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L'article examine les emplois des canadiennes principalement à partir des données du recensement. Malgré le changement des attitudes par rapport au travail féminin et l'accroissement considérable de la participation féminine dans la force du travail, la ségrégation professionnelle demeure virtuellement la même entre 1941 et 1971. La plupart des femmes au travail continuent àêtre concentrées dans quelques emplois, emplois à prédominance féminine. Les femmes se joignent à la force du travail par nécessitééconomique et on peut établir une relation entre l'accroissement de la participation féminine et de la disparitééconomique par une analyse des mouvements dans la distribution du revenu au cours des années et dans le nombre recevant un revenu dans chaque famille. Finalement, le bas salaire des femmes au travail et l'écart grandissant entre les hauts et les bas revenus ont été camouflés par l'énorme croissance du nombre de femmes mariées dans la force du travail.Using primarily census data, we examine the jobs held by Canadian women. Despite changing attitudes to women's work and despite the substantial growth in the labour force participation of women, occupational segregation stays virtually unchanged between 1941 and 1971. Most working women remain concentrated in a few jobs, jobs which are dominated by female workers.Economic need has been chiefly responsible for their joining the labour force, and a link can be established between increasing female participation and growing economic disparity by analysing shifts over the years in income distribution and in the number of income recipients per family. Finally, both the low pay for women workers and the growing disparity between high and low individual income recipients have been camouflaged by the tremendous growth in the number of married women in the labour force.

Book Review in this Articles: SOCIAL THEORY FOR PLANNING by Joe Bailey, Routledge & Kegan Paul DAILY EXPERIENCE IN RESIDENTIAL LIFE: A STUDY OF CHILDREN AND THEIR CARE‐GIVERS by Juliet Berry PROGRESS IN PENAL REFORM by Louis Blom‐Cooper (ed.) CARE OF THE CHILD FACING DEATH by Lindy Burton (ed.) PARENTS AND FAMILY PLANNZNG SERVICES by Ann Cartwright THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION by C. Freeman GROWING OLDER IN A SOUTH DEVON TOWN by Anne Glyn‐Jones THE ORGANISATION OF HOUSING: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN LONDON by Michael Harlow THE ORIGINS OF THE LIBERAL WELFARE REFORMS, 1906–1914 by J. R. Hay MODERN SOCIAL POLITICS IN BRITAIN AND SWEDEN, FROM RELIEF TO MAINTENANCE by Hugh Heclo LA PROTECTION DE LA JEUNESSE ET LE PLACEMENT FAMILIAL by Hunyen IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY AND HANDICAP by Dennis Lees and Stella Shaw (eds.) SELF‐DETERMINATION IN SOCIAL WORK by F. E. McDermott (ed.) CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS by Christine D. McKee GOVERNMENT AND THE SPORTS BUSINESS by Roger G. Noll (ed.) THE SEARCH FOR PURE FOOD by Ingeborg Paulus NOISE AND PRICES by A. A. Walters LAW AND SOCIETY by Adam Podgórecki VILLAGE LIFE AND LABOUR by Ralph Samuel (ed.) RECORDS OF INTEREST TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: UNEM PLOYMENT INSURANCE 1911 to 1939 by Brenda Swann and Maureen Turnbull THE TOWN LABOURER IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION by Malcolm I. Thomis TO DO THE SICK NO HARM: A STUDY OF THE BRITISH VOLUNTARY HOSPITAL SYSTEM TO 1875 by John Woodward CHANGING HOSPITALS: A REPORT ON THE HOSPITAL INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT by George F Wieland and Hilary Leigh (eds.) HOSPITALS: COMMUNICATION, CHOICE AND CHANGE by R. W. Evans (ed.)

The prime concern of current labor and economic policy is so-called full employment. Clearly, this pursuit of an adequate supply of jobs is essential, particularly in the midst of a recession. But even the achievement of full employment would leave many basic and enduring employ ment problems unaffected—problems such as subemploy ment, underemployment, low-level employment and in voluntary employment. Society fails to respond to these problems because the performance criteria for the economy are directed towards measuring the quantity of jobs and not their quality. Moreover, we have developed a panoply of myths and rationalizations to support the single-minded pursuit of more jobs and lower unemployment rates. These myths blind us to the fact that the nature of employment is a powerful influence on such social problems as poverty, family disorganization and delinquency. Rather than pursuing full employment, then, a more inclusive and appropriate goal might be total employment. This condition—one in which everyone who desires a job would be reasonably assured of finding a satisfying one—can not be achieved through a single, monolithic government program. "Total employment" would be the state of equilibrium in the economy achieved as the result of workers' making free choices about when, where and in what jobs they work. Freedom of choice of workers could be enhanced by removing the artificial barriers and constraints that currently prevent them from realizing their personal employment needs. The policy would even permit reluctant workers to leave the work force, thus opening jobs for willing but unemployed workers.

Astrology is investigated as an instance of a modern mass movement characterized by interacting rational & irrational forces which can be studied on a small scale. It is viewed as a type of 'secondary superstition'; ie, the individual has no primary experience with the occult, but participates through the medium of magazines & newspapers. Because it is 'pseudo-rational' & occurs between reason & unconscious urges, it lends itself to analysis through psychoanalytic concepts. The study is exploratory & is based on a content analysis over 3 months in 1952 & 1953 of the daily astrology column of The Los Angles Times. The basic nature of the column is its dependence on popular psychology; it gives common sense advice, but is irrational in its claim that the advice comes from the stars. A detailed analysis of the underlying psychology of the column indicates that it is designed for a reader who feels weak & dependent--someone who is successful, but still an underling. The image of the reader which is projected by the columnist is distinguished from his real underlying estimate. The column attempts to promote conventional, conformist, & contented attitudes. The column recognizes that the reader may be aware of some of the negative aspects of reality & its contradictions; the solution to these contradictions is analyzed in detail under 4 categories: (1) the bi-phasic approach, (2) work & pleasure, (3) adjustment & individuality, & (4) ruggedness & dependence. Analysis of the column concludes with its conception of family, neighbors, friends, experts, & 'higher-ups'. A discussion is presented of astrology as a symptom of some tendencies & typical psychological trends in modern society. J. N. Mayer.

Planned parenthood has become a 'population-centered' movement, as economic & social conditions cannot be improved in most societies without first controlling population growth. The movement is devoted to collective goals, although it upholds the right of the individual to make his own decisions. The rising pressure of human wants on limited resources & a greater struggle for these resources make a good case for population control. Theoretically, limiting family size can protect an 'achieved standard of living'. Only if responsibility for the young is shared within smaller units of living can a population policy become a reality; people must be visibly affected by fertility of others & live close enough to influence the behavior of others. Planned parenthood, which believes in allowing parents to plan their own lives or the lives of their children, realizes that fertility may be controlled only to the extent that the individuals themselves consider reasonable. It has been proposed that the idea of social change be ignored & to depend on 'fabricated notions', legal & administrative. Often social scientists use persuasion. The answer to difficulties in societies where groups of power are divided by race, religion, & other such factors, is to create new solidarities which are egalitarian in structure, & based on social function rather than characteristics that pass from parents to children. In the China experiment, where motivations originate within social groups, the Chinese have succeeded in changing the orientations of peasants. What can be learned from the Chinese experiment is that planned parenthood can find social acceptance only as a "rearguard action against poverty." R. Lent.

An examination is presented of mental health problems, the most important stress factors in India, & some sociocultural variables (class, sex, marriage, family occupation) affecting it. The sudden transition from an agro-Ru to an Ur industrial civilization does not seem to have resulted in an explosion of mental health problems due to some of the protective-defensive factors of old values & social organization. Various observable disturbances are briefly discussed along with their estimated incidence: organic psychosis, schizophrenia, depression, manic excitement, neurosis, psychopathy, drug addictions (alcohol, various form of marijuana) sexual problems, mental deficiency & children's problems, & suicide. The institutional framework within which any mental health program must exist is outlined & indicates: (1) not enough psychiatrists to aid in the definition of the 'insane' as they come before the court; (2) formal preventive psychiatry is absent in any form; (3) facilities for diagnosis & treatment are few in number, & understaffed; (4) best facilities are in the form of outpatient clinics attached to general hospitals; & (5) the Indian Council of Medical Research offers grant-in-aid-particularly research on Ayurvedic psychiatry, Yoga therapy, & participation in an international project on schizophrenia. Both because of inadequate hospital facilities & traditional orientation toward mental illness, patients are treated in their community & in their own homes, restricting modern psychiatry to the cities. Ru & semi-Ru areas fall back on religion & indigenous medicine. In a country like India with a very high level of illiteracy, shortage of mental health facilities, & a long history of systematical classification of mental illnesses & their treatment, the role of the indigenous mental-health worker, Ayurvedic & Unani practitioners, might be expanded & formalized under supervision & proper control. E. Loomis.

Mykhaylo Osadchy was born on 22 March 1936 into a collective farmer's family in the NE Ukraine and graduated from the faculty of journalism, Lvov University, in 1958. He started as an editor, then senior editor, with Lvov television, and after 1960 taught journalism at Lvov University until his arrest in August 1965. He was also a deputy secretary of the journalism department's Party organisation and in charge of ideological education. On 18 April 1966 Osadchy was sentenced in camera for 'anti-Soviet propaganda, nationalism and participation in a conspiracy' to two years' labour camp. In December 1966, a notebook with his translations from Garcia Lorca, from the work of some Baltic poets and his own poetry was confiscated. Meanwhile his first book of poetry, Misyachne pole (' Moonlit Field'), published by the Lvov publishing house Kamenyar, had been pulped as a result of his arrest. After his release in August 1968 Osadchy was not restored to his post and went through several manual and clerical jobs. He continued to write poetry and in April-May 1969 completed Bil'mo (' The Mote'), a fictionalised memoir of his arrest, trial, and life in the labour camp. He was arrested again in January 1972 (see INDEX no. 1, p. 87) and was sentenced in September to seven years' imprisonment and five years' exile for 'anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda'. Although the investigation at his trial, held in camera in Lvov, failed to prove Osadchy's authorship of this work or its dissemination in samizdat, he was tried under article 62 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code for poems which were allegedly anti-Soviet and said to have been found in his flat at the time of his arrest.

SummaryThe Second Taiwan IUD Follow-up Survey, reported on here, is a representative sample of all IUD acceptors in Taiwan up to the middle of 1966. The data show that 30 months after insertion, 36% of acceptors are continuing users, on a first segment basis, and that if reinsertions are taken into account, the proportion increases to 45%. Compared with extensive clinic data from the city of Taichung, the island-wide termination rates are about 5% higher at 30 months, for first segments, but the all segment rates show little difference at this duration.Termination rates by social and demographic characteristics show that these rates decline with increasing age and parity, as expected. Sizable differentials in these rates were also found when acceptors were classified as to their purpose in using an IUD—for limiting or spacing—and as to their desire for more children. These effects were partially independent of age and parity. These 'motivational' variables were used in cross-tabulations to show how they might clarify the effect of age and parity, as well as to derive a number of other implications for the evaluation and operation of a family planning programme. The effects of education, urban-rural residence, and prior use of contraception, on IUD termination are studied in some detail by cross-classifying these characteristics with age and with one another.Lastly, this study presents reinsertion rates in relation to a number of social and demographic factors. The rate of reinsertion is seen to depend on the type of termination and, taking this into account, to be generally inverse to the patterns of termination by social and demographic characteristics.

Because the codes, rules and ideology of mass, single-party systems reach the village areas more slowly than do the tangible personalizations of party authority, a situation of potential misuse of power exists where rural party organizations operate. Peasants are aware of face-to-face confrontations by a familiar figure who has gained a party position; they are unaware of the precepts and regulations that the national party has laid down for the village level functionaries. Consequently, political victimization is most prounced at the very grass-root level that national leaders are attempting to integrate politically. Moreover, by its nature the rural party is a multi-faceted organization that is acceptable to the peasants because its leaders provide services that in more structured societies are carried out by specific agencies and contracts. Functions such as family arbitration, police investigation and criminal adjudication are mixed with the more classical party activities of representation and the dispensing of patronage.Taken together, the above two characteristics of a rural party—potential abuse, and the multi-faceted nature—significantly influence the extent and form of political participation in the areas they serve. This article attempts to analyze these characteristics in Tanzania, and thereafter to assess rural party participation, and more broadly to suggest the theoretical dimensions of political participation in a new nation.Participation, it may be argued, is the problempar excellencefor leaders of the new nations. The building of a state, both in terms of economic development and in the creation of a national consciousness, depends upon some type of participation by the citizens.

Ponencia presentada en el V Symposium celebrado en Donostia-San Sebastián en septiembre de 2006, dedicado al Estatuto jurídico de los grupos sociales en los territorios de Vasconia: desde la Edad Media hasta nuestros días. ; En la Euskal Herria de finales del Antiguo Régimen el ejercicio del poder local puede ser entendido como una trama de elementos simbólicos y relacionales que permitían su legitimación, mantenimiento y extensión a las redes clientelares y familiares. Este capital simbólico se representaba tanto en la iconografía de los edificios públicos y privados, los monumentos efímeros ligados a los festejos, las preeminencias, el ejercicio de la caridad o la posesión de un determinado idioma y se gestionaba en función de unos concretos intereses de clase. ; Erregimen Zaharraren amaierako Euskal Herrian, bertako boterearen ariketa, elementu sinboliko eta harremanazkoen konfigurazio moduan uler daiteke, beraien legitimazio, mantenimendu eta bezeroen eta senideen sareetara zabaltzea uzten zutenak. Ondasun sinbolikoa irudikatzen zen eraikuntza publiko eta pribatuetan ikonografian, jaiei loturiko oroigarri iragankorretan, lehentasunetan, karitatearen ariketetan edo hizkuntza jakin baten jabetzan, eta klaseen interes zehatzen arabera kudeatzen zen. ; In the Basque country of the late Ancient Regime, the exercise of local power may be understood as a tissue of symbolic and relational elements that allowed its legitimisation, maintenance and extension to family and client networks. This symbolic capital was represented both in the iconography of public and private buildings, the ephimerous monuments related to festivities, pre-eminences, the exercise of clarity of the possession of a determined language and was managed to pending on certain and Crete class interests.

Phylogenetic trees representing the evolutionary relationships of homologous genes are the entry point for many evolutionary analyses. For instance, the use of a phylogenetic tree can aid in the inference of orthology and paralogy relationships, and in the detection of relevant evolutionary events such as gene family expansions and contractions, horizontal gene transfer, recombination or incomplete lineage sorting. Similarly, given the plurality of evolutionary histories among genes encoded in a given genome, there is a need for the combined analysis of genome-wide collections of phylogenetic trees (phylomes). Here, we introduce a new release of PhylomeDB (http://phylomedb.org), a public repository of phylomes. Currently, PhylomeDB hosts 120 public phylomes, comprising >1.5 million maximum likelihood trees and multiple sequence alignments. In the current release, phylogenetic trees are annotated with taxonomic, protein-domain arrangement, functional and evolutionary information. PhylomeDB is also a major source for phylogeny-based predictions of orthology and paralogy, covering >10 million proteins across 1059 sequenced species. Here we describe newly implemented PhylomeDB features, and discuss a benchmark of the orthology predictions provided by the database, the impact of proteome updates and the use of the phylome approach in the analysis of newly sequenced genomes and transcriptomes. ; Spanish ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [BIO2012-37161]; a Grant from the Qatar National/nResearch Fund [NPRP 5-298-3-086]; a the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh/nFramework Programme [FP/2007-2013/ERC and ERC-/n2012-StG-310325]; Juan de La Cierva postdoctoral program (to J.H.C.) and La Caixa-CRG International Fellowship Program (to L.P.P.). Funding for open access charge: Internal budget from the CRG

LPS-ligation to CD14/TLR-4 on monocytes/macrophages triggers the production of IL-12-family cytokines. IL12/18 promote TH1-differentiation, counteracting the TH2-driven asthma. Therefore, CD14 modulation could alter the TH2-differentiation and should be taken into account when studying asthma. To analyse the alteration in CD14 levels and its association with CD14 (−159 C/T) SNP (rs2569190) in Caucasian adults with stable allergic asthma, we performed a cross-sectional study (277 healthy subjects vs. 277 patients) where clinical parameters, CD14 values and the CD14 (−159 C/T) SNP were studied. Apart from typical biomarkers, we found an increment of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in allergic asthma, probably linked to monocyte activity. Indeed, we evidenced increased monocyte numbers, but lower CD14 expression and normalised sCD14 values in patients. Moreover, we noticed an association of the T allele (P = 0.0162) and TT genotype (P = 0.0196) of the CD14 SNP with a decreased risk of allergic asthma and augmented sCD14 levels. In conclusion, monocyte CD14 expression and normalized sCD14 values were reduced in stable state asthmatics, and this could be related to the presence of an expanded CD14low monocyte subset. This study also demonstrates that the CD14 (−159 C/T) polymorphism is a risk factor for moderate-severe allergic asthma in adult Caucasians ; This study was funded by grants from Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, (SEPAR) (121/2012) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, FIS; co-financed by European Union ERDF funds) (PI13/02046). JJNF is a recipient of a Xunta de Galicia Fellowship (Co-financed by European Social Fund (ESF)) ; SI

NOTICE: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Padín, D., Varela, J. A., Saá, C. (2020). Cp*RuCl-Vinyl Carbenes: Two Faces and the Bifunctional Role in Catalytic Processes. Chem. Eur. J., 26, 33, 7470-7478. doi:[10.1002/chem.202000391]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving ; Ruthenium vinyl carbenes derived from Cp/Cp*RuCl‐based complexes (Cp=cyclopentadiene, Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadiene) have been routinely invoked as key intermediates in tandem reactions involving a carbene/alkyne metathesis (CAM). A priori, these intermediates resemble the Grubbs‐type family of catalysts, but they exhibit a completely different reactivity pattern that few, if any, other catalytic system can reproduce so far. The reactivity of these species with α‐unsubstituted and α‐substituted alkynals showcases the peculiarities of these intermediates. Although Z‐vinyl dihydrooxazines are preferentially obtained with the former, Z‐vinyl epoxypyrrolidines are obtained with the latter. A combination of spectroscopic and computational data now prove that a η3‐coordination mode of the ruthenium vinyl carbene and the presence of a Lewis basic chloride ligand give rise to two markedly different stereoelectronic faces, which are responsible for the unconventional reactivity of these species. ; This work has received financial support from MINECO (project CTQ2017-87939R and ORFEO-CINQA network CTQ2016-81797-REDC and RED2018-102387-T), the Xunta de Galicia (project ED431C 2018/04 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund – ERDF). D.P. thanks MEC for a predoctoral FPU fellowship (FPU15/02132) ; SI

Ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, are known to cause fatal diseases often associated with hemorrhagic fever. Recent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in West African countries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have made clear the urgent need for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against filoviruses. Using replication-incompetent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with the Ebola virus (EBOV) envelope glycopmtein (GP), we screened a chemical compound library to obtain new drug candidates that inhibit filoviral entry into target cells. We discovered a biaryl sulfonamide derivative that suppressed in vitro infection mediated by GPs derived from all known human-pathogenic filoviruses. To determine the inhibitory mechanism of the compound, we monitored each entry step (attachment, internalization, and membrane fusion) using lipophilic tracer-labeled ebolavirus-like particles and found that the compound efficiently blocked fusion between the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane during cellular entry. However, the compound did not block the interaction of GP with the Niemann-Pick Cl protein, which is believed to be the receptor of filoviruses. Using replication-competent VSVs pseudotyped with EBOV GP, we selected escape mutants and identified two EBOV GP amino acid residues (positions 47 and 66) important for the interaction with this compound. Interestingly, these amino acid residues were located at the base region of the GP trimer, suggesting that the compound might interfere with the GP conformational change required for membrane fusion. These results suggest that this biaryl sulfonamide derivative is a novel fusion inhibitor and a possible drug candidate for the development of a pan-filovirus therapeutic.

Desde 1929, y durante casi cuarenta años, en la Patagonia circuló la revista Argentina Austral. Esta continuidad fue facilitada por el sello original de la publicación que era propiedad de la empresa ganadera, comercial y naviera más importante del sur argentino: la Sociedad Anónima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia, dirigida por la familia Braun-Menéndez Behety. La revista asumió una postura de demanda de ampliación de los derechos políticos de los habitantes del sur mientras expresaba sus reservas acerca de una decisión estatal de provincialización de los territorios nacionales. Este trabajo analiza Argentina Austral en el marco de la expansión de la ciudadanía política propiciada por el peronismo histórico (1946-1955). ; From 1929, and for almost forty years, in the Patagonia the magazine circulated Austral Argentina. This continuity was facilitated by the original stamp of the publication that was a property of the more important cattle, commercial and shipping company of the Argentine south: the Importing and Exporting Joint-stock company of the Patagonia, directed by the family Braun-Menéndez Behety. The magazine assumed a position of demand of extension of the constitutional laws of the inhabitants of the south while it was expressing his reservations it brings over of a state decision of provincialización of the national territories. This work analyzes Austral Argentina in the frame of the expansion of the political citizenship propitiated by the historical Peronism (1946-1955). ; Fil: Ruffini, Martha Esther. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. Centro de Estudios de la Argentina Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina