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New technologies –Internet, mobile phones, tablets- have the capacity to strengthen civic society and consolidate democracy around the world. Civic engagement and activism have adapted to virtual societies maximizing their organizational linkages and networking skills in an attempt, on the one hand, to consolidate democracy in Western civilization; on the other hand, to promote transition processes in autocratic systems. Therefore, one of the most innovative effects of digital, transnational activism has been the revitalization of direct, global democracy. Definitely, the interactive capacities of new technologies have enhanced citizen participation and deliberation creating a sort of virtual agora or digital public sphere where digital citizens discuss worldwide issues of mutual interest. In this discursive space public opinion is formed and exerts influence on political action. All in all, activism is evolving in this millennium towards global action or global activism. We assist to the trans-nationalization of activist networks. Inspired by altruistic solidarity, social movements have promoted cooperation, found supporters and organized demonstrations and protests worldwide. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, thousands of people have gathered against austerity measures and social injustice –from Toronto, New York, Madrid, Athens, Lisbon, London, etc.-. New media and communication technologies have enhanced collective action. The potential of global activism is to be explored and developed throughout the new millennium.

In attaining the mission and vision of organizations, the employment of management skills are essential tools for leadership. The imperatives of such skills in dynamic organizations suggest effectiveness and efficiency. Democratic societies and organizations are expected to possess hybrid skills in the management of their affairs. It is no longer good for any organization to have the "right. leadership in the right place without the right management skills. In other words, it brings serious injuries to organizations when individuals are contracted without the corresponding expected performance. Performance, based on management skills, constitutes the vital hyphen for leadership in coordinating strategy and target in order to deliver services. Corporate governance therefore entails strategy, management and efficient output of products. All these require management techniques of planning, organising, leading, controlling etc. of all resources. This Paper attempts to generally x-ray management skills that provide essential tools for leadership in democracy. Since high performance organizations are identified with leaders that give them great virtues, they are thus characterized by "charismatic. and "transformational. leaders based on the vision and strategy employed. A few Nigerian situations were exhibited in order to show leadership qualities and styles as well as the essence of leadership imperatives in democracy. However, the feasibility of democracy in Nigeria and its desirability in organizational leadership have continued to raise crucial questions on management skills.

This study, as a concise and critical literature review, examines related studies that investigated the interplay of the three constructs: ethnic identity, national identity and language policy. To do this, five related research articles were located and their similarities and differences in terms of their findings and methodologies were compared and contrasted. The literature review reveals that the researchers have utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to obtain data. The findings show that ethnic identity is the contextualization of history, beliefs, customs, spiritual values, etc. of a speech community which practice their culture and values via the medium of language. National identity which emerges in time can be defined as an embodiment of the all common cultural values and social practices of different ethnic groups inside the borders of any country, and this is also manifested through a common language used as the formal and official language of their country. However, identity is a notion that remains rather illusive in its operationalization. Finally, language policy may be representative of a body of law, regulation and authoritative linguistic planned programs which are imposed on societies by governments. Language policies as nation building activities can improve the sense of nationality and reduce ethnic discords, and in the event may also suppress the maintenance or development of ethnic identity.

Not Available ; Droughts are manifestations of significant shortages in all domains of the water cycle. They have adverse impacts on the environment, water availability and water quality, water supply system, hydropower generation, navigation, groundwater balances, vegetation cover, agricultural production, etc. of the affected region. Drought is a regular part of natural cycles and single-most weather related natural disaster affecting livelihoods, developmental activities, natural resources (water, soil, and biodiversity) and economy of a country (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought). Although droughts may persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and severely affect local economy. This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture. Indeed drought is one of the most serious problems arising from climate variability for human societies and ecosystems (Yurekli and Kurune, 2006). The occurrence of droughts is not limited to a particular region. It has been observed that their impact has been completely different in developed and developing nations because of several socio-economic and political factors influencing both behavioral and management patterns. Even within the developing countries, the effects of droughts can vary significantly, but the fact remains that the economically weaker countries or groups in a country are most severely affected by the droughts. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Droughts are manifestations of significant shortages in all domains of the water cycle. They have adverse impacts on the environment, water availability and water quality, water supply system, hydropower generation, navigation, groundwater balances, vegetation cover, agricultural production, etc. of the affected region. Drought is a regular part of natural cycles and single-most weather related natural disaster affecting livelihoods, developmental activities, natural resources (water, soil, and biodiversity) and economy of a country (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought). Although droughts may persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and severely affect local economy. This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture. Indeed drought is one of the most serious problems arising from climate variability for human societies and ecosystems (Yurekli and Kurune, 2006). The occurrence of droughts is not limited to a particular region. It has been observed that their impact has been completely different in developed and developing nations because of several socio-economic and political factors influencing both behavioral and management patterns. Even within the developing countries, the effects of droughts can vary significantly, but the fact remains that the economically weaker countries or groups in a country are most severely affected by the droughts. ; Not Available

U sferi između državnih ustanova i organizacija - vladinog sektora, i preduzeća, firmi, kompanija - profitnog sektora, nalazi se ceo niz udruženja, društava, saveza, fondacija, foruma itd. Već i sama terminološka raznovrsnost na koju nailazimo u oblasti koja je predmet našeg rada - nevladine organizacije, neprofitne organizacije, organizacije civilnog društva, udruženja građana, treći sektor i dr., ukazuje na veoma širok spektar organizacija i na kompleksnost njihovog položaja i uloge u društvu. Zasnovane na osnovnim ljudskim pravima i građanskim slobodama i na tradiciji građanskog udruživanja, one učestvuju u rešavanju skoro svih važnih društvenih pitanja i predstavljaju nezaobilaznog partnera u skoro svim procesima izgradnje i unapređivanja savremenog demokratskog društva. ; In the area between state institutions and organizations - between the government sector and companies - in the profit sector, a whole number of associations, societies, federations, foundations and forums exist. The terminological diversity we encounter in the field of our study - non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, civil society organizations, citizen associations, Third sector etc. testifies to the wide specter of organizations and to the complexity of their position and their role in society. They are based on fundamental human rights, civil liberties and tradition of citizens association, and they take part in solving of almost all important social issues and represent an unavoidable partner in almost all processes of building and improving the contemporary democratic society.

"Democracy is feasible in multinational states. Sub-state nationalism in Europe has grown stronger, not weaker, during the last decades. And this has taken place because of democracy and not in spite of it. The cohabitation of democracy and nationalism is guaranteed by the establishment of compounded representation. The political decentralization of the state produces a multiplication of the sources of representation. Territorial representation becomes as important as individual representation, and sub-state nationalists lose incentives to defend a type of political representation that is ethnically based in favour of one that is territorially based. As a result, membership in one nation ceases to exclude membership in another and dual national identities become the rule and not the exception. I shall use the case of Spain as an illustration of this process. Spain is a paradigmatic case of how to establish a stable democracy in a multinational state with deeply entrenched nationalist conflicts. Thus, it is the best possible illustration in order to defend the viability of democracy in multinational societies under constraining conditions (new democracy, the presence of secessionist terrorism, highly mobilized minority nationalisms, etc.). In fact, Spain in 1977 lacked most of the conditions established by Dahl (1971) as essential if a country with considerable subcultural pluralism was to maintain its conflicts at a low enough level to sustain polyarchy." (author's abstract)

New Value-Added Network Services (VANS) provide the foundation for the wide variety of applications (e-commerce, e-government, e-education, etc.,) that will make-up the e-economy in new information societies. Internet services are only a part of the VANS sector. The development of VANS is influenced primarily by three factors – technological improvements, government policies/ regulations, and the market structure of the VANS sector. South Africa has announced clear information society policies, but has not yet implemented them. Although the national fixed telecom network has experienced declining coverage in recent years, for those connected, the network is fully digitalised and makes increasing use of Internet Protocol. Technologically, South Africa is well prepared to be a leader in VANS development. However, its policy and regulation arena has been a site of continuous conflict and indecision, which has resulted in VANS development being restricted rather than promoted by government policy. Telkom's aggressive activity in attempting to maximise its service exclusivities has restricted VANS development even further. Telkom's exclusivity period under the government's "managed liberalisation" policy ended 7 May 2002. If South Africa is to see its information society and e-economy policies implemented, it will have to establish, and implement through strong regulation, a commitment to promoting an innovative VANS sector. The forthcoming convergence legislation provides an opportunity to do so.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of any development project is now a part of the project analysis today. This is not only required by national and/or international legislation, but also the growing environmental awareness of societies has forced project implementers to consider any environmental consequences beforehand and take the necessary measures to mitigate adverse effects. As a protect cycle may include several steps, the consideration of environmental impacts at each level is now something inevitable. Although large numbers of environmental impact assessment procedures are available, an appropriate. EIA procedure that is compatible with the level must be adopted. To this end, a tailor-made procedure for water resources planning process is devised, which is a computer model for the environmental assessment of planning components such as reservoirs and abstraction schemes etc. The model provides all the necessary facilities and knowledge thereby assisting the user to evaluate a particular impact by means of generic knowledge in relation to the impact and the site characteristics. As such, the model lakes a form of expert system without a proper shell being used. The intention is to use the outcomes of this model including environmental impacts along with the economical considerations in large-scale water resources planning process.

A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LITERARY WORK CONTINUES TO COME FROM SOUTH AFRICA. SINCE THE DECADES OF THE FIFTIES AND SIXTIES IN PARTICULAR, THE SCENE OF PARTICULAR, THE SCENE OF CREATIVE WRITING HAS BEEN ILLUMINATED TO VARYING DEGREES BY SUCH NAMES AS CAN THEMBA, MPHAHLELE, MAIMANE, MODISANE, RIVE, MATTHEWS, NAKANA, GORDIMER, BRINK, FUGARD, COETZEE, SEROTE, MTSHALI AND OTHERS. THE EMERGENCE OF THE NEW GENERATION OF WRITERS STIMULATED WIDE INTEREST IN OUR COUNTRY'S LITERARY PAST AND THUS RESEARCH AND THOUSANDS OF WORDS OF COMMENTARY, ANALYSIS AND REVIEW BROUGHT ONCE MORE TO LIGHT SUCH AS SOL PLAATJE, OLIVE SCHREINER, MOFOLO, DUBE, ABRAHAMS ETC. ALL THESE WRITERS HAVE IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER CONCERNED THEMSELVES WITH THE REALITIES OF OUR COUNTRY IN ITS VARYING ASPECTS AND INFLUENCES, AND SO THEIR WORKS ARE INCLUDED UNDER THE COLLECTIVE HEADING OF 'SOUTH AFRICAN WRITING.' WRITERS OF COURSE APPROACH THEIR SUBJECT MATTER FROM THEIR INDIVIDUAL POINTS OF VIEW, YET WRITERS IN SOCIETIES THE LEAST BEDEVILLED BY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIVISIONS WHICH MIGHT INFLUENCE THEIR IDEAS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO GAIN THE DISTINCTION OF CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR 'NATIONAL' LITERATURE. IN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES WRITERS HAVE A GREATER OPPORTUNITY OF PRODUCING WORKS REFLECTING THE ONENESS OF THEIR PEOPLE'S LIVES AND CHARACTERISTICS IN SPITE OF CERTAIN BARRIERS WHICH STILL MIGHT HAVE TO BE OVERCOME.

Poetical politics of Giambattista Vico
The article presents a part of Vico's New Sience that is not so well known, but probably was a solid foundation of Vico's famous concept of ricorsi. The thinker's interest in poetical foundation of first societies is in a clear opposition with Cartesian and contractualist's visions of philosophy and politics dominant in his time. The article shows how Vico's connection to the renaissance tradition of poetical language gave him tools to explore the antiquity in a fruitfull way for philosophical and historical purposes. Nevertheless, it is partially also the tradition of Heidegger and Foucault, which makes Vico even more interesting to a contemporary reader. The article presents the poetical foundation of politics in concrete steps present in New Sience: the moment of foundation, religion of the first community, its language, morality, social structure, change, etc. It also explains epistemological means of human's becoming historical and political: ingegno, metaphor, myth, universals, dictionary of humanity, Eternal Ideal History. As to be complete, it deals with the issue so vividly discussed during medieval and renaissance times, that is of Homer, evidencing the pride of scientists. This all brings to the attention of a reader a totally original vision of the beginnings of zoon politicon that was and is in the first instance animal symbolicum.

In India the soc sci press is a product of, & its contributors are primarily members of, the academic community. Apart from its cognitive purpose, the soc sci press enables members of the academic community to further their own interests in terms of promotion through publication. Further the press, which reflects the characteristics of the educated elite in India, tends to adopt a passive attitude to various soc & pol'al issues. The press is mostly owned by the learned societies, U's, faculties, educ'al instit's, etc. Information is presented on editorial arrangements, staff, responsibility for content, & publication & finance. A content analysis of 17 journals for the yr 1964 indicates that the trend of the journals is to publish all kinds of articles, but theoretical articles are in the majority, followed by retrospective coverage articles. Space allocation & internat'l scope are indicated. Re readership & circulation 9 journals reported that they are directed at an academic & professional group of readers, one only at an academic group of readers, 2 only at a professional group of readers, one at an academic & general public, & 4 at all groups of readers. COMM is thus confined to an educated elite & its purpose is mainly cognitive, educ'al, & designed to promote the development & progress of the academic community. E. Weiman.

SUMMARY:
Addressing the factor of post-Soviet Islam in Central Asia, Adeeb Khalid argues that for decades Islam was envisioned as an archetypical opposition to communism, while the study of Central Asian societies was the prerogative of nationalities studies as a subdiscipline of Sovietology. Despite the emergence of several profound studies of Islamic societies in the (former) USSR, the view that automatically ascribes political meaning to Islam still predominates, now turning it from a victim of Communism into a major threat to regional security.

Arguing against a view of Islam as a rigid system independent of local context, Khalid maintains that responsible research into Islamic societies of Central Asia must take into account Soviet history: as the USSR fell apart, the re-Islamization of the region proceeded along with the persistence of ethno-national identities in a way specific to the early 21 st century.

According to Khalid, during the Soviet period Islam and tradition were attacked, Islam was provincialized, and Soviet Muslims were cut off from the rest of the Muslim world. At the same time, the transmission of religious knowledge was limited. Nevertheless, the authorities established the Central Asian Spiritual Administration for Muslims (SADUM), quite in disregard of Islamic tradition, in 1943. SADUM did help train a small number of theologians and maintain a minimal presence of Islam in Central Asia, while the Soviet-promoted national intelligentsia focused on developing and sustaining ethno-national identities.

Soviet authority did not mean the annihilation of local communities, which often assumed a Soviet form as collective farms or other institutions. It was through these communities that Islam was often transmitted. Sufism became widespread for it was well suited for informal existence. As a result, Islam became a marker of local and national identity, without requiring a Muslim to subscribe to religious rules and regulations.

Khalid stresses that this situation was widespread among premodern societies. In Central Asia, the Jadid movement attempted to reform and reinvigorate Islam in the 19 th century. Yet, the Soviet "localization" of Islam was not just a return to the pre-Jadid situation: during the Soviet period Islam became part of the cultural heritage of the nation.

Adeeb Khalid sees the Soviet experience of intervening in Islamic life and tradition as part of a broader context (although the Soviet case was unique in its longevity and fortitude). The author notes that discussions of post-Soviet Islam in Central Asia are conducted in the context of a "return" to original national culture, of which Islam is a part. Discussions of Islam demonstrate that references made to it are possible only in the context of some other topics (progress, education, culture, etc). The disintegration of the Soviet Union saw the persistence of party nomenklatura riding the national rhetoric. Khalid briefly surveys the role played by Islam in contemporary Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, describes these regimes' struggle against various Islamic movements, and concludes that ethno-national identities in contemporary Central Asia appropriated Islam as their own.

This book offers a comparative perspective on Northern and Southern European laws and customs concerning women's property and economic rights. By focusing on both Northern and Southern European societies, these studies analyse the consequences of different juridical frameworks and norms on the development of the economic roles of men and women. By drawing on a wide range of social, economic and cultural European contexts, from the late medieval to early modern age to the nineteenth century, andincluding the middle and lower classes (especially artisans, merchants and traders) as well as the economic practices and norms of the upper middle class and aristocracy, this book will be of interest to economic and social historians, sociologists of health, gender andsexuality, and economists. This volume is divided into three parts. The first, Laws, presents general outlines related to some European regions; the second, Family strategies or marital economies?, questions the potential conflict between the economic interests of the married couple and those of the lineage within the nobility; finally, the third part of the book, Inside the urban economy, focuses on economic and work activities of middle and lower classes in the urban environment. The assorted and rich panorama offered by the history of the legislation on women's economic rights shows that similarities and differences run through Europe in such a way that the North/South model looks very stereotyped. While this approach calls into question classical geographical and cultural maps and well-established chronologies, it encourages a reconsideration of European history according to a cross-boundaries perspective

Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. Facultad de Filosofía. Programa Institucional de Maestría en Filosofía de la Cultura ; Betting on the possibility and need of subjectivity in childhood outside of sexual determination is the objective of this work. Think about the birth and development of bodies outside scientific, moral, mercantile, pedagogical, political, etc. determinisms which reduces them to what is between their legs, represents a means to denounce that what has been made us consider as the base element of which abbreviates the truth of who we are, of our identity: sex, is a construct that guarantees the production and governance of the bodies by the prevailing political dynamics. From the hand of Paul B. Preciado, this text shows how the sexualization of bodies from birth is the foundational act that enables the development of a wide range of violence that swarm in contemporary societies, at the same time, it shows how the possibility of organizing the bodies, confiscated by sexuality, reveals the performance and prosthetic abilities of the epistemic frames used in the intellection and restraint of the bodies, as well as the ways by which they can be appropriated by anybody. Birth and the subsequent stage of life thus represent a key space of resistance to sexual violence, to the extent that, through the concept of the Body without organs, childhood reveals its particular power for the construction of an experimental ethic where no model can display its hegemony. ; Apostar por la posibilidad y necesidad de la subjetividad en la infancia por fuera de la determinación sexual, es el objetivo del presente trabajo. Pensar el nacimiento y desarrollo de los cuerpos por fuera de los determinismos científicos, morales, mercantiles, pedagógicos, políticos, etc. que los reduce a lo que hay entre sus piernas, representa un medio para denunciar que aquello que se nos ha hecho considerar como el elemento base del que abreva la verdad de quienes somos, de nuestra identidad: el sexo, es un constructo que ...