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Society's increasing reliance on digital communication networks is creating unprecedented opportunities for wholesale surveillance and censorship. This thesis investigates the use of public networks such as the Internet to build robust, private communication systems that can resist monitoring and attacks by powerful adversaries such as national governments. We sketch the design of a censorship-resistant communication system based on peer-to-peer Internet overlays in which the participants only communicate directly with people they know and trust. This 'friend-to-friend' approach protects the participants' privacy, but it also presents two significant challenges. The first is that, as with any peer-to-peer overlay, the users of the system must collectively provide the resources necessary for its operation; some users might prefer to use the system without contributing resources equal to those they consume, and if many users do so, the system may not be able to survive. To address this challenge we present a new game theoretic model of the problem of encouraging cooperation between selfish actors under conditions of scarcity, and develop a strategy for the game that provides rational incentives for cooperation under a wide range of conditions. The second challenge is that the structure of a friend-to-friend overlay may reveal the users' social relationships to an adversary monitoring the underlying network. To conceal their sensitive relationships from the adversary, the users must be able to communicate indirectly across the overlay in a way that resists monitoring and attacks by other participants. We address this second challenge by developing two new routing protocols that robustly deliver messages across networks with unknown topologies, without revealing the identities of the communication endpoints to intermediate nodes or vice versa. The protocols make use of a novel unforgeable acknowledgement mechanism that proves that a message has been delivered without identifying the source or destination of the message or the path by which it was delivered. One of the routing protocols is shown to be robust to attacks by malicious participants, while the other provides rational incentives for selfish participants to cooperate in forwarding messages.

"The 'Storming of the Capitol' was, for many, the culminating media performance of the four-year presidency of Donald Trump. His Presidency and it's 'final act', bore all the hallmarks of a 21st century form of populism and media-politico spectacle that may yet come to dominate the political scene in the US, and worldwide, for years to come. The questions that such events raise are complex, varied and operative across a multitude of disciplines. This book engages with these vexed questions in the broad fields of politics and media, but does so, uniquely, through the prism of architecture. This book does not, however, limit its view to the recent events in Washington DC or the United States. Rather, it seeks to use those events as the starting point for a critique of architecture in the tapestry of mediated forms of protest and 'political action' more generally. Each chapter draws on case studies from across timeframes and across nations. The book sharpens our critique of the relationship between direct political action, its media representation, and the role it assigns to architecture - as played out globally in the age of mass media. In doing so, it opens up broader debates about the past, present and future roles of architecture as a political tool in the context of international political systems now dominated by changing and unpredictable uses of media, and characterised by an increasingly volatile and at times violent form of political activism. It is essential reading for any student or researcher engaging with these questions"--

1. Introduction -- 2. Early television -- 3. The domestication of media technology -- 4. Mediatised childhoods and media parenting -- 5. From arcade to family-centred video gaming -- 6. Touchscreen homes and the domestication of the computer tablet -- 7. Home, media and migration -- 8. Homes of the future: from smart homes to connected homes -- 9. The mediatised home.

The practice and theory of evaluation is far too large a topic to comprehensively cover in a single book chapter. We present here a subset of that topic which considers evaluation in a science communication context. Between us, we draw on some 35 years' experience in social research and evaluation which has given us insights into what works and what often gets missed. We will touch on some fundamental elements of evaluation but focus more on offering critiques and pointers that we have picked up through our professional endeavours. We will also touch on the political nature of evaluation, particularly in science communication and in the evaluation of university research and education. With this in mind, this chapter moves from the general to the specific. We begin by presenting and critiquing some fundamental concepts and tools of evaluation before turning to specific challenges facing the evaluation of science and communication endeavours. Examples include a classic evaluation controversy that spawned the Public Understanding of Science (PUS) movement in the UK and a look at the difficulties faced by science centres in determining the effect they may be having on their visitors. As an example of a sector-wide evaluation challenge, we look at an issue of broad concern to science communication because it affects science research in general: the global ranking of universities. At the end of the chapter, we have included a more detailed, but not exhaustive, example of a hypothetical evaluation of a science communication enterprise.

The practice and theory of evaluation is far too large a topic to comprehensively cover in a single book chapter. We present here a subset of that topic which considers evaluation in a science communication context. Between us, we draw on some 35 years' experience in social research and evaluation which has given us insights into what works and what often gets missed. We will touch on some fundamental elements of evaluation but focus more on offering critiques and pointers that we have picked up through our professional endeavours. We will also touch on the political nature of evaluation, particularly in science communication and in the evaluation of university research and education. With this in mind, this chapter moves from the general to the specific. We begin by presenting and critiquing some fundamental concepts and tools of evaluation before turning to specific challenges facing the evaluation of science and communication endeavours. Examples include a classic evaluation controversy that spawned the Public Understanding of Science (PUS) movement in the UK and a look at the difficulties faced by science centres in determining the effect they may be having on their visitors. As an example of a sector-wide evaluation challenge, we look at an issue of broad concern to science communication because it affects science research in general: the global ranking of universities. At the end of the chapter, we have included a more detailed, but not exhaustive, example of a hypothetical evaluation of a science communication enterprise.

Introduction : the importance of method in the study of the political internet / Marta Cantijoch, Rachel Gibson, Laura Sudulich, Matthew Wall and Stephen Ward -- Political homophily on the web / Robert Ackland and Jamsheed Shorish -- Blogosphere authority index 2.0 : change and continuity in the American political blogosphere, 2007-2010 / Dave Karpf -- A tool for analysing Youtube audience reactions and discussions / Mike Thelwall -- Social data analytics tool : a demonstrative case study of methodology and software / Ravi Vatrapu, Abid Hussain, Daniel Hardt, and Zeshan Jaffari -- Opportunities and challenges of analysing Twitter content : a comparison of the occupation movements in Spain, Greece and the US / Gema Garcia-Albacete and Yannis Theocharis -- Stuttgart's black Thursday on Twitter : mapping political protests with social media data / Andreas Jungherr and Pascal Jürgens -- Analysing "super-participation" in online third spaces / Todd Graham and Scott Wright -- A mixed-methods approach to capturing online local-level data / Rosalynd Southern -- From web sites to web presences : interactive behaviours in web campaigns during the 2010 UK general election / Benjamin Lee -- New directions in web analysis : semantic polling and the future of opinion surveys / Nick Anstead and Ben O'Loughlin