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There are significant personnel shortages in education and rehabilitation in the field of blindness and visual impairment. Some university-based programs that prepare teachers, orientation and mobility specialists, rehabilitation teachers and counselors, and low vision specialists to serve individuals with visual impairments strive to increase the number of service providers and assist professionals in maintaining skills and best practices in many ways. This article provides a brief overview of one approach—distance education.

" This book addresses implications for ""Gold Standards"" of education research-especially in science education and literacy. These standards are meant to provide evidence-based educational outcomes found effective in randomized controlled trials, following patterns of evidence used in medical research. Similar expectations have emerged in other countries-from education ministries, for researchers working with U.S. colleagues, and for researchers with multinational and non-profit support. The current ""Gold Standard"" policy, developed in the United States through the 2001 ""No Child Left Behind"" [NCLB] Act and the 2002 Education Sciences Reform Act, attempts to improve the effects of schooling and enhance educational research. The contributions to this book explore perspectives on how best to implement multiple standards of education research. "

In this paper, I would like to show how qualitative research in education and semiotics can be brought together for the benefit of each field. Starting with attempts to define both qualitative research and semiotics in ways that can inform both disciplines, I hope to accomplish this task by mapping a series of three crossroads that define the past, present, and hopefully the future of the field.

European trends for reforms in this social sphere. The Bologna reforms started as an idea to create inclusive higher education where mobility of study programs, students and academic staff can provide more quality and practical utilization of knowledge. In Republic of Macedonia this process was upgraded with the tendency for dispersion of higher education programs. But more factors such as demographic indicators, quality of study programs, technical and material preconditions, and the political priorities of state authorities, create space for debates of necessity and success of this policy. In this paper we are starting with the functional aspects of regional higher education structure, followed with analyses of the Macedonian case, and presenting results of conducted survey.

European trends for reforms in this social sphere. The Bologna reforms started as an idea to create inclusive higher education where mobility of study programs, students and academic staff can provide more quality and practical utilization of knowledge. In Republic of Macedonia this process was upgraded with the tendency for dispersion of higher education programs. But more factors such as demographic indicators, quality of study programs, technical and material preconditions, and the political priorities of state authorities, create space for debates of necessity and success of this policy. In this paper we are starting with the functional aspects of regional higher education structure, followed with analyses of the Macedonian case, and presenting results of conducted survey.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on commercial activities in public schools, focusing on: (1) laws, regulations, and policies that regulate commercial activities in schools; and (2) the nature and extent of these activities."