Suchergebnisse

This study looks at the experiences of European and American companies that have collaborated with their Japanese competitors in the fields of computers, consumer electronics, automobiles and aero-engines, by forming joint ventures, designing products together and pursuing complementary marketing strategies. It examines why these companies have chosen to collaborate rather than compete; whether the Japanese companies have proved to be reliable partners; whether the non-Japanese have been left behind; and what the future of such collaboration may be. The book concludes by pointing to a growing

After more than a decade of economic crisis, Japan now again reports constant economic growth due to an increase of capital expenditure and exports. However, the country still faces the problem of its high national debt. According to the Japanese Ministry of Finance, Japan's national debt amounted in 2005 to 774 trillion yen (approximately 5.15 trillion euro), which corresponds to 151.6% of its nominal GDP, the highest among the industrial countries. These figures do not include the enormous debts of Japan's state-owned enterprises, which are financed by the national Fiscal In­vestment and Loan Program. The FILP Program exists as a special budget in addi­tion to the regular national budget and is not included in the official statistics on Japan's national debt. Japan's National Railways (JNR) and highway corporations alone carry a burden of former liabilities of 40 trillion yen (approximately 270 billion euro) each. The effort of the Japanese government to reduce the debt of its public corporations dates back to the mid-80s and still continues today, in particular with the ongoing privatization of the Japanese postal services. After a brief overview of Japan's fiscal system and the nature of Japanese state-owned enterprises, this article will explain the financing of state-owned enterprises by the FILP Program, and in particular the priva­tization of Japan's National Railway (JNR), highways, and post office as a means of "slashing the national debt." The article comes to the conclusion that only a serious reform of Japan's fiscal system, which currently still provides for two co-existing budgets, can accomplish lasting debt relief of Japan's public corporations rather than merely a conversion of their respective debt. ; After more than a decade of economic crisis, Japan now again reports constant economic growth due to an increase of capital expenditure and exports. However, the country still faces the problem of its high national debt. According to the Japanese Ministry of Finance, Japan's national debt amounted in 2005 to 774 trillion yen (approximately 5.15 trillion euro), which corresponds to 151.6% of its nominal GDP, the highest among the industrial countries. These figures do not include the enormous debts of Japan's state-owned enterprises, which are financed by the national Fiscal In­vestment and Loan Program. The FILP Program exists as a special budget in addi­tion to the regular national budget and is not included in the official statistics on Japan's national debt. Japan's National Railways (JNR) and highway corporations alone carry a burden of former liabilities of 40 trillion yen (approximately 270 billion euro) each. The effort of the Japanese government to reduce the debt of its public corporations dates back to the mid-80s and still continues today, in particular with the ongoing privatization of the Japanese postal services. After a brief overview of Japan's fiscal system and the nature of Japanese state-owned enterprises, this article will explain the financing of state-owned enterprises by the FILP Program, and in particular the priva­tization of Japan's National Railway (JNR), highways, and post office as a means of "slashing the national debt." The article comes to the conclusion that only a serious reform of Japan's fiscal system, which currently still provides for two co-existing budgets, can accomplish lasting debt relief of Japan's public corporations rather than merely a conversion of their respective debt.