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Arnhart argues that a scientific understanding of women's nature, achieved through primatology and related disciplines, can serve as a basis for judging social arrangements. Those arrangements that promote the expression of women's "natural potentials" should be encouraged. Based on this argument, the key issues are (1) how to determine the "natural" potential of women, and (2) how to use this information to judge social arrangements. I will begin by focusing on the second and more fundamental issue; I will return later to the first.

Using a systematic sample of 166 public relations practitioners in the United States, this study tests a model that explains the effects of gender on professional encroachment, which is the assignment of non-public relations professionals as top public relations managers. Organizations in which the top public relations practitioner is a woman are likely to have higher levels of encroachment than organizations where the top practitioner is male. Women are less likely to have worked long enough to obtain the skills and perspectives of management.

As the author sees it, the sunset of 1990-93 for Japan, first in finance but then in the real economy, has made life appear dark. However, that darkness is likely to prove misleading. The long-term prospects for Japan are bright and warm. He examines in which industries and technologies this country is strong, the increasing interests of Japanese consumers, generational change, great importance of the ageing population, labour shortage, Japanese women as second-class citizens and the future of Japan's global reach. (DÜI-Sen)

The concept of self-respect is often invoked in feminist theorizing. But both women's too-common experiences of struggling to have self-respect and the results of feminist critiques of related moral concepts suggest the need for feminist critique and reconceptualization of self-respect. I argue that a familiar conception of self-respect is masculinist, thus less accessible to women and less than conducive to liberation. Emancipatory theory and practice require a suitably feminist conception of self-respect; I propose one such conception.

Criminal libel traces its history to ancient Babylonia where it was designed to prevent insults to women. As criminal libel law evolved, it has often been applied against the press, until the Garrison case in which application of the New York Times' "actual malice" rule allowed a prosecutor reasonable freedom to criticize judges. Today, only 21 states have criminal libel statutes, and some of these are of dubious constitutionality. Is the criminal libel threat to the press dead? Perhaps; perhaps not, this study finds.

The social science study of female-headed households has generally treated their frequency in relation to variables such as poverty and ethnicity. Changing gender and kinship relations, especially in households headed by women, have less often been explored. Carol Stack's All Our Kin and Judith Stacey's Brave New Families consider women's and men's positions in African-American and white working class families respectively. Though reflecting political agendas of different historical periods, they offer similar methodological models for the sociological study of gender in kinship.

In der schwedischen Politik haben Frauen und ihre Forderungen in den letzten 20 Jahren eine größere Bedeutung erlangt; ausländische Beobachter sprechen sogar von einem schwedischen "gender model" als Prototyp für die Gleichberechtigung zwischen den Geschlechtern. Diese Thematisierung des Geschlechts als politischer Kategorie wird in bezug auf (Staats-)Ideologie, öffentliche (Rechts-)Ordnung und politische Organisation kritisch diskutiert und auf ihre Umsetzung hin untersucht. Die wesentlichen Merkmale des Schwedischen "gender model's" werden danach zusammengefaßt als: 1. Die Priorität von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit, 2. eine geschlechtsneutrale Auffassung von Gleichberechtigung und 3. einer traditionellen, paternalistischen Definition des Gesamtproblems. Dennoch lassen sich auch neue Formen kollektiver Aktion von Frauen beobachten, die die Entwicklung neuer Definition der Geschlechterbeziehung vorantreiben. (AuD-Ber)

Feminist theories act as "subversive strategies," revealing the partialities, distortions, & contradictions inherent to the patriarchal text & practice of realism, thereby seeking to undermine its dominance & power within international relations (IR) discourses. Through reviewing multiple feminist critiques of IR concepts, theory, & practice, ranging from the peripheralized issues of development & peace to the core concerns of state politics & interstate relations, it is argued that feminist postpositivist perspectives offer the most subversive potential for demarginalizing & empowering women & other subjugated groups within IR theory & international politics. AA

Reason has regularly been portrayed and understood in terms of images and metaphors that involve the exclusion or denigration of some element—body, passion, nature, instinct—that is cast as "feminine." Drawing upon philosophical insight into metaphor, I examine the impact of this gendering of reason. I argue that our conceptions of mind, reason, unreason, female, and male have been distorted. The politics of "rational" discourse has been set up in ways that still subtly but powerfully inhibit the voice and agency of women.

SummaryIn a survey in Ankole (Uganda) in 1985, 1664 women in samples of the three socioeconomic groups (pastoralists, cultivators and mixed farmers) were asked questions on their reproductive history, and 1029 men questions on educational and wedding costs and their expectations of help from relatives and obligations to help relatives. It is shown that the extended family system allows a great deal of mutual support, while the power of the elders allows them to influence younger married relatives to follow the pronatalist traditions of the society.

The probable effect of an ageing population on the
recruitment of employees in the car rental
business is examined. Fewer young people will
be coming forward. Older workers and women
may fill the gap but new patterns of employment
may be needed: both full‐time and part‐time, job
sharing and second careers. Productivity targets
and insurance and pension costs may need to be
adjusted but older employees, in particular, can
be more disciplined and loyal and bring with them
a wealth of talent and experience.

During the 1980s, atypical forms of employment sprung up, but these various forms have not concerned the same populations. In particular, part-time work affects nearly only women and has not been set up in the same way — through labor négociations and with compensation — as other atypical forms concerning men. These developments are considered to follow not form the recession's impact but rather to be a means of getting around stable employment norms in order to develop a new form of job flexibility.

SummaryThe demand for additional children is influenced by the presence of sons within a family. This study is based on cross-sectional data of 9416 currently married women under age 50 from a Pakistan national survey in 1979–80. The analysis suggests that having at least one son in the family influences the demand for additional children. Urban and rural comparisons indicated a higher preference for sons in urban areas. Unless the socioeconomic milieu changes, son preference is likely to remain strong in Pakistan.

The book review in this article Family Mediation Casebook: Theory and Process Stephen K. Erikson & Marilyn McKnight Erickson Second Chances: Men, Women and Children a Decade After Divorce Judith S. Wallerstein and Sandra Blakeslee Dinosaurs Divorce: A Guide for Changing Families Laurene Kransy Brown and Mark Brown Solomon's Sword: A Practical Guide to Conducting Child Custody Evaluations Benjamin M. Schults, Ellen B. Dixon, Jo Anne C. Lindenberger and Neil J. Ruther Marriage, Divorce and Children's Adjustment Robert E. Emery, Ph.D