of social inequality as part of a fundamental commitment to democracy. Such an agenda would encompass the kinds of issues of state legitimacy, capacity and accountability that social movements and women's movements have confronted for decades. Although governance reforms can and should address issues of government legitimacy and the public participation of socially excluded groups, they have often been dominated by a much narrower preoccupation. Hence, while the recent donor attention to the question of "good governance" is to be welcomed, much depends on how it is interpreted. A great deal depends on whether the democratization of politics and the participation of marginalized social groups are seen as integral to reform objectives and are embraced in institutional change; and on whether reducing social and gender inequalities are among the core principles guiding the programme of state institutional transformation. There are aspects of the current international political climate that place limits on this occurring, namely the rise to political power of conservative forces in the US and elsewhere, and the attacks of 9/11. While the first has seen the adoption by the US of conservative policies with respect to women's reproductive and sexual rights, supported by religious forces, the latter has focused more attention and funding on "security" at the expense of development and human rights. The paper examines how this ensemble of changing international policy and political climate over the past decade has given rise to new issues and challenges for those active in global women's movements.

El objetivo del presente es analizar las implicaciones de la pandemia covid19 en la dinámica de movilidad y transporte durante la disrupción en Guadalajara, México, así como los efectos de la estrategia de las instituciones públicas. Los eventos pandémicos ocasionan disrupciones en la movilización urbana y transporte de la ciudadanía, que pueden alterar las dinámicas económicas y producir efectos negativos en la percepción de ingreso en los hogares con lo que se agrava el esquema de desigualdad social en una metrópoli que aparentemente goza con un Índice de Desarrollo Humano elevado. Metodológicamente, se recurrió a los enfoques de Estudio de Caso, el análisis estadístico descriptivo, análisis de la acción pública y sociología de la vida y realización de trabajo de campo. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que las restricciones de movilidad en un área metropolitana a través del confinamiento social y el cierre selectivo de actividades productivas y la reducción del servicio de transporte público incrementó el uso de transporte privado; además, la estrategia del confinamiento social metropolitano, en particular el " el botón de emergencia", provocó concentraciones altas de usuarios del transporte público en horarios de servicio reducido por disposición oficial de la estrategia de contención, lo cual, propició el incremento del riesgo de infección aunado al perdida o reducción de ingreso económico necesario para solventar necesidades básicas ; L'objectif de notre article est celui d'analyser les implications de la pandémie de Covid-19 dans la dynamique de la mobilité et des transports lors de la crise, à Guadalajara, au Mexique, ainsi que les effets produits par les stratégies mises en place dans le cadre des institutions publiques. Les événements pandémiques provoquent des perturbations dans la mobilisation urbaine et le transport des citoyens, ce qui peut altérer la dynamique économique et produire des effets négatifs sur la perception des revenus des ménages, aggravant ainsi le schéma d'inégalité sociale, dans une métropole qui jouit apparemment d'un indice de développement humain élevé. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous sommes partis d'études de cas, d'analyse statistique descriptive, d'analyse de politique publique et d'observations directes. Parmi les principaux résultats, il a été constaté que, dans une zone métropolitaine, les restrictions de mobilité en raison du confinement social et de la fermeture sélective des activités productives et la réduction du service de transport public ont augmenté l'utilisation des transports privés. De plus, la stratégie du confinement social métropolitain, en particulier le "bouton d'urgence", a provoqué de fortes concentrations d'usagers dans les transports publics, pendant les heures de service, réduites par disposition officielle, provoquant à la fois une augmentation du risque d'infection et une perte ou réduction des ressources économiques nécessaires aux besoins élémentaires. ; O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as implicações da pandemia de covid-19 em termos de mobilidade e dinâmica de transporte do distúrbio em Guadalajara, México, mesmo que a aprendizagem e os problemas sociais sejam comuns nas instituições públicas. Eventos pandêmicos provocam distúrbios na mobilização urbana e no transporte das cidades, que podem alterar o dinamismo econômico e efeitos negativos na percepção de renda das famílias, agravando o esquema de desigualdade social em uma metrópole e jouit apparemment d'un index of human development elevé. No plano metodológico, os estudos de caso, análise estatística descritiva, análise de políticas públicas e observação direta sobre esses usos. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que as restrições de mobilidade em uma área metropolitana por confinamento social e o crescimento seletivo das atividades produtivas e a redução do serviço de transporte público aumentaram o uso do transporte privado; Além disso, a estratégia de confinamento social metropolitano, em particular o "bouton d'urgence", causado por fortes concentrações de usuários de transporte público pairando sobre os horários de atendimento réduites, que se conjugam com um aumento da infecção. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implications of the covid-19 pandemic on the dynamics of mobility and transportation during the disruption in Guadalajara, Mexico and the main topics to resolve from the institutional action. Pandemic events cause disruptions in the urban mobilization and transportation of citizens, which can unsettle economic dynamics and produce negative effects on the perception of income in households, thus aggravating the pattern of social inequality in a metropolis that enjoys a high Human Development Index, at least in appearance. Methodologically, Case Study approaches, descriptive statistical analysis, public policy analysis and direct observation were useful. Among the main findings, it was found that mobility restrictions in a metropolitan area through social confinement and the selective closure of productive activities and the reduction of public transport service increased the use of private transport; In addition, the strategy of metropolitan social confinement, the "emergency button", caused high concentrations of public transport users during reduced service hours, which increase the risk of infection.

The present work indicates some historical antecedents of the conditions of admission to the universities of Ecuador, during the period 1969 -2010, from the period called "free entry" until the creation of the National System of Leveling and Admission (SNNA), through which establishes the conditions for accessing public higher education. At the end of the sixties, free admission to the university was established as a policy against social inequality with the aim of helping the less favored social classes. At the end of the eighties, the State budget was restricted for higher education, this motivated the establishment of entrance exams in public universities, creating an unprecedented gap. Since the nineties, entrance examinations have been applied as a formula to combat the gap between the number of students who wanted to access higher education, the limited number of places available in universities and the inconsistent budget allocated, without this helping to overcome not even close to the problem. In May 2000. The Organic Law of Higher Education (LOES) is approved, which establishes that higher education centers in no case will deprive applicants exclusively because they have low levels of economic income. It also provides that the institutions themselves will establish educational credit programs, scholarships, and financial aid. In 2010, given the inconveniences generated by previous policies, and with the idea that one way to democratize admission to universities was to reward merit, SNNA was created and it was established that admission to public higher education institutions would be regulated by this system, through the completion of the National Exam for Higher Education (ENES) aimed at assessing the aptitudes of applicants and the implementation of leveling and admission courses that allow those who do not pass the ENES to prepare in a preparatory course taught by the universities and polytechnic schools so that they can pass the exam in a subsequent call. Despite the different efforts, if equal opportunities are tied to the delivery of a standardized entrance test, it ends up restricting the right of people to access the higher education system, since the problem is not only access but also permanence and egress avoiding the "revolving door" phenomenon. ; El presente trabajo señala algunos antecedentes históricos de las condiciones de ingreso a las universidades del Ecuador, durante el periodo 1969 -2010, desde el período denominado de "libre ingreso" hasta la creación Sistema Nacional de Nivelación y Admisión (SNNA), a través del cual se establecen las condiciones para acceder a la educación superior pública. A fines de los años sesenta se establece el libre ingreso a la universidad como una política en contra de la desigualdad social con el objetivo de ayudar a las clases sociales menos favorecidas. Al término de los años ochenta el presupuesto del Estado se restringe para la educación superior, esto motiva a establecer exámenes de ingreso en las universidades públicas, creando un desfase sin prescedentes. Desde los noventa se aplicaron exámenes de ingreso como una fórmula para combatir la brecha entre la cantidad de estudiantes que deseaban acceder a la educación superior, el limitado número de cupos disponibles en las universidades y el presupuesto poco acorde asignado, sin que esto ayude a superar ni de cerca el problema. En mayo de 2000. Se aprueba la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior (LOES), donde se establece que los centros de educación superior en ningún caso privarán del acceso a los aspirantes exclusivamente por tener bajos niveles de ingresos económicos. Se dispone además que las propias instituciones establecerán programas de crédito educativo, becas y ayudas económicas. En el 2010 dado los inconvenientes que generaba las políticas anteriores, y con la idea de que una forma de democratizar el ingreso a las universidades era premiar el mérito, se crea SNNA y se establece que el ingreso a las instituciones de educación superior públicas estará regulado por este sistema, mediante la realización del Examen Nacional para la Educación Superior (ENES) orientado a valorar las aptitudes de los postulantes y la implementación de cursos de nivelación y admisión que permitan a quienes no aprueban el ENES prepararse en un curso propedéutico impartido por las universidades y escuelas politécnicas con el fin de que puedan aprobar el examen en una siguiente convocatoria. A pesar de los distintos esfuerzos si la igualdad de oportunidades esté atada a la rendición de una prueba estandarizada de ingreso, se termina coartando el derecho de las personasa acceder al sistema de educación superior, pues el problema no es solo el acceso sino de permanencia y egreso evitando el fenómeno de "puerta giratoria".

This study presents an empirical analysis of the resilience of European countries to the financial and economic crisis that started in 2007.1 The analysis addresses the following questions: Which countries showed a resilient behaviour during and after the crisis? Is resilience related only to the economic dimension? Has any of the EU countries been able to use the crisis as an opportunity and 'bounce forward'? Is it possible to identify any particular country characteristics linked to resilience? The analysis is based on the JRC conceptual framework for resilience (Manca et al., 2017) which places at its core the wellbeing of individuals, thus going beyond the merely economic growth perspective. The study carefully selects a number of key economic and social variables that aim to capture the resilience capacities of our society. Resilience is measured by investigating the dynamic response of these variables to the crisis in the short and medium run. In particular, we define four resilience indicators: the impact of the crisis, the recovery, the medium-run, and the 'bouncing forward'. Results from a narrow exercise focusing on macroeconomic and financial variables confirm the validity of the proposed measurement approach: Germany appears to be among the most resilient countries; Ireland, after having been severely hit, shows a good absorptive capacity; Italy seems to be still struggling with the recovery, while Greece remains the most affected. After measuring resilience, we identify underlying country characteristics that may be associated with resilient behaviour. As such, these could indicate entry points for policies to increase countries' resilience to economic and financial shocks. Results from a narrow exercise focusing on macroeconomic and financial variables confirm the validity of the proposed measurement approach: Germany appears to be among the most resilient countries; Ireland, after having been severely hit, shows a good absorptive capacity; Italy seems to be still struggling with the recovery, while Greece remains the most affected. After measuring resilience, we identify underlying country characteristics that may be associated with resilient behaviour. As such, these could indicate entry points for policies to increase countries' resilience to economic and financial shocks. The exercise has led to the following results and conclusions. - Ranking countries according to their resilience is not trivial. Their resilience performance depends on the indicator of reference: countries that are more resilient in their short-term response may not necessarily be the ones that perform better in the medium term. For example, while Germany and Poland appear to be among the most resilient countries both in the short and medium run, Bulgaria and the Baltics score better in the medium run than in the short run. - Broadening the perspective from a purely economic to a socio-economic viewpoint has an impact on the resilience assessment of a number of countries. For instance, Bulgaria proves more resilient when social variables such as social exclusion, happiness, health expenditures and wages are included in the analysis. Conversely, Hungary becomes less resilient when the social dimension is factored in. The importance of this broader perspective further reinforces the case for the European Pillar of Social Rights, and for the inclusion of the social dimension in the work of the European Semester. - We assess whether countries have been overall able to 'bounce forward', i.e. to improve their situation compared to the pre-crisis period. Countries'performance in this respect is substantially heterogeneous: while Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Spain still lag behind their pre-crisis performance in the majority of relevant socio-economic dimensions, countries like Germany and Malta managed to bounce forward in many areas. - In most countries, active labour market measures, productivity and R&D expenditures have increased compared to their pre-crisis level. Countries have been generally able to 'bounce forward' more as far as monetary aspects of wellbeing (GDP, consumption and income) are concerned, compared to non-monetary aspects of wellbeing (e.g. happiness, inequality, social exclusion and the share of young people not in employment, nor education, nor training). This latter finding confirms the need to consider the social dimension. - The analysis tested over 200 candidate characteristics for their association with resilience. Relevant country characteristics can differ in their association with short- and medium-run resilience. In particular: - High values of pre-crisis government expenditures on social protection turn out to be the most important feature in predicting the country absorptive capacity (lower impact). - When focusing on the medium run, the countries performing better are those that exhibit higher political stability. - As for the capacity of countries to 'bounce forward', what becomes critical is the business environment and in particular the perception of wages being related to productivity. - More generally, data show that countries that are net creditors vis-`a-vis the rest of the world tend to be more resilient than net debtors in all dimensions analyzed.

Statement of the Problem: There is an over-representation of Black students in special education. Black students are typically referred for special education consideration by the end of the fourth grade. One effort to reduce the large number of referrals in Connecticut was Courageous Conversations About Race. Courageous Conversations About Race is designed to address what educators, families, and other community groups can do to improve teaching and learning across racial lines. It served as a strategy for educators to confront and deinstitutionalize racism. Courageous Conversations About Race is an effective means to address the issues of race in schools/districts where over-representation exits. Although various Connecticut schools have participated in Courageous Conversations About Race over the past 5 years, the State Education Resource Center (SERC) and the Connecticut State Department of Education (CSDE) are uncertain about its usefulness in changing the perceptions of teachers regarding race and referrals of students to special education. Research Design: A qualitative study was used to examine the perceptions of fourth-grade general-education elementary teachers about the over-representation of Black students in special education, specifically why and how Black students are referred to special education. This qualitative study was to gather information about the perceptions of teachers regarding referrals to special education and race. The study captured the perceptions of 16 general-education elementary teachers from three districts in Connecticut about the over-representation of Black students in special education. Results: Research Question #1: How do teachers describe the classroom challenges that lead them to refer students to special education? One of the themes that emerged in the analysis of the data was A Teacher's Dilemma. Teachers in this study described the difficulty they had in providing services for their students. They spoke about crowded classrooms consisting of 20 to 25 students, which makes it difficult to provide students with the attention that they need.Teachers in this study also mentioned that there is a wide spread of levels of students. Many of their Black students are reading below grade level (e.g., reading on a first- or second-grade level). They found themselves using referrals to special education as a way to cope with the many challenges in their classrooms and to get students extra support. Research Question #2: How do teachers describe the changes in their processes, attitudes, and behaviors as a result of their district's participation in Courageous Conversations About Race? Three themes describe the perceptions of the teachers regarding how the training influenced them: I See Color Now, Teacher Mis-Match, and Affirming a Need for Ongoing Professional Development. In the theme I See Color Now, teachers reported that student data are being reviewed more through the lenses of race. The teachers in this study noted that through CC About Race their racial consciousness has been increased. In addition, they shared that the CC About Race has taught them that they should see the color of their students and that if they did not see their color, then they did not see their students. The next theme that emerged was a Teacher Mis-Match. Teachers in this study reported that there is a disconnection between students and teachers. They spoke about the demographic of Connecticut's teachers being majority White, female, and from middle-class backgrounds, whereas the student population is Black or of color and from low income backgrounds. Teachers in this study noted that CC About Race illuminated for them that a teacher does not necessarily need to be Black in order to teach students of color; however, they need to have a clear understanding of their own culture and understand the various cultures of their students in their classrooms. In the final theme, Affirming a Need for On-going Professional Development, teachers in this study commented that the CC About Race seminars affirmed for them a need for on-going professional development with effective instructional strategies and training about different cultures, norms, and values. They spoke about a significant need for professional development in the areas of race, diversity, culturally relevant instruction, and racial equity.Teachers in this study noted that with the demographic shifts in the student population along with accountability legislation, there is need for on-going, on-site, job-embedded/follow-up professional development. Conclusions: Although this qualitative study showed promise for identifying factors contributing to the over-representation of Black students in special education, engaging in courageous conversations about race is clearly not an institutionalized practice in the schools represented in this study. However, as we consider the statistical facts, it is difficult not to think about racial inequality as a predominant factor causing today's achievement gap. It is our responsibility, as educators, to garner the courage to disaggregate and interpret the data through a "cultural eye." (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Panama's economic growth has been at the top of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region in recent years. The country s rapid growth has been largely pro-poor and translated into significant poverty reduction. The new Administration is well placed to tackle these challenges, with its commitment to maintaining an open and diversified economy and redressing social imbalances. Looking ahead, the country s main challenges are to maintain the current growth performance and ensure that its benefits are extended to all. The World Bank Group s (WBG) new Country Partnership Framework (CPF) seeks to support Panama s continued high growth, while ensuring inclusion and opportunities for marginalized groups, and bolstering resilience and sustainability. These themes are highlighted as priorities in the Government s 2014-2019 Strategic Development Plan (SDP) and in the WBG s Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The CPF seeks to maximize over a six-year period, the comparative advantages of the WBG, through packages of innovative public and private financing options based on cutting edge global knowledge and experience.

The Philippine economy recovered strongly from the global recession owing to a combination of transitory and permanent, as well as global and idiosyncratic factors. Similar to its regional peers, the recovery was partly driven by the rebound in global trade and domestic consumption linked to sharp increases in consumer confidence. In the Philippines, growth was also spurred by two domestic and temporary factors-continued fiscal policy easing and election-related spending-and a structural one, namely the acceleration in global outsourcing which benefited the country's business process outsourcing sector and associated sectors such as construction. The economy is projected to grow by 6.2 percent in 2010 and by 5 percent in 2011, with large but broadly balanced risks. While inflation expectations are under control, the prospects of large short-term capital inflows partly linked to renewed quantitative easing by key G7 central banks are complicating monetary policy at a time when the economy no longer needs accommodative monetary policy. The first budget of the Aquino government could be a turning point for the Philippines in the public finance area. The 2011 budget changes current dynamics in two critical areas: the (structural and cyclical) fiscal policy stance and the quality of public finances. This "reform budget" renews the fiscal consolidation effort-albeit modestly and contains significant reform measures aimed at improving spending efficiency, transparency and accountability of the budget. For the 2011 budget to indeed turn the country away from a weak fiscal position, inconsistent spending efficiency, and significant gaps in public expenditure and financial accountability, efforts initiated in this budget will have to both be sustained over time and expanded. Strengthening revenue mobilization-through a modern tax system with efficiency and equity at its core-would enable future budgets to scale up spending needed to generate inclusive growth.

China's remarkable economic performance over the last 30 years resulted from reforms that met the specific conditions of China at any point in time. Starting with a heavily distorted and extremely poor economy, China gradually reformed by improving incentives in agriculture, phasing out the planned economy and allowing non-state enterprise entry, opening up to the outside world, reforming state enterprises and the financial sector, and ultimately by starting to establish the modern tools of macroeconomic management. The way China went about its reforms was marked by gradualism, experimentation, and decentralization, which allowed the most appropriate institutions to emerge that delivered high growth that by and large benefited all. Strong incentives for local governments to deliver growth, competition among jurisdictions, and strong control of corruption limited rent seeking in the semi reformed system, whereas investment in human capital and the organizations that were to design reforms continued to provide impetus for the reform process. Learning from other countries' experience was important, but more important was China's adaptation of that experience to its own particular circumstances and needs.

ABSTRAK Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tenaga kerja dan investasi terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Teknik metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effetc Cross-Section Weight. Data diolah menggunakan Eviews 9.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolaan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. Tenaga kerja dan investasi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan dengan nilai F statistik 4508.827 dan Prob (F-statistic) 0,000000. Kata Kunci : PDRB Industri Pengolahan, Tenaga Kerja sektor industri, Investasi PMA sektor industri dan Investasi PMDN sektor industri. PENGARUH TENAGA KERJA DAN INVESTASI TERHADAP PDRB INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI PULAU JAWA1. Latar BelakangPDRB Industri Pengolahan merupakan sektor yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian. Sektor industri dianggap sebagai mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menurut Kusumantoro (2009), kebijakan pembangunan strategis sektoral adalah kebijakan pembangunan di sektor industri. Sektor tersebut dipandang sebagai sektor yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi, sehingga keunggulannya akan diperoleh nilai tambah yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih cepat direalisasikan dengan mengembangkan sektor ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki nilai kontribusi yang besar dalam perekonomian nasional yang sebagian besar kontribusinya pada PDRB Industri Pengolahan. Disamping itu, karena perannya yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian, PDRB Industri pengolahan dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Semakin bertambah besar lapangan kerja yang tersedia maka akan menyebabkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. Sedangkan dengan adanya investasi maka kapasitas dalam produksi akan meningkat yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi output yang dihasilkan. Meningkatnya output akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada PDRB. Akan tetapi, tenaga kerja dan investasi selalu mengalami fluktasi yang naik turun. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA/PMDN sektor industri berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya PDRB industri pengolahan.2. PermasalahanAdapun Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut :Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMDN terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017? 3. Tujuan PenelitianUntuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMDN di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.4. Metode PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris atau menguji penjelasan sebab dan akibat yang berbentuk berbentuk regresi berganda. Dan penelitian ini menunjukkan arah hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat disamping mengukur kekuatan hubungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) di Pulau Jawa maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effect Cross-Section Weights. Data diolah dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. 5. Hasil dan PembahasanHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. 6. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasiKesimpulanTenaga kerja sektor industri menunjukkan pengaruh positif tapi signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu uji determinasi (R2) menunjukkan bahwa 99,90% variabel bebas (tenaga kerja sektor industri, investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri) mempengaruhi variabel terikat (PDRB industri pengolahan), sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel diluar variabel bebas.RekomendasiMengingat peran PDRB industri pengolahan yang memiliki kontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian yang dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Pemerintah dan pengusaha diharapkan dapat mendorong terus adanya perbaikan kondisi pekerja dan lingkungannya, sehingga tingkat upah dan produktivitas diharapkan tumbuh selaras dan dapat memperbaiki kondisi kesejahteraan pekerja di Pulau Jawa. Serta menetapkan regulasi-regulasi tentang cara dan persyaratan investasi yang mudah diterima oleh para investor, adanya jaminan stabiltas politik, keamanan dan penegakan hukum yang konsisten, menyediakan informasi yang akurat untuk para investor, mewujudkan mekanisme pelayanan atu pintu yang efektif untutk calon investor.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbbas, Q. (2011). "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product." Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 11(8), 35-39. Global Journals Inc. (USA).Arifin, Z. (2012). "Analisis Spasial Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di Pulau Jawa."Jurnal HumanityVol.7 No2, 111-116. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Ariska, N., Hanim,A. (2016)."Dampak Investasi Sektor Industri Pengolahan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Analisis Input-Output). Artikel Ilmiah Mahasiswa. Universitas Jember.Arsyad, L. (2015). Ekonomi Industri. Universitas Terbuka: Banten.Basir, M. (2012). "Foreign Direct Investment in Java Island, Indonesia". International Journal of Business Vol 1(1), 1-9. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.Badan Pusat Statistik. (2012-2018). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka. DKI Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Barat Barat Dalam Angka. Jawa Barat: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka. Jawa Tengah: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). D.I Yogyakarta Dalam Angka. D.I Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Timur Dalam Angka. Jawa Timur: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Benten Dalam Angka. Benten: Badan Pusat Statistik.Fadilah, N., Nuraini, I. (2017). "Pengaruh Industri, Tenaga Kerja Industri dan PDRB Sektor Industri Terhadap Disparitas Pendapatan Antar Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur."Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 1(4), 441-452. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Feriyanto, N. (2014). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. UPP STIM YKPN: D.I Yogyakarta.Gamot, A. (2012)."Dampak Tenaga Kerja Sektor Industri Terhadap Produk Dmestik Regional Bruto, Pajak, Investasi dan Upah di Kota Batam."Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen, Vol 8(1), 13-21.Program Studi Agribisnis - Universitas Terbuka.Glassburner, B., Chandra, A.(1985). Teori dan Kebijaksanaan Ekonomi Makro. DKI Jakarta: LP3ESGuechHeang, L., Moolio, P. (2013). "The Relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Cambodia." KASBIT Business Journal Volume 6:87-99. University of Cambodia.Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics, Fourth Edition. United States of America:McGraw-Hill.Gujarati, D. (2001). Ekonometrika Dasar. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Hasibuan, J.(2013). "Analisis Kontribusi Sektor Industri Terhadap PDRB Kota Medan."Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 2(1),53-61Irmawati, S (2015). "The Analysis on Leading industries in Central Java Province". JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 8 (2), 215-228. Semarang State University, Indonesia.Karlita,B.S dan Yusuf, E. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi, Tenaga Kerja, Dan Ekspor Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri Di Kota Semarang Tahun 1993-2010". Diponegoro Journal Of Economics . Vol 2,No. 4.Kuncoro, M. (2001). Metode Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi Untuk Binsis dan Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: AMP YKPNKurniasih, E.P., Agustini, Y. (2016). "Pengaruh Investasi PMDN, PMA dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat". Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan Vol. 6(2), 97-119.Kurniasih, E.P. (2017). "Effect of economic growth on income inequality, labor absorption, and welfare". Economic Journal of Emerging Markets Vol. 9 (2), 181-188.Kurniasih, E.P. (2016). "Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. SEMNAS FEKON.Lintang, A., Rahman, Y. (2015). "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Tengah Tahun 2018-2012".Journal of Economics and Policy 8 (1), 88-99. Universitas Negeri Semarang.Mahyudi, A. (2014). Ekonomi Pembangunan & Analisis Data Empiris. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.Melyani, M., Maria, A. (2015). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri di Provinsi Jawa Barat".Jurnal Media Ekonomi Vol. 23 No. 3. Universitas Trisakti,Menajang, H. (2014). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Manado". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Vol 13 (1), 1-16. Universitas Sam RatulangiPriyarsono, D., Siregar, H. (2017). "Kinerja Sektor Industri Manufaktur Provinsi Jawa Barat Berdasarkan Lokasi di Dalam dan di Luar Kawasan Industri."Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi16(3), 241-257. Insitut Pertanian Bogor.Purwasih,H. (2017). "Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Sektor Industri Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Kabupaten Sidoarjo."Jurnal Ekonomi Vol.5 No1.Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Rindayati, W., dkk. (2016). "Spatial Consentration and Factors that Affect the Competitiveness of Province Superior Industries in Indonesia". Journal of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 13-21. American Research Institute for Policy Development.Rosyidi, S. (2000). Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Salim, M. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Provinsi Papua". Jurnal Manajemen dan Akuntansi (FJMA) Vol 1(1), 1-9. Universitas Yapis Papua, IndonesiaSarwono. (2016). "Analysis of Economic Growth Factors in West Pantura Areas of Central Java." Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 9 (1), 145-158. Diponegoro University, IndonesiaSholihah, I.M., dkk. (2017). "Analisis Investasi Sektor Industri Manufaktur, Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Indonesia". Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika Vol.12 (1), 11-22.Susilo,H.(2012)."Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Output Sektor Industri Kecil Analisis Panel Data."Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Indonesia, Vol1-14. Universitas Sebelas Maret Jawa Tengah.Sulaksono, A.(2012). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDB Sektor Pertambangan di Indonesia."Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Volume 20 No. 1,16-24. Universitas Gunadarma Jawa Barat.Sukirno, S. (2001). Pengantar Teori Mikro Ekonomi. Rajawali Pers. DKI Jakarta.Todaro, P., Smith, C. (2003). Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Wahyudi, T. (2010). "Regional Patterns of manufacturing Industries: a Study of manufacturing Industries in Java Region, Indonesia". Journal of Development Volume XXXVII No. 1, 96-115. Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University, MalangZulfiatan,T.P. (2016). Pengaruh Investasi Dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Sub Sektor Industri Manufaktur Non Migas Di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Periode 2004-2013. Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam UIN Yogyakarta.

There is a growing appreciation in economics that people have emotional vulnerabilities, commitments to social norms, and systematic irrationalities, which impact their decision making and choice in the marketplace. The flip side of this is that human beings are susceptible to being manipulated by unscrupulous agents who are single-minded about marketing their services and wares. This paper reviews George Akerlof and Robert Shiller's book, Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception, alongside other writings in the field, and discusses how this research agenda can be taken forward. The paper shows how this new research can shed light on the ubiquity of corruption in so many societies, and proposes ideas for controlling corruption.

IntroductionOver the last decade, we have witnessed a number of changes to our welfare state. With the 1996 bi‐partisan‐supported welfare reform legislation (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act; PRWORA), the federal government devolved much of the responsibility for public assistance to the states, instituted time‐limited assistance, and aimed to curb non‐marital childbirths, encourage marriage, and push welfare recipients to become economically self‐sufficient. After PRWORA, a slew of scholars from multiple academic disciplines sought to understand the implementation and implications of the changes to the welfare system for poor families as well as those agencies, staff, and programs that serve them. In this article, Kissane and Krebs synthesize some major findings from this research on welfare reform and its effects. Courses using such a review might situate the exploration of welfare reform within a larger investigation of America's welfare state, poverty, and/or social policy.Author recommendsBrown, Michael K. 1999. Race, Money and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Through a detailed examination of social policy from the New Deal through the Reagan administration, Brown explores,'how both race and social class bear on the political development of the American welfare state' (p. xiv). As the title of the books suggests, Brown pays particular attention to taxes, fiscal capacity and spending in his account.DeParle, Jason. 2004. American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York: Penguin Press.DeParle, a New York Times journalist, moves effortlessly between exploring developments in American welfare policy and chronicling the lives of three poor women. He vividly depicts the complexity of the women's lives in the wake of the changes to the welfare system, while also providing fascinating details on the origins and implementation of welfare reform.Edin, Kathryn and Laura Lein. 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low‐Wage Work. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.This book presents findings from Edin and Lein's comprehensive, multi‐city qualitative study on the monthly budgets of low‐wage workers and welfare‐reliant women, as well as their strategies for making ends meet. They find that both groups rely on their networks for in‐kind and cash assistance, aid from non‐profit organizations, and earnings from informal work to survive. Edin and Lein also investigate the relative costs and benefits (both tangible and intangible) of work versus welfare.Esping‐Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.An essential book if one is interested in the development of welfare states across advanced Western societies. Esping‐Andersen delineates three typologies of welfare state regimes (conservative, liberal, and social) and explores the factors that establish the differences in welfare states.Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.In this well‐researched book, Gilens explores public opinion on anti‐poverty policies and the media's role in shaping how the public thinks about welfare. His chapters on the media's representations of poverty and welfare are particularly enlightening.Gordon, Linda. 1994. Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.In this book, Gordon, a social historian, argues that reformers working in the women's movement during the Progressive Era had a significant effect on the development of the welfare state; however, they also helped to cement racial and gender stratification within it and ultimately limit its full development.Hays, Sharon. 2003. Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.In Flat Broke with Children, Hays, a sociologist, does a wonderful job exploring the cultural values behind welfare reform, detailing the contradictory nature of its requirements and procedures, and situating welfare recipients and their behavior within the larger American cultural context. Through her analysis of data collected from years of fieldwork in welfare offices in two states, Hays also investigates how poor women and welfare staff experience and think about welfare reform.Iceland, John. 2006. Poverty in America: A Handbook. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.This book is an excellent overview of poverty in America. Iceland clearly details views on poverty, how we measure poverty, the characteristics of the poverty population, and the causes of poverty.Katz, Michael B. 2001. The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.In this expansive work, Katz, a social historian, details recent developments across various areas of the American welfare state (although he focuses on anti‐poverty policies), while situating these developments within a larger historical context. In particular, he shows how public social policy in recent decades has shifted around three 'great objectives': (i) to end dependence; (ii) to devolve authority; and (iii) to apply market models to social policy.Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.In this classic, Piven and Cloward advance their theory that 'expansive relief policies are designed to mute civil disorder, and restrictive ones to reinforce work norms' (p. xv). Their book explores a large span of history – from early poor relief in France and England to developments under the Bush administration.Online materials Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD) http://www.nccbuscc.org/cchd/povertyusa/ This website includes some facts about poverty, as well as ideas for educators on ways to generate discussion on poverty. The 'getting involved' section of the website is particularly useful, providing, among other things, a poverty quiz, interactive maps, information on CCHD funded programs, a 'poverty tour' that addresses issues with the federal poverty line, and ways to get involved. Global Rich List http://www.globalrichlist.com/ This website allows you to situate your annual income in the context of the world's population. It is a great little teaching tool to introduce concepts of relative poverty, income inequality, and global poverty to students. Green Book from House Ways and Means Committee
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/wmprints/green/index.html The Green Book is an excellent resource for descriptions and historical data on many U.S. social welfare programs, such as the Social Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Foster Care, Medicaid, and Food Stamp programs. MDRC http://www.mdrc.org/ Known best, perhaps, for its evaluations of welfare policies and programs that incorporate random assignment, MDRC provides detailed information on programs and policies that affect the poor. Among other things, the website includes publications, working papers, policy briefs, and videos detailing research findings. The National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) http://www.nccp.org/ The NCCP at Columbia University provides statistical information and fact sheets on poverty and policy issues, often with a focus on the links between family economic security and child development. Individuals might find particularly useful the 'State Profiles' section of the website, which allows one to view demographic information (often in clear charts and graphs), issue areas, and policies for the state of one's choosing. U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/ The census website provides an extensive array of data on the U.S. population and economy. Besides navigating from the above link, data and reports on poverty can also be found directly at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html. The World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/ The World Bank's website provides resources valuable to exploring worldwide poverty and situating the U.S. globally. In particular, the PovertyNet area (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,menuPK:336998~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:336992,00.html) of the website presents detailed information and data on poverty and related issues that researchers, educators, and practitioners may find useful.Additional online resourcesScores of additional organizations and centers (too many to list) conduct and disseminate research on issues related to the economy, welfare, public policy, and poverty. What follows is a list of some other key organizations and centers, alongside links to their websites:

Brookings Institute (http://www.brookings.edu)
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (http://www.cbpp.org/)
Center for Law and Social Policy (http://www.clasp.org/)
Center for Research on Child Wellbeing (CRCW) (http://crcw.princeton.edu/)
Child Trends (http://www.childtrends.org/)
Heritage Foundation (http://www.heritage.org/)
Institute for Research on Poverty (http://www.irp.wisc.edu/)
Joint Center for Poverty Research (http://www.jcpr.org/)
National Poverty Center (http://www.npc.umich.edu/)
Urban Institute (http://www.urban.org/)

Sample syllabusPoverty, Welfare, and the Safety Net (excerpt from syllabus)Description of courseThe terms 'safety net' and 'welfare state' commonly refer to a range of public and non‐governmental programs and policies that seek to protect individuals and their families from distress and hardship and/or improve the quality of their lives. In this course, we will primarily explore facets of the American welfare state that seek to assuage poverty and its effects. Although we will largely approach this topic from a sociological perspective, this area of inquiry is quite interdisciplinary. Consequently, we will be reading works from other academic disciplines throughout the course.This is an advanced course, designed for students who already have substantial familiarity with the causes and consequences of poverty. In the first third of the course, we will investigate the early development of our nation's welfare state, from poorhouses and outdoor relief to mothers' pensions and the New Deal. We then move to exploring Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and anti‐poverty policies of the 1960s and 1970s. Next, we examine changes in federal welfare policy over the last couple of decades, focusing on the welfare reforms of the 1990s, the consequences of these reforms, and the experiences of poor women since these changes. We end the course by looking in more depth at the private safety net (particularly, secular and faith‐based organizations that serve the poor), public opinion, and future directions for welfare policy.Course outline and reading assignments Week 1. Introduction to poverty and the course Iceland, John. 2006. Chapters 3–5 (pp. 20–97). Poverty in America: A Handbook. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Rank, Mark. 2003. 'As American as Apple Pie: Poverty and Welfare.'Contexts 2(3): 41–46.Optional: Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Poverty and Inequality in the New American City' (pp. 33–56). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Week 2. What is welfare? Why have welfare states? Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Invention of Welfare' (pp. 1–8) and 'The American Welfare State' (only pp. 9–17). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Howard, Christopher. 1993. 'The Hidden Side of the American Welfare State.'Political Science Quarterly. 108(3): 403–436 (note: pages 420–433 are optional).T. H. Marshall. 1977. Selection from 'Citizenship and Social Class' in Class, Citizenship, and Social Development: Essays by T.H. Marshall. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.UN Declaration of Human Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html) Week 3. Early developments Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. 'Relief, Labor, and Civil Disorder: An Overview' (pp. 3–42). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Katz, Michael B. 1996. 'The Origins and Failure of the Poorhouse' and 'Outdoor Relief' (pp. 3–59). In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America: Tenth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: BasicBooks. Week 4. Mothers pensions, the New Deal, and ADC Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Chapter 2–3 (pp. 45–119). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Linda Gordon. 1994. Selection from Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Brown, Michael K. 1999. Chapter 2 (pp. 63–96). Race, Money and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Quadagno, Jill S. 1994. 'Unfinished Democracy' (only pp. 17–25). The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York, NY and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Optional: DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapter 2 (pp. 20–37). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Week 5. AFDC, welfare rights, and anti‐poverty policies in the 1960s and 1970s Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Chapters 4 and 6 (pp. 123–146; pp. 183–199). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Quadagno, Jill S. 1994. Selection from The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York, NY and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Tilmon, Johnnie. 1972. 'Welfare is a Women's Issue.'Ms. Spring: 2 pages. http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/tillmon.aspDeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 3 and 5 (pp. 38–57; 85–100). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Weeks 6 and 7. Devolution, the 1980s and 90s, and 'ending welfare as we know it' Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Family Support Act' (pp. 71–76); 'Governors as Welfare Reformers' (pp. 77–103); and 'Fighting Poverty 1990s Style' (pp. 293–316). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Hays, Sharon. 2003. Chapter 1 (pp. 3–31). Flat Broke with Children. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 4; 6–9 (pp. 58–81; 101–174). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press.Optional: Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Urban Social Welfare in an Age of Austerity' (pp. 104–136). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Week 8. Assessing welfare reform Kissane, Rebecca Joyce and Richard Krebs. 2007. 'Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later.'Sociology Compass 1(2): 789–813. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00029.x.Katz, Michael B. 2001. pp. 328–340 of 'The End of Welfare'The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Weeks 9–11. A closer look at life after welfare reform Hays, Sharon. 2003. Chapters 2–8 (pp. 33–240) Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 10–18 (pp. 175–322). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Week 12.  The Private Safety Net: Nonprofit, Community‐Based Service Provision Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Independent Sector, the Market and the State' (only pp. 137–155 and 162–170). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2003. 'What's Need Got to Do with It? Why Poor Women Do Not Use Nonprofit Social Services.'Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. 30(2): 127–148.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2006. 'Responsible but Uninformed? Nonprofit Executive and Program Directors' Knowledge of Welfare Reform.'Social Service Review. 80(2): 322–345.Reread 'Nonprofit organizations and welfare reform' (pp. 802–804) in Kissane, Rebecca Joyce and Richard Krebs. 2007. 'Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later.'Sociology Compass 1(2): 789–813. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00029.x.Edin, Kathryn and Laura Lein. 1998. 'The Private Safety Net: The Role of Charitable Organizations in the Lives of the Poor.'Housing Policy Debate. 9(4): 541–573. Week 13. The Private Safety Net, continued: Faith‐based organizations (FBOs) Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Faith, Charity, and Inner Cities' (pp. 155–162). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Twombly, Eric. 2002. 'Religious Versus Secular Human Service Organizations: Implications for Public Policy.'Social Science Quarterly. 83(4): 847–961.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2007. 'How Do Faith‐Based Organizations Compare to Secular Providers? Nonprofit Directors' and Poor Women's Assessments of FBOs.'Journal of Poverty. 11(4): 91–115.Sherman, A. L. 2003. 'Faith in Communities: A Solid Investment.'Society. 40(2): 19–26.DiIulio Jr., John J. 2007. Selection from Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprint for America's Faith‐Based Future. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Scott W. Allard. 2007. 'Access and Stability: Comparing Faith‐based and Secular Nonprofit Service Providers.' A paper presented at the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan 2007 conference, 'The Impact of Religion and Faith‐Based Organizations on the Lives of Low Income Families.'Optional: Smith, Steven Rathgeb and Michael R. Sosin. 2001. 'Varieties of Faith‐Related Agencies.'Public Administration Review. 61(6): 651–670. Week 14. Public Opinion, the Media, and Policy Gilens, Martin. 1999. Chapters 2–3 (pp. 31–79); Chapter 5 (only pp. 111–132); Chapter 6 (pp. 133–153) and Chapter 8 (only pp. 184–203). Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Reingold, David A. and Helen Liu. Forthcoming. 'Do Poverty Attitudes of Social Service Agency Directors Influence Organizational Behavior?'Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.Optional: Misra, Joya, Stephanie Moller, and Marina Karides. 2003. 'Envisioning Dependency: Changing Media Depictions of Welfare in the 20th Century.'Social Problems. 50(4): 482–504. Week 15. Future directions and course wrap‐up Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Work, Democracy, and Citizenship' (pp. 341–359). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Epilogue (pp. 323–338). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press.Gilens, Martin. 1999. 'The Politics of the American Welfare State' (pp. 204–216). Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Rector, Robert. 2005. 'Welfare Reform and the Healthy Marriage Initiative.' Statement before the Sub‐committee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and Means U.S. House of Representatives. Available at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/tst021005a.cfmCoontz, Stephanie and Nancy Folbre. 2002. 'Marriage, Poverty, and Public Policy: A Discussion Paper from the Council on Contemporary Families.' The American Prospect. March 19, 2002. Available at http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=marriage_poverty_and_public_policyFilms and videosA Day's Work, A Day's Pay (57 min)This documentary, based in New York City, follows three welfare recipients participating in the city's welfare‐to‐work program. The film not only documents the problems with the city jobs that the welfare recipients have to perform, but it also explores how the welfare recipients become social activists.Eating Welfare (57 min)Told through the youth of the community, this documentary investigates welfare reform's effect on Southeast Asian refugee families living in the Bronx. The film highlights problems particular to this population, as well as general issues facing the welfare recipients under workfare.Ending Welfare As We Know It (90 min)Take it From Me: Life After Welfare (75 min)These two documentaries follow welfare families as they deal with the consequences of welfare reform and the complexities of their lives.Poverty Outlaw (1 h)This documentary follows the development of the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU), 'a multiracial organization of, by and for poor and homeless people' located in Philadelphia (http://www.kwru.org/), as well as the hardships experienced by its members and other individuals living in poverty in America. A subsequent film, Outriders (1999; 1 h), follows KWRU on its New Freedom Bus Tour, in which the organization sought to document economic human rights violations across America.Tempting Faith: Is Charitable Choice Working? (57 min)This documentary explores the Charitable Choice provision of the 1996 welfare reform legislation through an examination of faith‐based programs in Indiana, North Carolina, and Massachusetts. The film includes views on both the pros and cons of faith‐based initiatives.Waging a Living (85 min)This documentary focuses on the lives of four low‐wage workers as they struggle to make ends meet.Welfare Reform: Social Impact (29 min)This program, released shortly after the passage of welfare reform, explores the history of welfare and issues surrounding welfare reform. It includes interviews with Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, Wendell Primus, and Rebecca Blank.Seminar/Project ideas1. This activity uncovers students' misunderstandings regarding poverty and welfare.Early in the semester (usually the first day of class), students take a 'poverty and welfare quiz' in which they answer factual and attitudinal questions on poverty and welfare. Instructors can then use the survey answers as springboards for weekly discussions on topics covered in the course. As the semester progresses, the students usually discover that they held many misconceptions regarding poverty and welfare.2. This activity explores the hidden assumptions and meanings behind the words 'dependent' and 'independent.' Other words or phrases could also be explored in this manner, such as 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor.Ask the students to list (in separate columns) images, individuals, and/or circumstances that come to mind when they hear the words 'dependent' and 'independent'. Then, as a class or in small groups, discuss and assess the students' lists. How are these lists culturally specific? Do visions of race, ethnicity, class, gender, age and household structure come into play? How? Why do you think certain images come to mind when you hear these words? How do our understandings of 'dependence' and 'independence' relate to our understandings of welfare and poverty? To anti‐poverty policies?3. Among other topics, this activity can be used to launch discussions of deserving versus undeserving poor, universal versus means‐tested transfers, barriers to self‐sufficiency and employment, and notions of 'governmental assistance.'Break the students into small groups and give each group a sheet of paper with about six profiles that cover a variety of individuals and family types. For example, one profile might depict a 30‐year‐old housewife with two children whose husband works. Another might be an unemployed, divorced woman with six children who is clinically depressed, etc. Create profiles in such a way that students will likely consider in their working groups the employment, marital status, age, gender, child‐bearing, physical and mental health, and race and ethnicity of their profiled individuals. Have each group discuss to whom they would give governmental assistance, in what order they would distribute the aid, and what they would give each profiled family. Reconvene the class and compare the groups' decisions. What did the groups' consider 'governmental assistance'? How did they decide how they would distribute the aid? Who was 'worthy' of help? Did they feel as if they needed additional information to make their decisions? What information did they want to have that the profiles did not provide? Why would that information be important to their deliberations?4. This written assignment allows students to investigate a program or policy not covered comprehensively in the course.Each student will choose a program or policy aimed to assuage poverty and/or its effects that we do not cover extensively in this course [e.g., Head Start, Unemployment Insurance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), public housing programs, etc]. All topics must be approved prior to beginning work on the project. After choosing a topic, students will write a final paper that includes the following components:

An introduction. What is the program? How is it meant to assuage poverty or its consequences? Why should we care about your topic?
A brief review of the history of the policy or program. When was the program started? Why? By whom? What key changes have occurred to the program over the years?
A review of the social science research literature on the program. What data and research are available on your program? What does the empirical research tell us about the program's effectiveness, clientele, take‐up rates, strengths, weaknesses, etc?
Specific policy recommendation(s). How can your program be improved? (Note: your recommendation(s) should be based on the empirical evidence not value‐laden opinions)

Instructors may want to add a final presentation to the above assignment. Having students present as part of a panel may be particularly effective if students' topics cluster around several areas, for example 'educational policy', 'family policy', 'housing policy', etc.

International audience ; The objective of this research is to critically analyze the concrete determinations of higher education policies that define the contractual relationship of the adjunct professors in Colombia. The theoretical-methodological approach of materialism dialectical-historical was adopted. Some Legal documents were studied. Also, some official documents and institutional agreements of a public university. Results requested that this type of contracting obeys recommendations from the World Bank; fosters the contradiction between training and work; it allows the university to grab the academic and educational production of teachers, as well. In conclusion, this professionalbecomes a working subject without rights, a new "slave"of the 21st century with which universities reach goals of academic quality, fiscal and financial efficiency, though. ; Se pretendieron analizar las determinaciones concretas de las políticas de educación superior que definen la vinculación contractual del docente cátedra en Colombia. Se adoptó el enfoque teórico-metodológico del materialismo histórico-dialéctico para estudiar documentos jurídicos, oficiales y acuerdos institucionales de una universidad pública. Resultados demuestran que este tipo de contratación obedece recomendaciones del Banco Mundial; fomenta la contradicción entre formación y trabajo; permite que la universidad se apropie de la producción académica y educativa del profesorado. En conclusión, este profesional se convierte en sujeto trabajador sin derechos, un nuevo "esclavo" del siglo XXI con el cual las universidades alcanzan metas de calidad académica, eficiencia fiscal y financiera. ; L'objectif était d'analyser les déterminations des politiques d'enseignement supérieur qui définissent la relation d'emploi du personnel enseignant en Colombie. L'approche théorico-méthodologique du matérialisme historico-dialectique a été adoptée pour étudier des documents juridiques, officiels et des accords institutionnels d'une université publique. Les résultats ...

Die Dissertation untersucht aus einer interdisziplinären Lebensverlaufsperspektive, welche Faktoren beeinflussen, ob Studierende einen studienbezogenen Auslandsaufenthalt durchführen, und welche Auswirkungen Auslandsaufenthalte auf den Berufsverbleib haben. Zu diesem Zweck werden psychologische, soziologische und ökonomische Theorien integriert (Rubikonmodell der Handlungsphasen; Theorie rationaler Entscheidungen; Reproduktionstheorie; Migrationstheorien; Suchtheorie; Segmentationstheorie). Die aufgestellten Hypothesen werden mittels quantitativer Analysen national repräsentativer Datensätze getestet (DZHW-Studienberechtigtenpanel; deutsche, österreichische, schweizerische und niederländische Studierenden-Sozialerhebungen; DZHW-Absolventenpanel und Bayerisches Absolventenpanel; WiNbus Online-Panel). Im Einklang mit den theoretischen Überlegungen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass entscheidende Weichen für studienbezogene Auslandsmobilität bereits in vorhochschulischen Sozialisations- und Bildungsphasen gestellt werden. Beispielsweise gehen Kinder aus akademischem Elternhaus in allen untersuchten Ländern deutlich häufiger während ihres Studiums ins Ausland. Dies erklärt sich maßgeblich dadurch, dass sie bereits während der Schulzeit häufiger Gelegenheit haben, solide Fremdsprachenkenntnisse zu erwerben und erste Auslandserfahrungen zu sammeln. Entsprechend schätzen sie ihre Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit sowie die Erträge von Auslandsmobilität als höher und die Kosten derselben als geringer ein. Auslandserfahrene Absolvent*innen unterscheiden sich von nicht auslandserfahrenen Absolvent*innen vor allem hinsichtlich der Internationalität ihrer Karrieren: Erstere arbeiten anteilig häufiger im Ausland und sind auch in Deutschland stärker in internationale Arbeitszusammenhänge eingebunden, in welchen sie öfter auf interkulturelle Kompetenzen angewiesen sind. Studienbezogene Auslandsaufenthalte - insbesondere Auslandspraktika - wirken sich ebenfalls auf den Berufserfolg positiv aus: In bestimmten Beschäftigungskontexten beziehen Absolvent*innen höhere Einkommen, wenn sie während des Studiums im Ausland waren. Dieser Einkommensvorteil ist einerseits auf ihre positive Selbstselektion zurückzuführen. Andererseits können sie schneller Lohnerhöhungen erreichen, weil sie anteilig häufiger in gut bezahlenden großen und multinationalen Unternehmen arbeiten und in ihren ersten Erwerbsjahren häufiger gewinnbringend den Arbeitgeber wechseln. Auch für eine wissenschaftliche Karriere scheinen studienbezogene Auslandserfahrungen von Nutzen zu sein: Sie stehen in Zusammenhang mit späteren Auslandsaufenthalten zu Forschungszwecken, der Einmündung in internationale Forschungskontexte und der Einbettung in internationale Wissenschaftlernetzwerke. Studienbezogene Auslandsmobilität kann folglich ein Instrument darstellen, um Hochqualifizierte auf Leben und Arbeit in einer internationalisierten und kulturell diversen Gesellschaft vorzubereiten. Sie kann aber auch zur Entstehung sozialer Ungleichheit beitragen, weil nicht alle Studierendengruppen gleichermaßen Zugang zu Auslandsaufenthalten haben. Die Dissertation zeigt, dass soziale Ungleichheiten im Zeitverlauf sogar zugenommen haben - unter anderem durch den massiven Ausbau von Stipendienprogrammen im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses. Da soziale Ungleichheiten bereits in frühen Lebensphasen ihren Ursprung haben, dürften im Hochschulstudium ansetzende Ausgleichsmaßnahmen in ihrer Reichweite begrenzt bleiben.

The present study assesses cereal production in selected areas of NW-Bangladesh, especially with respect to the biophysical and socio-economic characterization of cereal producing farm households. Three major cereal crops, namely rice, wheat, and maize dominate the cultivated land area (84%), as well as the overall agricultural economy, of Bangladesh. Positive change to the sustainability and productivity of these cereal systems are crucial to the domestic food security of both urban and rural Bangladesh, as around 2 million people are being added to the country's population annually. The land available to agriculture in this country is also under constant pressure from land degradation and transfer to alternative uses. Meeting the growing demand for food and feed by increasing food grain production has therefore become a pressing challenge for the country, and the importance of resource conservation and productivity enhancement as part of the response is increasingly recognized in the region. Against this backdrop, the empirical part of the study estimates the economics of cereal production and conventional technology diffusion with which the potential of conservation agriculture (CA) in the region can be assessed. Primary data required for the study was collected from sampled households through personal interviews using a comprehensive and pre-tested questionnaire. The primary data collection was carried out in 18 villages of three districts in northwest Bangladesh (Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Nilphamari). The shares of cultivable area to the total land area in the study sites are 77% (Dinajpur), 74% (Nilphamari), and 63% (Rajshahi). Prior to sampling farm households, a village census was enabled to document the general village characteristics such as population, land-use, infrastructure, agricultural input-output markets and prices. A comprehensive baseline household survey (324 households) followed based upon the random selection of farm households. In order to examine the characteristics of the households more extensively, the sample was categorized into three mutually exclusive groups by landholding size: small (0.66 acres, lower 33%), medium (between 0.67 and 1.64 acres, middle 33%), and large (greater than 1.64 acres, upper 33%) farmers. Medium and smallholdings dominate the study area, with cereal producing subsistence farmers prevalent among the smallholders. Among the sampled households, crop production is the major source of income and livelihood —contributing to 38% of total annual household income, on average. Unsurprisingly, large farmers derive a greater share of their income from cropping (55%) than small farmers (25%). On average, the large farmers cultivated land 6.3 times greater in area than do the small farmers. The average rent for the leasing of the land was BDT 14,572 per acre, while the same for leasing out was BDT 17,264 per acre. The ability of farmers in developing countries to invest in land is largely influenced by some form of credit access. About 48% of sampled farmers have taken some form of credit with an average amount of BDT 18,385, with large farmers taking more credit (BDT 28,451) than small (BDT 11,140) and medium (BDT 15,688) farmers. However, small farmers are paying a higher interest rate (26%) than the medium (24%) and large farmers (19%). The major crop rotations followed in the region are rice—rice, rice—wheat, rice—maize and potato/maize (intercropping)—rice. Most of the cereal crops, especially during the Rabi season, are cultivated with irrigation. About 80% of the total irrigated area was covered by groundwater, with shallow tube wells being the dominant source (65% of the total area irrigated). Rice was the only crop in the Kharif (Amara) season; about 73% of cultivable land was occupied by open pollinated varieties of rice (OPVs) — with 90% of the sample farmers cultivating such varieties, while hybrid rice was cultivated only by two large farmers. During the Rabi (Boro) season, 54% of sampled households reported cultivating OPV rice, which occupies 31% of the cultivable land. Hybrid rice is more popular during this season, grown on 7% of cultivable land by 15% of the farm households. Wheat is grown on 18% of land by 45% of households, while maize occupies 8% of the cultivable land with 13% of households involved in its production. In the case of rice, the most preferred varieties were Swama and BR 11. The average yield (13 quintals per acre) in the study area was significant among all the farmers. The most popular wheat varieties in the study areas were Shatabdi, Prodip, and Bijoy; together these varieties accounted for about 92% of the wheat acreage. The overall average yield of wheat was approximately 11 quintals per acre and there was no significant difference across the farmer groups. Maize ranks as the third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat. Only about 8% of cultivable land (13% among crops) was occupied by Rabi maize, and 7% of cultivable land (11% of farmers cultivate) was planted to spring maize. Only hybrid maize cultivation was found in the study area; NK 40 and 900 M were the most popular varieties in both the maize seasons, and the average yield was about 30 quintals per acre across varieties. The study area is characterized by a very insignificant presence of the government and public sector (cooperatives) agencies. The village private dealers dominate the input channels with a share of 96% of the fertilizer and pesticide markets. The sources of OPV rice seeds are also mainly private dealers (93% village, 6% district, and 1% government). An exclusive monopoly of private dealers (63% village, 37% district) was observed for the hybrid rice seed market. Unsurprisingly, a similar domination by village private dealer in case of both wheat and maize seeds was found through which 91% of wheat seeds and 82% of hybrid maize seeds were sourced. Only about 40% (much lower among small farmers) of rice and wheat grain production was marketed. However, maize is produced mainly for markets in Rabi and spring seasons, with significant profit. The average price of rice and wheat grain was BDT 1,860 per quintal and BDT 1,784 per quintal, respectively. The market price of maize grain varies across the varieties cultivated; the highest price was obtained from M 1,873 (BDT 1,400/quintal) and a lower price for NK 40 (BDT 943/quintal). On average, the total paid-out cost of Aman rice is BDT 11,239 per acre; the difference among the farm size groups was small. The gross revenue of Aman rice cultivation was BDT 23,594 per acre, making rice a profitable crop with cost—benefit ratio approximately 1:1.9 after imputing family labor cost. There was no significant difference in input use or profitability of rice farming among farmer groups based on the scale of operation. On average, the total paid-out cost of Boro rice was BDT 12,603 per acre. The gross revenue of Boro rice cultivation was BDT 38,782 per acre, making rice a profitable crop with a cost—benefit ratio of approximately 1:2.5, after imputing family labor cost. This net revenue is more than twice that of Aman rice, mainly due to higher crop productivity. The average paid-out cost of wheat was BDT 9,899 per acre; small farmers were observed to be more cost-effective than other groups. The gross revenue of wheat cultivation was BDT 20,036 per acre, with only small variations between the farmer groups. The cost—benefit ratio of wheat cultivation was approximately 1:1.9 after imputing family labor cost. The average total paid-out cost of maize during Rabi was BDT 11,931 per acre and BDT 8,864 per acre in spring. The cost—benefit ratio with imputed family labor is 1:2 (Rabi) and 1:2.5 (spring); spring maize has a higher ratio due to the lower cost of cultivation compared to Rabi maize. Most farmers in the study area have adopted the use of two-wheel tractors (91%), diesel pumps (88%), and mechanical pesticide sprayers (79%), with more large farmers owning their machinery. Although awareness exists among farmers regarding technologies such as laser land levelers, seed treatment/priming, and leaf color charts (LCC), CA techniques such as turbo/ happy seeders, no-till, quality protein maize, and site-specific nutrient management are relatively unheard of. For example, only less than 2% of farmers were found adopting zero (no) tillage, direct seeded rice, and bed planting. They perceive little impact from these technologies, although 23% of non-adopters were aware of them. Understandably, given the absence of information dissemination and government encouragement, the lack of information and unavailability of the products seem to be the key constraints inhibiting wider application of CA technologies, despite the documented benefits to be gained. In summation, the results of this study indicate a small average size of farms, a high level of inequality, lack of suitable crop variety, and the inadequate presence of government or public sector input and output market channels. The overall challenge is, therefore, to reduce the dependence of farmers on external inputs, curb the total cost of production, and achieve the goal of sustainable production of cereals through the adoption of new productivity-enhancing technologies, including CA (or individual elements thereof). To achieve this, the cereal sector in this region must overcome current unawareness among farmers about these technologies, the unsuitability of some of the technologies to be applied to small and marginal farms, and the scant involvement of the government and public sector in spreading awareness, as well as making the technology affordable. In addition, there must be sufficient provision of efficient market channels in order to encourage farmers to increase yields and profitability by adopting these technologies.