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The article shows the context of Social History of Education. Its objective is to present the elements which made possible the origin of the greatest social and academic event in History. This article also describes the political, economic, social and cultural circumstances which surrounded and promoted the creation of "Studium Generale" in the 12th and 13th Centuries. These were created in order to spread knowledge and as a basis for the culture flourishment of this period. The University thus became a forum in which vied for power the various representatives of civil and religious establishment. Oblivious to this, teachers and students sought to achieve pure knowledge, the desire to learn and know the amor sciendi. ; El artículo da cuenta del contexto de la Edad Media, y aborda los elementos que hicieron posible el nacimiento del evento académico y social más grande de la historia. En él se describen las circunstancias políticas, económicas, sociales y culturales que rodearon e impulsaron entre los siglos XII y XIII la creación de los "Studium Generale", para la difusión del saber, como base del $orecimiento de la cultura. La universidad se convirtió así en un foro en el que se disputaban el poder los diversos representantes del estamento civil y religioso. Ajeno a ello, maestros y alumnos buscaban alcanzar el conocimiento puro, el deseo de aprender y conocer el amor sciendi.

Post-colonial Africa is fraught with myriads of endogenous and exogenous challenges. This paper argues that decades of deplorable democratic experience in Africa have rather reincarnated some sorts of discontents and rebellious confrontation in some states in Africa. This is exemplified in the recent military coups in Sudan, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, Mali, Burkina Faso and the failed coups in Guinea Bissau and Gambia. The study utilizes documentary methods of data collection and adopts frustration-aggression theory in explaining the contradictions that appeared to have stultified democracy in Africa which apparently have denied the people the corresponding gains embedded in democratic practice. It concludes that ending the resurgence of military coups in Africa demands urgent steps to enthrone good governance in Africa's democratic states. The paper recommends the institutionalization of governance in lieu of the prevailing personalization of state institutions in Africa.

This open access book looks at how a democracy can devolve into a post-factual state. The media is being flooded by populist narratives, fake news, conspiracy theories and make-believe. Misinformation is turning into a challenge for all of us, whether politicians, journalists, or citizens. In the age of information, attention is a prime asset and may be converted into money, power, and influence – sometimes at the cost of facts. The point is to obtain exposure on the air and in print media, and to generate traffic on social media platforms. With information in abundance and attention scarce, the competition is ever fiercer with truth all too often becoming the first victim. Reality Lost: Markets of Attention, Misinformation and Manipulation is an analysis by philosophers Vincent F. Hendricks and Mads Vestergaard of the nuts and bolts of the information market, the attention economy and media eco-system which may pave way to postfactual democracy. Here misleading narratives become the basis for political opinion formation, debate, and legislation. To curb this development and the threat it poses to democratic deliberation, political self-determination and freedom, it is necessary that we first grasp the mechanisms and structural conditions that cause it.

Class, disadvantage and hope : the bullingdon v the "bog Standard" -- Questions of knowledge : what counts in education? : physics vs media studies -- Learning theory and pedagogy -- The problem of testing : "testing, testing 1, 2, 3" v Vygotsky -- The importance of leadership? : The Apprentice vs The Co-Op? -- Ways of being in education : the ministry of soundbites v the hidden curriculum

Purpose
Research emphasizes the motivations underlying and potential harmful consequences of social media use, but there is little understanding of stigmas faced by individual social media users, particularly as they pertain to gender. The purpose of this study is to examine a unique stereotype related to men's social media use.


Design/methodology/approach
Four experiments examine judgments of men based on how often they post on social media (frequently vs infrequently).


Findings
The authors find that posting frequently (vs infrequently) affects the perceived gender of men but not women. This frequent-posting femininity stereotype is explained by perceived neediness and holds regardless of whether posts are about others (vs the self) or whether posts are shared by influencers (vs ordinary users).


Research limitations/implications
Future research should examine other stereotypes of social media users – including those pertaining to gender – and ways to mitigate such negative attributions. Researchers should examine how the frequent-posting femininity stereotype and other social media use stereotypes affect social media consumption and consumer well-being.


Practical implications
Managers should adjust consumer engagement strategies and restructure platforms to address the unique stigmas facing different consumer groups.


Originality/value
Providing insights into the dark side of social media, the authors investigate a unique domain – stereotypes about individual social media users. The findings of this study uncover an emasculating stigma against men who post often on social media, which may discourage men from online participation.

Abstract
This article explores the spatial generation and perception of administrative districts. It has a particular focus on how certain administrative practices contributed to diminishing spatial distance between district offices and local society, that is, residents and municipalities, from the early 19th century to the 1870S in the Grand Duchy of Baden. TWO different administrative systems – a centralized one introduced in 1809 and a more participative one dating from 1863/1865 – characterize the period under consideration. With regard to the methodological approach, the understanding of the generation and perception of administrative spaces is informed by cultural, communications, and media studies.
With respect to the spatial generation and perception of the administrative districts, two administrative practices are of particular interest. Firstly, administrative visitations (›Ortsbereisungen‹) were periodically carried out in the villages by the district officers, starting in the early 19th century, to gather information as the basis of a ›close‹ description of the administrative, agricultural, economic, infrastructural, security, welfare and health conditions in the districts for the purpose of administrative reports. Oral communication and immediacy in conducting the administrative visitations contributed in particular to reducing distance between district administrations and local society.
Secondly, the article explores the role of honorary district councillors as middlemen between local society and district administration from the mid-1860s. In their roles as experts, advisors, and mediators – which they also fulfilled in the context of administrative visitations – the honorary district councillors enhanced the proximity of local society to the district administration and in this way contributed to the perception of the district as a rather small space.

The aim of the chapter is to discuss the idea that the growing of Eurosceptic, or Euro-critical, feelings can even be a sign of vitality in the construction of the European project, although it remains difficult to ignore the risks, as the United Kingdom's recent decision to withdraw from the European Union demonstrates.

Interpersonal communication through face-to-face interactions between civic advisors (PK) BAPAS and the families of the children is used to get indepth information which has purpose to help children involved in criminal offences. From the research results, we can see that interpersonal communication through face-to-face interactions between PK and the families of the children is effective when it fulfills general qualifications such as trust, opennes, supportiveness, and empathy. Supporting factors in interpersonal communication are classified into internal factors (communication skills, appearance, and attitude) and external factors (family, government officials, legal aid office/LBH). Effective interpersonal communication provides best recommendations to help children involved in criminal offences. Keywords: communication, interpersonal communication, trust, supportiveness, openness, empathy

This article provides functional and communicative characteristics of the messenger, which is considered as one of the genres of Internet communication. The functional features of the messenger, which provide unhindered speech communication in this virtual space, are listed. In addition, the main communicative functions that are relevant for various forms of mediated speech communication are named.

Perspectives on government raid on the media-banking consortium MOST (which controls the private television network NTV and several newspapers) and arrest of media tycoon Vladimir Gusinsky; issues of political repression, censorship, and government influence on the media; 5 articles. Contents: The awkward brigade, by Elena Rykovtseva; Endemic disease, by Yegor Yakovlev; Citizens' watch, by Mikhail Gorbachev; Men and messiahs, by Sergie Kovalev; A lesson in spin, by Vitaly Tretyakov.

The main purpose of the present study is to determine the explicative level of the politic interactive communication as well as the attention to the news and political programs broadcasted in television about the different ways of youth political participation in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. The methodology used was of a quantitative nature using an opinion poll. The most significant outcome shows that the political interactive communication has a higher explicative level of the political conventional and non-conventional participation in contrast to attention to the news. ; El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal determinar el nivel explicativo de la comunicación política interactiva, la atención a noticias y programas de política sobre los diferentes tipos de participación política de los jóvenes en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. La metodología utilizada fue de corte cuantitativo aplicando una encuesta de opinión. Los resultados más relevantes de la investigación demuestran que la comunicación política interactiva tiene un mayor nivel explicativo sobre la participación política convencional y no convencional en contraste con la atención a noticias.

What do stories in games have in common with political narratives?This book identifies narrative strategies as mechanisms for meaning and manipulation in games and real life. It shows that the narrative mechanics so clearly identifiable in games are increasingly used (and abused) in politics and social life. They have »many faces«, displays and interfaces. They occur as texts, recipes, stories, dramas in three acts, movies, videos, tweets, journeys of heroes, but also as rewarding stories in games and as narratives in society - such as a career from rags to riches, the concept of modernity or market economy. Below their surface, however, narrative mechanics are a particular type of motivational design - of game mechanics.

Cover -- Contents -- Introduction: What's "Okay" in Bed? Identifying and Comparing Sexual Scripts in Media Content -- Chapter 1: Constructivist Theoretical Underpinnings: Sexual Scripts and Media Frames -- Chapter 2: Look-Sees, Lysol, and Baseball: Heterosexual Scripts in American Popular Culture -- Chapter 3: Sex as an Existential Journey: Heterosexual Scripts in European Popular Culture -- Chapter 4: What's Same-Sex Sex Like?: Popular Imagination of Gay and Lesbian Sexuality -- Chapter 5: Not Loud Enough, Too Loud: Gender and Heterosexuality Construction in Sex Advice -- Chapter 6: Kinksters, Swingers, and Other Weirdos: Media Depictions of Alternative Sexualities -- Chapter 7: Just What the Doctor Ordered: The Scientification of Sex and Sexual Dysfunction -- Chapter 8: Too Young, Too Old: The Procreative-Age Confinement of Socially Tolerable Sexuality -- Conclusion: The Implicit Perpetuation of Sexual Scripts -- References -- Index