Suchergebnisse

"While the digitalization and automation of war has increased the demand for preventive arms control, no such regimes have emerged yet. Building on regime theory and empirical observations from the case of Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) arms control, this article explores whether or not regime-building is feasible in the cases of cyberwar and robotics respectively. Due to problems to define 'cyberweapons' and to verify their use, banning specific information technologies is hardly achievable. Instead, regime-building should rely on international norms against certain behavior in cyberspace. In the case of the automation of warfare, preventive arms control is feasible, but leading states would need to learn more about the negative consequences of unhindered arms competition." (author's abstract)

"This article examines the ideas and strategy of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East. Since 2003 Turkey is in a direct competition with Iran for a regional hegemony and Syria is the battleground of this competition. The article asserts that Turkish support for the Syrian opposition is based on ideological and strategical reasons. Yet at the same time, Turkey's position on Arab democratization brings it into conflict with Sunni authoritarian regimes. Instead of focusing on Syria as its number one foreign policy goal, Ankara has overextended its capabilities by engaging in other regional conflicts. Consequently, it has alienated other regional and international powers and could not capitalize on chances of collaboration and coordination on Syria." (author's abstract)

The international community has made a commitment that aims to halve, by 2015, the number of people without access to safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation systems. In Togo, the government struggles to provide the population with access to water and sanitation, despite a proactive policy. We argue that a connection to safe water and sanitation increases housing values. Using collected data from the city of Dapaong, we develop a hedonic price model to capture the relationship between housing values and their characteristics. Our results support the need to accompany any investment in access to water and sanitation with real estate policies, so that the poorest households remain beneficiaries of the pro-poor policies. ; Etudes & documents

If the ongoing standoff between the Syriza government and the Troika of the European Union (EU), European Central Bank (ECB), and International Monetary Fund (IMF) could be boiled down to its essentials, it would be this: The 'institutions' will only equip the Greek economy with enough operating funds to manage a barebones operation. And they will begrudgingly accede to this only if Syriza maintains a primary surplus and the neoliberal labor market reforms that the Troika judges necessary to keep the Greek economy, and other eurozone economies, competitive in the global market. The left-wing government must, in essence, demonstrate that its loyalty to the European bankers' project takes precedence over its obligations to democracy. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; L'informatique en réseau a souvent été présentée comme un instrument favorisant l'auto-organisation de la société civile, à partir de modes alternatifs de distribution du pouvoir et de coordination des activités. L'histoire d'internet, abordée du point de vue de l'histoire des idées, montre que de telles propriétés ont donné lieu à la formation d'une véritable philosophie politique que nous avons appelée le libéralisme informationnel. Celle-ci a vu différents modèles d'économie politique s'affronter ; nous en présentons ici le mouvement général ainsi que les divergences internes. Nous terminons par un exposé de trois grandes formes de gouvernementalité qui en sont issues, et qui ouvrent à une critique de l'économie politique en régime numérique : la captation, la dissémination et l'auto-institution.

International migration is determined by both economic and political forces. This article examines the influence of economic, demographic and policy variables on British emigration to four principal destinations in two different eras. Before 1914 the economic and demographic forces that drove British emigration can be clearly identified. Had the same conditions applied in the post-Second World War period, mass emigration from Britain would have continued until the early 19905. But from the mid-1960s these influences became less powerful as they were increasingly inhibited by immigration policies in the principal destination countries. The long-term decline in emigration is largely accounted for by shifts in policy, especially those that curtailed or abolished the preferences previously extended to settlers from the UK.

This paper examines the development of the Indonesian automotive industry since 1970. After giving an overview of trends and a comparative East Asian assessment, we investigate ownership patterns, the political economy of intervention and key structural features of the industry. Output grew rapidly in the three decades to 1997; there was a significant increase in technological capacity; and some firms in the components and commercial vehicle sectors were approaching international efficiency. However, the highly interventionist policy regime has resulted in an inefficient industry characterised by 'back-to-front' industrialisation, uneconomic production runs and minuscule exports. The industry's fundamental weaknesses were exposed by the crisis of 1997-99. Looking beyond the current difficulties, the future challenge will be to develop a globally efficient and integrated industry.

International audience ; Precious metals (gold, silver, and platinum) have become an important part of investment portfolios forindividuals as well as for institutions. This paper examines the weak-form efficiency of precious metal markets, using the automatic portmanteau and variance ratio tests. It is found that return predictability of these markets has been changing over time, depending on the prevailing economic and political conditions. The return predictability of gold and silver markets has been showing downward trends, implying that the degree of the weak-form efficiency of these markets has been gradually improving. In particular, the gold market has been highly efficient recently, showing the highest degree of market efficiency among the three precious metal markets.

Die Julikrise stürzte die Sozialdemokraten in ein argumentatives Dilemma. Dem nationalistischen Taumel, der fast alle europäischen Gesellschaften erfasste, stand die traditionell internationalistisch ausgerichtete europäische Arbeiterbewegung wie gelähmt gegenüber. Bis wenige Tage vor Kriegsausbruch hielt auch die deutsche Arbeiterbewegung an ihrer bisherigen Friedenspolitik unbeirrt fest. Noch am 25. Juli 1914 verkündete der SPD-Parteivorstand: ,,Wir wollen keinen Krieg! Nieder mit dem Kriege! Hoch die internationale Völkerverbrüderung!" Gleichzeitig herrschte allgemeines Verständnis auch in den Reihen der Genossen für eine lokal begrenzte Strafaktion Österreich-Ungarns an Serbien, dem die Verantwortung für das Attentat auf den österreichischen Thronfolger zugeschrieben wurde. Die Gefahr, dass dabei die Logik der Bündnisverpflichtungen innerhalb der europäischen Staaten eintreten und damit der Weg zum Krieg beschritten werden würde, wurde allgemein als sehr gering eingeschätzt. Weitgehend Einigkeit bestand schon vor 1914 in den Reihen der Sozialdemokraten, dass sie im Falle eines Angriffskrieges gegen Deutschland uneingeschränkt ihrer patriotischen Pflicht nachkommen werden. Schon der Übervater der Partei, August Bebel, hatte dies in der sog. ,,Flintenrede" 1904 im Reichstag ausgesprochen: ,, . aber wenn der Krieg ein Angriffskrieg werden sollte, ein Krieg, in dem es sich dann um die Existenz Deutschlands handelte, dann - ich gebe Ihnen mein Wort - sind wir bis zum letzten Mann und selbst die Ältesten unter uns bereit, die Flinte auf die Schulter zu nehmen und unseren deutschen Boden zu verteidigen".

This is a conference paper. ; This paper presents findings from a study of spare parts and maintenance supply chains for handpumps in rural areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 2014 by the consultants Absolute Options for Concern Worldwide, and the steps taken by Concern towards implementing some of the key recommendations as part of the DRC WASH Consortium. The analysis and findings are relevant for other actors working on rural water supply. Key emerging issues are the role of international NGOs and donors in supporting supply chain development through more local procurement; the feasible level of professionalization of rural water management; and how INGOs can play a facilitation role in linking local actors to discuss and address these challenges.

Performer: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) Project Lead: George Perkovich Project Cost: $104,000 FY15-16 ; Objective: India's new government plans to conduct a review of its nuclear policy, and it is reasonable to assume that the Modi administration will seek to improve India's overall defense strategy and management, which has frustrated Indian military and strategic communities for some time. This project will identify and analyze the options under consideration by Indian decision makers in terms of nuclear capabilities and doctrine. In particular, CEIP will examine the factors that India will have to consider in deciding whether or not to develop battlefield nuclear weapons as it seeks to provide more symmetric and flexible options for countering Pakistan's development and potential use of theater nuclear weapons. ; PASCC

The article deals with the features of modern internationalization of production and economic relations among economic entities around the world based on the global value chains formation. The essence and the basic provisions of the multilateral WTO Agreement on Government Procurement as the integration tool of Ukraine's industries into the global value chains are revealed. The Ukraine's government procurement reforming progress towards the relevant WTO rules and regulations full implementation is analyzed. The foreign trade intensification potential of the domestic exporters as a result of Ukraine''s accession to the Government Procurement Agreement is determined. The measures that will help in accelerating of the Ukraine's entry into the international market of government procurement under the WTO are suggested.

(Inaugural-)adressen til den 1.Internationale Arbejderassociation som Marx formulerede efter dennes grundlæggelse i september 1864 undersøges i en kritisk diskursanalyse der omfatter det engelske (!) original, efterfølgende tyske oversættelser samt den danske oversættelse fra 1971 (MEUS). Marx' egne tekster sammenlignes med hinanden og med andres oversættelser. Marx' mindre kendte, tyske version som 'Manifest an die arbeitende Klasse Europas' præciserer hans karakteristika for hvad han kalder 'Arbejderklassens politiske økonomi'. Det sker på en måde, der ikke er identisk med den engelsksprogede eller for den sags skyld den danske version. På denne måde findes der en mere 'profetisk' version side om side med en version, der fremhæver en tilgang svarende til forsigtigheds-princippet. Udover politisk økonomi anvendte Marx det også på udenrigspolitikken. I dag rammer det den miljøpolitiske diskussion.

International audience ; The 2008 rice-price surge provided ammunition to the opponents of rice trade liberalization in West Africa. However, a comparative analysis of the rice development history and policy changes since the 1980s across selected West African countries shows that neither protectionism nor liberalization had a sustainable impact on West Africa?s rice import dependency. Both policy options wrongly assume that rice markets are efficient and able to forward price incentives to producers, while they are actually deeply segmented between local and imported rice. Without putting a higher priority on the development of an efficient local rice marketing system, rice development will likely have a limited impact on import dependency level, whatever trade policy options are chosen (protectionism or liberalization).