Suchergebnisse

What was Adam Smith's intellectual laboratory? How did his economic theory take shape? Were his metaphors of order only residual and ornamental expressions? This book answers these questions by analyzing the formation of the concepts of market and social order in Adam Smith's work, by considering various aspects of his approach. It analyzes how metaphors and pre-analytical concepts influenced Smith's theory. In line with studies that deal with the cognitive role of metaphors in science, this book suggests that in Smith's work metaphors provided a framework, on which basis the theory subsequently developed. Therefore, as such they were part of that intellectual process which made possible the formation of structured concepts. The content and scope of the book permits a more comprehensive interpretation of Smith's thought, in which many aspects of his work are taken into consideration in order to explain a crucial problem for Smith: the nature and causes of social and economic order. The book also shows that in general, formation of theories is a complex process that includes pre-analytical views as non-residual parts of inquiry.

1. Introduction -- 2. Keynes's Theory in the Making -- 3. How Did Keynes Transform His Theory from the Tract into the Treatise? -- 4. How, and for How Long Did Keynes Maintain The Treatise Theory? -- 5. The Turning Point in Keynes's Theoretical Development -- 6. Keynes as a Planner and Negotiator - International Clearing Union -- 7. Keynes and the Transmutation Process of the Plan for Commodity Control Scheme -- 8. International Design and the British Empire - On the Relief Problem -- 9. The Welfare State in the Making - Beveridge and Keynes -- 10. Keynes's Employment Policy in the Making - The Keynesian Revolution in Economic Policy -- 11. A Treatise on Probability and My Early Beliefs -- 12. Keynes's New Liberalism Re-Examined -- 13. Hawtrey's Philosophy through His Unpublished Thought and Things -- 14. Hawtrey on Welfare and Value -- 15. Exploring Hawtrey's Social Philosophy through His Unpublished Book -- 16. Prof. Aoyama's Study on Robertson and Keynes in Interwar Japan -- 17. Keynes and Monetary Economics -- 18. Recent Japanese Studies in the Development on Keynes's Thought.

Although the 'classics' could only imagine socialism without the market, the Soviet debate primarily revolved around the question whether market relations should be allowed. But then Stalin promulgated tenets that allowed neither a true representation of the Soviet economy, nor the development of a theory of economic planning. Instead, a Political Economy of Socialism, a contradictory doctrine of 'planned market relations', was rolled out. The economic-mathematical school and tentative reflections on the market failed to make an impact. Mikhail Gorbachev's attempt to save the socialist system by means of a Soviet variation on market socialism failed also because of a lack of theoretical groundwork. Adapted from the source document.

Continuous impact of the international institutions and organizations on the world economic order would not be repudiated. One of them is the World Bank (WB). Bank was established for the purpose of reconstruction of the Western Europe, which was destroyed subsequent to the Second World War, and it also has the characteristic of being an institution determining the development discourses in the world. Bank specifies its development discourse in line with the evolution of the economic theories. On the other hand, it also contributes to the evolution of the economic theory by means of the development discourses it composes. Therefore, it is possible to make mention about the existence of a two-way process between development discourse of the Bank and the evolution of economic theories. This two-way process has been illuminated in this study. It has been demonstrated that Bank has developed a discourse in parallel with the basic principles of Neoclassical theory, Keynesian theory, Harrod-Domar growth model and Neo-Marxist theory from its foundation until the mid-1960s. Since the 1970s, Bank has adopted a discourse based on neoliberal theory as a result of the Keynesian theory's responseless to the particular structural problems. The rise of the New Institutional Theory in the 1990s brought about Bank's adoption of discourse which focuses on the state-market cooperation. It would be feasible to claim that Bank has carved out a discourse which hinges on sustainable development in period from the 2000s to the present. However, it is thought that the discourse being constituted both in 1990s and in 2000s has not been parted from the core of the neoliberal theory.