Suchergebnisse

Periodismo de precisión (PP) y periodismo asistido por ordenador o CAR (Computer Assisted Reporting) son términos que han acompañado desde las dos últimas décadas del siglo XX al periodismo de datos (PD) y al periodismo basado en datos (DDJ por las siglas en inglés de Data Driven Journalism), tanto en el campo profesional como en el académico. Sin embargo, desde finales de la primera década del siglo XXI y más concretamente desde las primeras filtraciones masivas de Wikileaks en 2010, el periodismo de datos ha tenido un importante desarrollo hasta nuestros días al incorporar elementos de un contexto tecnológico y sociocultural no existente cuando surgieron el PP y el CAR el siglo pasado: el big data. En España esto se ha visto reflejado en el nacimiento de diversos equipos de periodismo de datos tanto en medios de comunicación tradicionales como en recientes nativos digitales, los cuales a su vez están relacionados de alguna manera con los primeros colectivos de emprendedores y activistas por la transparencia que ejercieron por vez primera esta disciplina en nuestro país. Como fenómeno, el PD ha ido creciendo en España en paralelo a la promulgación de la primera ley de transparencia. Por esta razón nos hemos propuesto abordar el estudio del PD español y su relación con la Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno tomando en consideración al big data como contexto sociocultural y tecnológico en el cual se ha estado desarrollando. La presente investigación busca diferenciar el PD como disciplina periodística de otras ya existentes -como PP y CAR- desde el enfoque que proporcionan los estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad, al centrar la noticia como objeto limítrofe entre periodistas, programadores, diseñadores y otros actores culturales que ahora forman parte del proceso de producción noticiosa. Además, tomando en cuenta que, según la sociología del periodismo computacional, sus prácticas dependen de diversas instituciones sociales y artefactos tecnológicos que yacen fuera de su campo, buscamos determinar qué elementos de la ley de transparencia española han afectado al ejercicio del PD y como ha respondido este sector profesional a estos efectos. Para alcanzar estos objetivos se han realizado 14 entrevistas semi-estructuradas en profundidad entre 2015 y 2017 a periodistas de datos españoles (8), de EEUU (1) y Finlandia (1); a expertos académicos de España (1) y Finlandia (2) en PP, PD y transparencia, y a una experta en leyes de transparencia y acceso a la información pública en España, Europa y América Latina. Además, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido -basado en la agenda setting- con una muestra que cuenta con 231 unidades de análisis, el cual describe la manera en que algunos medios de comunicación españoles con unidades de datos (Eldiario.es, El Mundo y Elconfidencial.com) han posicionado la transparencia como tema relevante de cara a la opinión pública entre junio y diciembre de 2015, en contraposición a un medio sin unidad de datos (El País). Las fechas de esta muestra han sido idóneas para medir como los medios de comunicación con unidades de datos influyeron a través de la opinión pública en la agenda política, coincidiendo con la irrupción de nuevas fuerzas políticas a mediados de 2015 y las elecciones generales a finales de ese año. En este período también se cumple el primer aniversario de funcionamiento del portal de transparencia, lo cual supone meses de experiencia por parte de los periodistas de datos en peticiones de información pública a través de este. De esta manera, mientras con las entrevistas en profundidad hemos podido demostrar que el big data es un elemento diferenciador del PD debido a que se trata de un contexto sociocultural en donde la filosofía de datos abiertos, el software libre, el trabajo colaborativo y en equipo forman parte de su identidad, tanto con las entrevistas como con el análisis de contenido logramos probar lo siguiente: 1- la Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno ha impulsado al periodismo de datos en España a pesar de su insuficiencia e incumplimiento, 2- la insuficiencia de la ley ha estancado al PD en un estado todavía incipiente, y 3- el incumplimiento de la ley se debe a una falta de cultura de transparencia en la administración pública española. Además, a través del análisis de contenido también comprobamos que el sector del periodismo de datos en España ha influido en la agenda política al exponer a la opinión pública las mismas insuficiencias de la ley señaladas en las entrevistas en profundidad. ; Precision Journalism (PJ) and Computer Assisted Reporting (CAR) are terms that have been accompanied by Data Journalism (DJ) and Data Driven Journalism (DDJ) the last two decades of the Twentieth century, both in the professional and academic field. However, since the late 2000s and more precisely since the first massive leaks of Wikileaks in 2010, DJ has been having an important development till our days by incorporating elements of a technologic and sociocultural context non existing when PJ and CAR emerged the last century: Big Data. This has been reflected in Spain with the birth of several data journalism teams in both traditional and native digital media, which in their turn are related somehow with the first entrepreneurs' collectives and transparency activist that exercised this discipline in our country. As a phenomenon, DJ has been growing in Spain while the first Transparency Act was enacted. For this reason, we have proposed to address the study of Spanish DJ and its relation to the 'Law 19/2013 of transparency, access to public information and good governance' (Transparency Law) taking into consideration Big Data as a technologic and sociocultural context in which it has been developing. This research aims to differentiate DJ as a journalistic discipline from others already existing -such as PJ and CAR- from a viewpoint taken from the science and technology studies, focusing the news as a boundary object between programmers, designers, journalists and other cultural actors that now are part of the news production process. Besides, taking into account that according to the sociology of computational journalism, its practices depends on diverse social institutions and technological artifacts that lie outside its field, we aim to determine which elements of the Spanish Transparency Law have affected the DJ practices and how this professional sector has responded to these effects. In order to accomplish these objectives 14 in-depth interviews were made from 2015 to 2017 to data journalists from Spain (8), EEUU (1) and Finland (1); PP, PD and transparency academic experts from Spain (1) and Finland (2); and one expert in transparency acts y access to public information in Spain, Europe and Latin America. Besides, a content analysis -based on Agenda Setting- has been made with a sample of 231 units of analysis, which describes the way that some Spanish media with data desks (Eldiario.es, El Mundo y Elconfidencial.com) have positioned transparency as a relevant theme to the public opinion between June and December 2015, in contrast to a media without a data desk (El País). The dates of this sample have been suitable to measure how the media with data desks have influenced the political agenda trough the public opinion, coinciding with the irruption of new political forces in the middle of 2015 and the general elections at the end of that year. In this period is also the first anniversary of the transparency web site functioning, which means month of experience by data journalists in asking for public information through it. Thus, while with the in-depth interviews we have proven that Big Data is a differentiating element of DJ because is a sociocultural context where the philosophy of Open Data, free software, collaborative and team work are part of its identity, with both the in-depth interviews and the content analysis we have accomplished to prove the following: 1- the 'Law 19/2013 of transparency, access to public information and good governance' has impulsed data journalism in Spain despite of its insufficiency and breach, 2- the insufficiency of the law has stagnated DJ in a still incipient state, and 3- the breach of the law is due to a lack of transparency culture in the Spanish public administration. Besides, through the content analysis we have also proved that the DJ sector in Spain have influenced the political agenda by exposing to the public opinion the same insufficiencies of the law identified in the in-depth interviews. ; Programa de Doctorado en Investigación en Medios de Comunicación por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Carlos José Elías Pérez.- Secretario: David Parra Valcarce.- Vocal: Suzana Oliveira Barbosa

Tesi amb menció internacional; capítols 1, 2.1, 9 i 10 escrits en francès. Aplicat embargament des de la data de defensa fins al 5 de novembre de 2021 ; The history of the urban development of Donostia San Sebastian before its near total destruction by the Anglo-Portuguese troops of Wellington in 1813 has been little studied and never in a comprehensive and orderly manner. This work aims to fill the gap and provide a new vision of this history, as complete as possible. In this work several layers emerge. The first one is the reconstruction, by means of a CAD 3D model, of the city towards 1800, covering a great part of the municipal territory, beyond its intramural nucleus. A dialectical relation is created between the requirements of reconstitution and the necessity of its verification in the plans, drawings and texts found in several archives, notably in France. The old plans are presented, confronted in chronological order and in detail. They are complemented by written testimonies and translated into sober images, in a clear line style, "vedutist", drawn from the 3D model. All this in order to explain the city of yesterday, but also its permanences, which determine the present and project themselves into the future. Everything is contextualized and the corresponding examples of the near surroundings and the history of architecture are put to contribution. The second deals with its development, between its merchant and maritime vocation and its military destiny, with the limit set in 1813. The documentation used was thought scarce but it turned out to be abundant and profitable, largely unknown and unpublished. Contradictions are solved, new hypotheses are proposed and forgotten elements of the urban history of the city appear, such as the bell tower of Santa María, the palace of Idiaquez, the "cubertizos", the houses of Berastegui and Babaça, and the three peripheral convents of Antigua, San Bartolomé and San Francisco. The work can be also considered as a compilation of all available knowledge on the subject The third layer refers to the endless debate between simplifying and rational modernity, and complex, organic roots and permanence. A constant in San Sebastian, linked to the debate about his goodness and beauty. Putting these debates into perspective over time is another axis of the work. Two examples of this are the creation of the Plaza Nueva at the beginning of the 18th century and the hygienist and rationalist policy of the city's ediles at the end of that century. Finally, the new urban frame proposed by the architect Pedro Manuel de Ugartemendía in 1815 could have meant the disappearance of the previous layout of the intramural city, but this one lasted, undergoing some alignments of street and other levelings of ground. The fourth and final layer involves the rediscovery of some important people in the history of San Sebastian's urban planning, such as the Italian architect Hercules Torelli. It appears as a thread of the story, intervening in the fortifications of the city, the convent of San Bartolomé and the Plaza Nueva, town hall included. We should also mention Gabriele Tadino de Martinengo, artilleryman and engineer of Charles V, author of the "obra perpetua", with his powerful "cubo imperial" as a frontal defense of the city, but which limited his expansion, Don Miguel de Aristeguieta, promoter of the risky project of the church of Santa Teresa, perched on the side of Mount Urgull, and Don Joseph Miguel de Bildasola, prior of the Consulate, representative for the project of Plaza Nueva, founder and first director of the Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas in 1728, mayor of the city in 1736 and promoter of the new church of Santa María. ; La historia del desarrollo urbano de la ciudad de Donostia San Sebastián antes de su casi total destrucción por las tropas anglo-portuguesas de Wellington en 1813 ha sido poco estudiada y nunca de una manera global y ordenada. El trabajo que aquí se presenta persigue llenar este vacío y aportar una nueva visión de dicha historia, lo más completa posible. En él se articulan varios estratos. El primero es la recreación, gracias al instrumento CAD, de la ciudad hacia 1800 en un modelo digital 3D que abarca gran parte del término municipal, más allá de su núcleo intramuros, junto a otros más puntuales de ciertas partes representativas en varias fases de su devenir. Es el eje director de la investigación científica, del estudio morfológico y tipológico. Se establece una relación dialéctica entre las exigencias de la reconstitución y la necesidad de su verificación en los planos, dibujos y textos rescatados en varios archivos, entre ellos especialmente los de Francia. Se muestran los planos antiguos, confrontándolos en el orden cronológico y en su detalle. Se cotejan con los testimonios escritos, y se traducen en imágenes sobrias, con un estilo de línea clara, "vedutista", sacadas del modelo 3D. Todo ello para explicar la ciudad tanto en su pasado como en sus permanencias que determinan el presente y se proyectan en el futuro. Se contextualizan y se recurre a ejemplos semejantes del entorno y de la historia de la arquitectura. El segundo trata de la formación de la ciudad, entre su vocación comerciante y marítima y su destino de plaza militar, con el límite fijado en 1813. La documentación utilizada se pensaba escasa, pero resulta ser abundante y provechosa, en gran parte desconocida e inédita. Se solventan contradicciones, se plantean nuevas hipótesis y se muestran elementos olvidados de la historia urbana de la ciudad, como la torre campanario de Santa María, el palacio de Idiaquez, los "cubertizos", las casas de Berastegui y Babaça, y los tres conventos periféricos de la Antigua, de San Bartolomé y de San Francisco. El trabajo se plantea también como una recopilación de todo el saber disponible sobre el tema. El tercer estrato se refiere al eterno debate entre la modernidad simplificadora y racional, y las raíces, las permanencias complejas y orgánicas. Una constante en San Sebastián, unida al debate sobre su bondad y belleza. La puesta en perspectiva de dichos debates a lo largo del tiempo es otro eje del trabajo, sacando a la luz la creación modélica de la Plaza Nueva a principios del siglo XVIII y la política higienista y racionalista de los ediles de la ciudad a finales de dicho siglo. Por último, la nueva trama urbana propuesta por el arquitecto Pedro Manuel de Ugartemendía en 1815 podría haber significado la desaparición del anterior trazado de la ciudad intramuros, pero este se mantuvo con algunas alineaciones de calle y nivelaciones de cota. El cuarto y último estrato implica el redescubrimiento de algunos personajes relevantes de la historia del urbanismo donostiarra, destacando el arquitecto italiano Hércules Torelli. Aparece como hilo conductor del relato, con sus intervenciones en las fortificaciones de la ciudad, en el convento de San Bartolomé y en la Plaza Nueva, con su Casa Concejil. Hay que citar también Gabriele Tadino de Martinengo, artillero e ingeniero de Carlos V, autor de la ¿obra perpetua¿, con su potente "cubo imperial" para poner a resguardo la ciudad del enemigo pero que limitó su expansión, al indiano Don Miguel de Aristeguieta, impulsor de la arriesgada obra de la iglesia de Santa Teresa, colgada en la ladera del monte Urgull, y al poderoso Don Joseph Miguel de Bildasola, prior del Consulado de San Sebastián, apoderado para la obra de la Plaza Nueva, fundador y primer director de la Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas en 1728, alcalde de la ciudad en 1736 y promotor de la renovada iglesia de Santa María. ; La ville de Donostia-Saint Sébastien antérieure à l'incendie de 1813, triste épisode des guerres napoléoniennes, reste une inconnue. Elle a été peu étudiée, ne se considérant digne d'intérêt que sa reconstruction postérieure. De là, la nécessité de mener à bien une étude détaillée et méthodique pour récupérer un savoir justifié et documenté à propos de l'urbanisme du 18ème siècle de cette ville européenne et atlantique. Cette étude se présente comme un exercice indispensable de progrès dans la connaissance de la ville du passé, origine de la ville d'aujourd'hui. ; Postprint (published version)

[eng] This study tries to tackle the notion of "urban aesthetics" as it was articulated throughout the first three decades of the 20th century in Portuguese writing on the city, and practised in different forms of spatial production. A diffuse vocabulary – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – signals a persistent understanding of the city as a work of art, both in the way it was experienced – an "urban aesthetic" – and contrived – an "urban aesthetics." The general ambition of this study is to give visibility to and to reconstruct the conditions of legibility of this set of writings and practices which responded to the once alluring call of the aesthetic. The territory elected to trace the conceptual and practical unravelling of these ideas – so intricately linked to the particularities of place – is Lisbon. In this city, the topic becomes almost unavoidable in writings on urban presents and futures after 1900. Aesthetic arguments were consistently and insistently employed to critically describe urban beauty or, more frequently, urban ugliness, to advocate aesthetic improvement and to justify or criticize concrete ideas and projects. This phenomenon is studied against a background of intense international exchange during this formative phase of the modern planning disciplines, from Town and City Planning to Städtebau and Urbanisme. Aesthetic considerations were manifestly present, and it is argued that aesthetic discourse in Lisbon signals the reception of internationally circulating ideas, words, images and people. More precisely, this study proceeds to a kind of archaeology of the gaze and discourse of "urban aesthetics," studying the functions it performed within different social, cultural and political contexts and the relations and tensions with relevant urban realities which pervaded it. One conclusion is that the notion of an "urban aesthetics" remained ill-defined, a common place relying on shared adversity to the modern urban landscape rather than any explicit program or solution. Subsequently, the assimilation by municipal regulation and institutions of public demands of "aesthetic supervision" is reconstructed. The four years of municipal council activity of the architect Miguel Ventura Terra, from 1908 to 1913, were crucial in this tentative articulation of actual practices of aesthetic control and urban design, even if along the subsequent decades they were never given the desired legal and institutional breath. Finally, during the 1930s the vocabulary of "urban aesthetics" was appropriated by a new generation of architects, urban planners and politicians and put at the service of the urban ideals of a dictatorial New State, signalling the persistence of aesthetic considerations in the local institution of the discipline of planning. An epilogue proposes that the viewpoint of urban aesthetics can contribute to new perspectives over the production and experience of Lisbon during the first decades of the 20th century. ; [spa] ciudad y los diferentes modos de hacer cuidad durante las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. Un copioso vocabulario – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – señala un entendimiento persistente de la ciudad experimentada y deseada como obra de arte. La aspiración global de la investigación es dar visibilidad y reconstruir las condiciones de legibilidad a este conjunto de escritos y prácticas que respondían a la llamada antes atractiva del estético. Lisboa es el territorio elegido para rastrear su enredo conceptual y material. Sobre todo a partir de 1900 el tema se http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/password-loginvuelve una parada casi obligatoria en escritos sobre el presente y futuro de la ciudad. El uso de argumentos de carácter estético para describir críticamente la belleza o, más comúnmente, la fealdad urbana, para promover mejoras estéticas o para justificar o criticar ideas y proyectos concretos era consistente e insistente. En el trasfondo se apunta el cerrado intercambio internacional durante la formación de las modernas disciplinas urbanísticas, de la Town and City Planning a la Städtebau y el Urbanisme. Dentro del horizonte disciplinar, las consideraciones estéticas tenían lugar relevante, y el desarrollo de la "estética urbana" en Lisboa es interpretado como manifestación de la recepción de ideas, palabras, imágenes y personas que circulaban internacionalmente. Asimismo, se propone una especie de arqueología de la mirada y del discurso de la "estética urbana," estudiando las funciones que la noción ejercía en distintos contextos sociales, culturales y políticos y las relaciones y tensiones que nacían del embate con realidades urbanas relevantes. Una de las conclusiones es que la noción de "estética urbana" apenas se definía; era un lugar común que se alimentaba más de la hostilidad compartida ante el moderno paisaje urbano que de un programa o solución explícito. Por otro lado, se indaga como las exigencias de la opinión pública de "supervisión estética" eran asimiladas o no en ordenanzas e instituciones municipales o nacionales. Los cuatro años en los que el arquitecto Miguel Ventura Terra integró el ayuntamiento de la ciudad, de 1908 a 1913, resultan decisivos en el pretendido despliegue de prácticas eficaces de controlo estético y diseño urbano, incluso cuando no recibieron la deseada amplitud legal e institucional durante las dos décadas siguientes. Después de 1926 el vocabulario de la "estética urbana" fue, por ende, apropiado por una nueva generación de arquitectos, urbanistas y políticos y puesta al servicio de los ideales urbanos de la dictadura del Estado Novo, sugiriendo que motivos estéticos persistan en la constitución de la moderna disciplina urbanística. Un epílogo propone que la mirada hacia y desde la estética urbana puede contribuir a esbozar nuevas perspectivas sobre la producción y experiencia de la ciudad de Lisboa durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. ; [por] Este estudo aborda a noção de "estética urbana" ou "da cidade," tal como foi formulada durante as primeiras três décadas do século XX em escritos sobre a cidade, e praticada em diferentes formas de produção de espaço. Um profuso vocabulário – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – assinala um entendimento persistente da cidade experimentada e desejada como obra de arte. A ambição global deste estudo é a de dar visibilidade a e reconstruir as condições de legibilidade deste conjunto de escritos e práticas que respondiam ao apelo outrora tentador do estético. O território elegido para rastrear a trama conceptual e prática destas ideias – tão intrincadamente ligadas às especificidades do lugar – é Lisboa. Sobretudo a partir de 1900 o tema torna-se passagem quase obrigatória em escritos sobre o presente e o futuro da cidade. Argumentos de carácter estético eram mobilizados de forma consistente e insistente para descrever criticamente a beleza e, mais comummente, a fealdade urbanas, para promover "embelezamentos" e para justificar ou criticar ideias e projectos concretos. Este fenómeno é visto contra o fundo de um denso intercâmbio internacional durante a formação das modernas disciplinas urbanísticas, da Town and City Planning à Städtebau e ao Urbanisme. Neste panorama, considerações estéticas marcavam presença, e o florescimento da "estética urbana" em Lisboa é entendida como sintoma da recepção desta circulação internacional de ideias, palavras, imagens e pessoas. Mais especificamente, este estudo propõe uma espécie de arqueologia do olhar e do discurso da "estética urbana," estudando as funções desempenhadas por este termo em diferentes contextos sociais, culturais e políticos e as relações e tensões que nasciam do seu confronto com realidades urbanas relevantes. Uma conclusão é que a noção de "estética urbana" ficou por definir; era um lugar comum que dependia mais de uma animosidade partilhada perante a moderna paisagem urbana do que um programa ou solução explícita. De seguida, a assimilação (e não-assimilação) das exigências públicas de "supervisão estética" em regulamentos e instituições municipais ou nacionais é rastreada. Os quatro anos em que o arquitecto Miguel Ventura Terra foi vereador da cidade, entre 1908 e 1913, revelam-se cruciais nesta tentativa de articular práticas efectivas de controlo estético e desenho urbano, mesmo se durante as duas décadas subsequentes estas nunca receberam a desejada abrangência legal e institucional. A partir de 1926 o vocabulário da "estética urbana" foi apropriado por uma nova geração de arquitectos, urbanistas e políticos, e posto ao serviço dos ideais urbanos da ditadura do Estado Novo, sinalizando a persistência de motivos estéticos na constituição da moderna disciplina urbanística. Um epílogo propõe que o olhar para e desde a estética urbana pode contribuir a trazer novas perspectivas sobre a produção e experiência da cidade de Lisboa durante as primeiras décadas do século XX.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Edelmetallarbeiten, die aus skythischen Bestattungen des nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiets stammen. Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchungen bilden die Funde aus dem Solocha-Kurgan, der in den Jahren 1912/13 von dem russischen Archäologen N.I. Veselovskij ausgegraben wurde. Nach einem einleitenden Kapitel zur allgemeinen Forschungsgeschichte der sogenannten graeco-skythischen Toreutik wird im zweiten Kapitel der Solocha-Kurgan vorgestellt. Von den beiden Katakombengräbern, die Veselovskij öffnete, datiert die zentrale Bestattung in die Zeit um 400 v. Chr., das Seitengrab um 370 v. Chr. Aufgrund der Beraubung der zentralen Bestattung steht vor allem die reiche Beigabenausstattung der ungestörten seitlichen Katakombe im Vordergrund der Betrachtung. In Einzeluntersuchungen werden die Edelmetallarbeiten – der berühmte Kamm, Gefäße und Prunkwaffen - zunächst im Kontext ihrer jeweiligen Gattung betrachtet. Hierfür werden die Stücke jeder Gattung vorgestellt und das jeweilige Objekt aus dem Solocha-Kurgan vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert. Zur Veranschaulichung dienen tabellarische Zusammenstellungen von Gefäßausstattungen und Prunkwaffen in skythischen Bestattungen des 5. – 4. Jhs. v. Chr. Die Gesamtbetrachtung zeigt, dass sich einige der Edelmetallfunde aus dem Solocha-Kurgan gut in die allgemeine Entwicklung der Edelmetallbeigaben in skythischen Bestattungen einfügen. Dazu gehören die importierten Silbergefäße, die mit Appliken versehenen Holzschalen sowie das Trinkhorn aus der seitlichen Katakombe. Auch der dort gefundene Prunkakinakes besitzt Vorgänger im skythischen Material. Ein Novum hinsichtlich Form und Dekor stellen dagegen der berühmte Goldkamm, die kugeligen Silberflaschen, die Silberschalen mit den segmentförmigen Griffen sowie der großformatige Silberbeschlag des Goryts aus der Seitenbestattung dar. Obwohl sie teilweise an frühere Formen anknüpfen, stellen sie eigenständige Gestaltungen dar. Aufgrund figürlicher Darstellungen im Stil des sogenannten ethnographischen Realismus können einige Stücke enger zusammengeschlossen werden und sind wohl als Erzeugnisse einer einzelnen Auftragsarbeit zu deuten. Aufgrund der fehlenden Vorläufer ist es eher unwahrscheinlich, dass diese Arbeiten von einem Skythen in Auftrag gegeben werden konnten. Die anfangs noch geringe Anzahl derartiger Objekte spricht darüber hinaus auch gegen eine Interpretation als Handelsware. Da analog zur Verbreitung der späteren Erzeugnisse graeco-skythischer Toreutik von einer Fertigung im Bosporanischen Reich - am ehesten in Pantikapaion - ausgegangen werden kann, scheint folgende Erklärung am plausibelsten: Die Prunkobjekte aus dem Solocha-Kurgan stellen "politische" Geschenke dar, die der bosporanische Herrscher Leukon I. (389/88-349/48 v. Chr.) in Auftrag gab und an einen skythischen Verbündeten übermittelte. Dementsprechend wären die in den Darstellungen gegeneinander kämpfenden Skythen als Verbündete und Gegner des Bosporanischen Reiches zu erklären. Als Grundlage für die Bearbeitung der einzelnen toreutischen Werke dient ein ausführlich kommentierter Katalog der Fundkomplexe, aus denen die Objekte stammen. Hierbei gibt der Bestattungszeitraum einen ersten Anhaltspunkt für die Datierung der Edelmetallarbeiten, weiter können aus ihrer Lage innerhalb der Bestattung und der Vergesellschaftung mit anderen Fundstücken Rückschlüsse auf ihre Funktion gezogen werden. Daneben wurde für die einzelnen Gegenstände ein Objektkatalog getrennt nach Gattungen angelegt, in dem der Aufbewahrungsort sowie Maße, Datierung, Beschreibung und Literatur angegeben sind. ; Scythian Gold in greek style : Studies on northpontic toreutics based on the vessels and armament from the Solokha-Kurgan The thesis deals with gold and silver objects which were found in Scythian kurgans of the northern Black Sea region. In the focus stand the finds from the Solokha Kurgan which was excavated in 1912/13 by the Russian archaeologist N.I. Veselovskij. An introductory chapter deals with the history of research on the so called Graeco-Scythian toreutics, the Solokha Kurgan is presented in the second chapter. Under the burial mound Veselovskij opened two catacomb graves; the central burial is dated to the end of the 5 th century BC, the second grave in the south west part of the kurgan to about 370 BC. Because the central tomb was almost entirely robbed, the attention is directed particularly on the rich grave goods from the undisturbed lateral catacomb. In individual studies the different objects - the different vessels, the well known comb and the decorative weapons – are first seen in the context of their respective genres (chap. 2-4). For this purpose, the pieces for each genre are described in chronological order and the particular object from the Solokha Kurgan is discussed against this background. Tabular compilations illustrate the equipment of Scythian burials of the 5th and 4th century BC with vessels and weapons made of precious metals. The overall analysis shows that some of the finds from the Solokha Kurgan fit well into the general development of precious grave goods in Scythian burials. This refers to the imported silver vessels, the wooden bowls with gold appliques and the drinking horn from the side catacomb. Also the akinakes which was found there has predecessors in Scythian finds. However, a novelty in form and decoration represent the gold comb, the spherical silver bottles, the silver bowls with the segment-shaped handles and the large-sized silver overlay of the gorytos from the side funeral. Although these things are linked in part to earlier scythian forms, they represent new created designs. Some of the pieces can be grouped together because of their figural representations in the style of the so-called ethnographic realism; probably they have to be interpreted as the products of a single commission. Due to the lack of precursors, it is unlikely that these pieces were ordered by a Scythian noble. The initially small number of such objects also speaks against an interpretation as normal trade goods. By analogy with the spread of the somewhat later objects of Graeco-Scythian toreutics a production in the Bosporan kingdom - most likely in Pantikapaion - can be expected. So the following explanation seems to be most plausible: The precious metal objects from the Solokha-Kurgan probably were "political" gifts which Leukon I., the ruler of the Bosporan kingdom from 389/88 to 349/48 BC commissioned and gave to a Scythian ally. Accordingly, the fighting Scythians of the battle scenes of the comb and the gorytos overlay are to be interpreted as allies and opponents of the Bosporan Kingdom. As basis for the study serves a detailed annotated catalogue of scythian burial mounds from which the objects originated. The funeral date gives a first hint at the dating of the objects of precious metals; their position within the burials and the combination with other finds provide clues to their function. In a second catalogue the gold and silver objects are described with measurements, dating, and literature. (Translation: A. Wieland/G. Wahl) ; Or scythe dans un style grec : Recherches sur la toreutique des régions du Pont-Euxin septentrional: les offrandes funéraires du kourgane de Solokha Cette étude aborde les oeuvres en métal précieux provenant des sépultures scythes du littoral nord de la Mer Noire. Les trouvailles du kourgane de Solokha, qui fut fouillé en 1912-13 par l'archéologue russe N.I. Veselovskij, en constituent le point de départ. L'introduction dresse l'état de la recherche dans le domaine de la toreutique « gréco-scythe ». Elle est suivie d'un chapitre présentant le kourgane de Solokha dont deux tombes furent mises au jour par Veselovskij : la sépulture principale, située au milieu du kourgane et datée des environs de 400 av. J.- C., et la sépulture latérale, datée vers 370 av. J.-C. C'est le riche mobilier métallique de la seconde sépulture - trouvée intacte, contrairement à la première qui était violée- qui est ici présenté en détail. Les objets en métal précieux du kourgane de Solokha – le fameux peigne, la vaisselle et les armes d'apparat – sont étudiés au sein de leurs catégories typologiques. Confrontée aux pièces du même genre qui sont également discutées, chaque oeuvre est ainsi placée dans son contexte typologique. La présentation est complétée par des tableaux synthétiques regroupant les vases et les armes d'apparat accompagnant des sépultures scythes des Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C. Cette vue d'ensemble montre que certains parmi les objets en métal précieux du kourgane de Solokha s'insèrent bien dans l'évolution générale des offrandes funéraires luxueuses trouvées dans des sépultures scythes : la vaisselle d'argent importée, les vases à boire en bois décorés d'appliques ainsi que le rhyton de la tombe latérale en font partie tout comme l'akinakès précieux de la même sépulture, qui a des antécédents au sein du matériel scythe. En revanche, le célèbre peigne d'or et les objets en argent, tels les vases à panse sphérique, les coupes à anses arrondies et le grand revêtement de goryte de la tombe latérale sont nouveaux autant pour leur forme que pour leur décor. Tout en restant en partie rattachées à des formes antérieures, ces oeuvres témoignent d'un caractère original. En raison de leurs compositions figurées dans un style connu sous le nom de « réalisme ethnographique », certaines oeuvres peuvent être regroupées dans un ensemble restreint et doivent être issues d'une seule commande. Cependant, l'absence d'antécédents rend leur association avec un commanditaire scythe peu probable. Par ailleurs, le nombre à l'origine limité de ce type d'objets empêche de les interpréter comme des produits de commerce. Au contraire, la large diffusion des plus récentes créations de la toreutique « gréco-scythe » laisse présumer une fabrication locale, dans le royaume du Bosphore – plus probablement à Pantikapaion. Ainsi, l'hypothèse suivante semble la plus plausible pour expliquer ce phénomène : les oeuvres luxueuses du kourgane de Solokha représenteraient des cadeaux diplomatiques que le roi du Bosphore Leukon Ier (389/88-349/48 av. J.-C.) aurait commandités afin de les offrir à un de ses alliés scythes. A cet égard, les Scythes en combat figurant dans les scènes représentées devraient être interprétés comme des alliés et des ennemis du royaume du Bosphore. Le recensement des sépultures et des ensembles funéraires sous forme de catalogue commenté est fourni à l'appui des arguments avancés au sujet du mobilier toreutique. Ainsi, les datations proposées pour une sépulture livrent un premier indice pour la datation des objets en métal précieux qui l'accompagnaient, tandis que leur emplacement à l'intérieur de la tombe tout comme leur relation aux autres offrandes permettent de mieux cerner leur fonction. Un second catalogue regroupe les objets classés par genre avec les informations sur le lieu de leur conservation, leurs dimensions, la datation, la description et la bibliographie. (Traduction : K. Charatzopoulou)

This book describes the methodologies and tools used to conduct social cyber forensic analysis. By applying these methodologies and tools on various events observed in the case studies contained within, their effectiveness is highlighted. They blend computational social network analysis and cyber forensic concepts and tools in order to identify and study information competitors. Through cyber forensic analysis, metadata associated with propaganda-riddled websites are extracted. This metadata assists in extracting social network information such as friends and followers along with communication network information such as networks depicting flows of information among the actors such as tweets, replies, retweets, mentions, and hyperlinks. Through computational social network analysis, the authors identify influential actors and powerful groups coordinating the disinformation campaign. A blended social cyber forensic approach allows them to study cross-media affiliations of the information competitors. For instance, narratives are framed on blogs and YouTube videos, and then Twitter and Reddit, for instance, will be used to disseminate the message. Social cyber forensic methodologies enable researchers to study the role of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the evolution of information campaign and coordination. In addition to the concepts and methodologies pertaining to social cyber forensics, this book also offers a collection of resources for readers including several datasets that were collected during case studies, up-to-date reference and literature surveys in the domain, and a suite of tools that students, researchers, and practitioners alike can utilize. Most importantly, the book demands a dialogue between information science researchers, public affairs officers, and policy makers to prepare our society to deal with the lawless 'wild west' of modern social information systems triggering debates and studies on cyber diplomacy. Samer Al-khateeb is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Journalism, Media and Computing, College of Arts and Sciences, at Creighton University and a former Postdoctorate Research Fellow at the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA-Little Rock). He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer and Information Sciences, a master's degree in Applied Science, and a bachelor's degree in Computer Science form UA-Little Rock. He studies deviant acts (e.g., deviant cyber flash mobs and cyber propaganda campaigns) on social media that are conducted by deviant groups (e.g., Daesh, Black-hat hackers, and Propagandist) which aim to influence individual's behaviors and provoke hysteria among citizens. He also studies the type of actors these deviant groups use to perform their acts, i.e., are they human (e.g., Internet trolls) or automated actors (e.g., social bots) by leveraging social science theories (e.g., the theory of collective action), social network analysis (e.g., centralities and community detection algorithms), and social cyber forensics (e.g., metadata collection to uncover the hidden relations among these actors across platforms). He has many publications including book chapters, journal papers (e.g., Journal of Defence Strategic Communications; Journal of Digital Forensics, Security, and Law; Journal of Baltic Security; and the IARIA International Journal on Advances in Internet Technology), conferences proceedings, and conferences presentations. He won various awards such as the Staff Achievement Award for Educational Achievements, Excellence in Research Award, Outstanding Graduating Student Award (Master's Level), Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges, the Best Paper Award, 2nd Place Most Innovative Award, and 2nd Place Societal Impact Award, among others. Dr. Nitin Agarwal is the Jerry L. Maulden-Entergy Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor of Information Science at University of Arkansas at Little Rock. He is the founding director of the Collaboratorium for Social Media and Online Behavioral Studies (COSMOS) at UA Little Rock. His research aims to push the boundaries of our understanding of cyber social behaviors that emerge and evolve constantly in the modern information and communication platforms with applications in defense and security, health, business and marketing, finance, and education. At COSMOS, he is leading projects funded by over $10 million from an array of federal agencies including U.S. National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, Army Research Office, Air Force Research Lab, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of State, and plays a significant role in the long-term partnership between UA Little Rock and the Department of Homeland Security. He developed publicly available social media mining tools, viz., Blogtrackers, YouTubeTracker, and Focal Structure Analysis used by NATO Strategic Communications and public affairs, among others. Dr. Agarwal participates in the national Tech Innovation Hub launched by the U.S. Department of State to defeat foreign based propaganda. Dr. Agarwal's research contributions lie at the intersection of social computing, behavior-cultural modeling, collective action, social-cyber forensics, AI, data mining, and machine learning. From Saudi Arabian women's right to drive cyber campaigns to Autism awareness campaigns to ISIS' and anti-West/anti-NATO disinformation campaigns, at COSMOS, he is directing several projects that have made foundational and applicational contributions to social and computational sciences. He has published 8 books and over 150 articles in top-tier peer-reviewed forums with several best paper awards and nominations. Dr. Agarwal obtained Ph.D. from Arizona State University with outstanding dissertation recognition in 2009. He was recognized as one of 'The New Influentials: 20 In Their 20s' by Arkansas Business in 2012. He was recognized with the University-wide Faculty Excellence Award in Research and Creative Endeavors by UALR in 2015. Dr. Agarwal received the Social Media Educator of the Year Award at the 21st International Education and Technology Conference in 2015. In 2017 the Arkansas Times featured Dr. Agarwal in their special issue on 'Visionary Arkansans: A Celebration of Arkansans with ideas and achievements of transformative power.' Dr. Agarwal was nominated as International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA) Fellow in 2017, Arkansas Academy of Computing (AAoC) Fellow in 2018, and Arkansas Research Alliance (ARA) Fellow in 2018.

The government should do more business with McKinsey & Co. — one of the world's largest consulting firms — says a Pentagon presentation: "Leverage [the] consulting firm's expertise and objectivity – outsourcing is a positive action." While this might sound like a talking point from lobbyists, it actually came from an active-duty naval commander who spent almost a full year working at McKinsey & Co. with you, the taxpayer, footing the bill.
It's no secret that major defense companies spend millions to influence the U.S. government in hopes of securing contracts, favorable treatment, and higher profits. What's less known is that the military has a program that subsidizes these efforts. A new Quincy Institute report I co-authored with Ben Freeman, director of QI's Democratizing Foreign Policy program, provides the first ever in-depth look into a Pentagon program that gives big businesses a unique avenue for influencing senior military policymakers.
Each year, the Pentagon sends military officers to work for major corporations through the Secretary of Defense Executive Fellows (SDEF) program. The intention is for fellows to gather insights about how these companies are organized and then present their findings to high-ranking military officials, along with recommendations for reforms that the military should consider. In practice, however, the reforms suggested to the Pentagon represent a free opportunity for the large contractors hosting fellows to push the government towards adopting corporate-friendly policies.
Since its creation in 1995, the largest beneficiaries of the SDEF program have been some of the nation's largest defense contractors, including Lockheed Martin, RTX (formerly Raytheon), and Boeing. These companies receive nearly a free year of labor from their military fellows, direct insight into the activities of both the government and their competitors, and a unique method through which they can push self-interested suggestions upon their largest customer: the Department of Defense (DOD).
It is no coincidence that many of these suggestions are proposals that would benefit companies involved in the program.
SDEF recommendations to the government are packed full of glaring conflicts of interest. For example, the contractor-dominated program advised the Pentagon to hire more contractors, subsidize them directly, reduce oversight and transparency, and give contractors more political power so that they can "Help craft National Security Strategy."
We documented numerous examples of fellows making policy recommendations that would specifically benefit the company they worked for. Fellows at companies who export billions in weapons each year called for the government to loosen arms trade regulations. A fellow at a railroad company suggested that the DOD consider using railroads more, a fellow at a machinery rental company suggested the DOD rent more machinery, and a fellow at a private utility suggested the DOD continue buying energy from private utilities. In perhaps the most glaring example, one fellow had company officials craft some of his recommendations, including suggestions to modify outsourcing rules and make it easier for the firm to work with DOD. That firm was Enron, and the recommendations were made just six months before the company imploded.
Many of the participating companies have not been shy about using the program to advance their agendas with the government. At least 18 companies participating in the SDEF program have assigned their fellows to work in public sector contracting and "government relations" positions, essentially using them to develop closer relationships with the military. One fellow at a biopharmaceutical company was assigned the task of "Exploiting DoD value from [the] biotech sector;" naturally, they recommended that the DOD invest more in biotech.
The effects of the program do not end here; it also appears to encourage a revolving door between industry and government. Looking at a large sample of former SDEF fellows, we found that 43% have worked for a government contractor since leaving the program. Comparing this sample to a study of all Pentagon officials done by the Government Accountability Office, former SDEF fellows appear to pass through the revolving door to work for large government contractors at more than twice the rate of other DOD personnel.
In some cases, fellows even go on to work for the exact same companies where they had been assigned, essentially using this government program as a launching pad for a lucrative career in the private sector.
Revolving door practices threaten the integrity of the government by creating an open invitation for corruption and unethical behavior. Still, the SDEF program shows no signs of recognizing this as a problem. In fact, the SDEF once advised that it should be easier for military officials to pass back and forth between the military and private industry, despite the tremendous accountability problems such a reform would produce.
The SDEF program is based on the idea that national interests and corporate interests are closely aligned. It aims to, according to an SDEF PowerPoint presentation, "Treat corporate sponsors as potential extensions to the [national] security apparatus," arguing that powerful companies help to create a "safe and secure world." They therefore believe that the military should not only partner with industry, but should actively "promote industry."
Yet the behavior of the companies participating in the SDEF program makes it clear that the national interest often takes a back seat to the firm's interests, namely its profits. When given the opportunity, firms will push for policy reforms that have little to do with an effective defense strategy, but everything to do with their bottom line. Allowing big businesses such a privileged opportunity to influence military policymakers serves to benefit shareholders and executives, not the American people.
The DOD should reconsider the SDEF program as it currently exists, either by reforming the way it functions, downsizing it, or eliminating it entirely. Until then, it will continue to serve as a corporate handout and a tool for the military-industrial complex to maintain its grip on U.S. defense policy.
The director of the SDEF program did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

Twenty-one years ago, the U.S. and its allies invaded Iraq in the erroneous belief that the country possessed weapons of mass destruction and was allied with al-Qaida, the terror group responsible for the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. created an occupation authority, but failed to restore order and helped spawn the insurgency that bedeviled it by dismissing the entire Iraqi military and the most experienced civil servants. Coalition troops fought a losing battle, regained their footing with the 2007 troop surge, and finally departed in 2011. U.S. troops returned in 2014 to fight the Islamic State and they remain there to this day, though ISIS was largely eliminated by 2019.In January 2020, Iraq's parliament voted on a nonbinding measure to remove the U.S. troops from Iraq, but the Americans remain at the request of the Iraqi government. However, in response to the parliament's 2020 vote, Iraq and the International Coalition changed the mission of the troops from a combat mission to one of advisory and training.Iraq's prime minister, Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, will meet U.S. President Joe Biden on April 15, primarily to discuss the U.S. troop presence. Though the U.S.-Iraq Higher Military Commission is reviewing the troop presence issue, will the U.S. side stall fearing it may have to agree to a smaller presence and constrained operations? Possibly, so Sudani may want a public commitment from Biden to force the march to a constructive, timely decision.Aside from the troops issue, Sudani wants to strengthen Baghdad's ties with Washington, which he considers Iraq's top bilateral relationship, and to add an economic dimension to Iraq's ties with America.When Americans think of Iraq in economic terms it's all about the oil, but in November 2023 ExxonMobil, America's biggest oil company, exited Iraq with nothing to show for a decade-long effort. The departure will lower the expectation of other U.S. companies, but Sudani wants to revitalize economic ties, and he will be accompanied by many of the country's top businessmen.U.S.-Iraq trade has room for growth. In 2022, the U.S. exported $897 million in goods, the top product being automobiles. Iraq, in turn, exported $10.3 billion in goods, most of it crude oil.A key economic objective of Iraq is the $17 billion Development Road, an overland road and rail link from the Persian Gulf to Europe via Turkey, that will host free-trade zones along its length.Biden and Sudani should consider the shape of the future U.S.-Iraq relationship, which has to now been governed by military considerations, and has become the best example of The Meddler's Trap, "a situation of self-entanglement, whereby a leader inadvertently creates a problem through military intervention, feels they can solve it, and values solving the new problem more because of the initial intervention. …A military intervention causes a feeling of ownership of the foreign territory, triggering the endowment effect." Iraq is the only real democracy in the Arab world, and many young Iraqis want a separation of religion and state, something that should resonate with Americans and, Iraqis hope, cause the U.S. to deal with Iraq as Iraq, not a platform for operations against Syria and Iran, or to support Washington's Kurdish clients.Washington damaged itself in Iraq by killing Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis in January 2020. Baghdad had moved the PMF, once a militia, into the government in 2016 (no doubt with American encouragement), so the killing of Muhandis, then a government official, increased popular support the PMF.What are some clouds on the horizon for the U.S. and Iraq?Corruption. Pervasive corruption in Iraq has slowed economic development and subjected Iraqi citizens to ineffective governance. The 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International ranked Iraq 154 of 180, a slight improvement from 2022 when it ranked 157 of 180.Iraq was previously described by TI as: "Among the worst countries on corruption and governance indicators, with corruption risks exacerbated by lack of experience in the public administration, weak capacity to absorb the influx of aid money, sectarian issues and lack of political will for anti-corruption efforts."Sudani has not ignored corruption, calling it one of the country's greatest challenges and "no less serious than the threat of terrorism."Elizabeth Tsurkov. Tsurkov is a Russian-Israeli academic who was kidnapped in 2023 by Kata'ib Hezbollah, an Iranian-influenced Iraqi militia. Tsurkov, a doctoral student at Princeton University in the U.S., entered Iraq with her Russian passport and did not disclose that she was an Israeli citizen and Israeli Defense Forces veteran. (A 2022 Iraqi law criminalized any relations with Israel.)Tsurkov's family wants the Biden administration to designate Iraq a state sponsor of terrorism for failing to secure her release. Sudani's office announced an investigation into the matter and the issue may arise when Sudani meets Biden, though the best outcome for Iraq and the U.S. is a Russia-brokered deal between Israel and Iran.If Biden designates Iraq a state sponsor of terrorism that will irreparably damage the relationship and open the door for China.China. The U.S. is Iraq's top relationship, but not its only relationship. China will respond to the ostracism of Baghdad by extending invitations to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS, the latter of which can fund infrastructure projects through the New Development Bank. PetroChina replaced ExxonMobil in West Qurna 1, one of Iraq's biggest oil fields, and is ideally positioned for further expansion. And Iraq was the "leading beneficiary" of China's Belt and Road Initiative investment in 2021.Sudani has said Iraq should not be a cockpit of conflict for the U.S, and Iran, but when Iran is concerned it, in Washington, is always 1979. Though Sudani has many challenges to face, Biden has more: he must reorient his government away from its colonial mentality in West Asia, recognize that Baghdad must reach a modus vivendi with Tehran that may not be to Washington's pleasure, and not smooth the way for Beijing's greater penetration of West Asia.

 To be fair, the friendship was always either nascent or tenuous at best.  That Canada is host to the largest Sikh population outside of India, and like many diasporas, more enthused for more extreme political ends than those back home would set the tension level on "not good" anyway.  Then you add in that India is  ruled by the Hindu Nationalist Party and by Modi, so any friction becomes much hotter and much more useful for domestic political purposes back home.One can start on either side of the Indo-Pacific region on this.  Because my own start as a scholar of the international relations of ethnic politics, which included some study of South Asia, came long before my move to Canada, I will start with the India side. Modi and his party got into power by engaging in ethnic outbidding, by promising to be the best defenders of the Hindu majority, which meant, of course, targeting minorities of all kinds as threats that needed to be put in their place. So, Muslims have paid a significant price for this in India. It has meant in foreign policy that Canada is seen as a real problem, rather than Canada's self-image as the less imperial Commonwealth country that everyone loves more than the US (Canadians take great pride that Americans will put on a Canadian flag on their backpacks when the US is governed by a Bush or Trump).  In Modi's eyes, Canada is a supporter of Sikh separatism. That Sikhs in Canada are politically powerful and use that power to support separatism in the homeland.  Yes, Sikhs are powerful--Trudeau at one point had four Sikhs in his cabinet, far out of proportion to their population, but their population is not small.  Trudeau kept an awful Minister of National Defence because he didn't want to offend a key constituency and source of campaign dollars.  And, yes, an Air India flight was blown up by Canadian-based Sikhs.  The intelligence services and the cops messed up before and afterwards.  So, Indian fans of Modi cite that event as Canada being a base of anti-India terrorism.  The more accurate charge is that Canada continues to be lousy at stopping the flow of money to extremists of all kinds, but, no, Canada is not a place where Sikhs have bases to train for future terrorist attacks. Canada is not Afghanistan of 2001.  Turning to the Canadian side, some folks are accusing Trudeau of playing this up and publicizing this for political gain.  And that is, well, laughable.  There are two dynamics here that are intersecting.  The first is, yes, this government (and any other) would be pandering to Sikh voters, and, yes, significant numbers of folks in this community were asking for the government to take more seriously India's role in the death of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.  The other dynamic is that the Trudeau government has faced much criticism for being slow to deal with China's election interference. So, there has been pressure for Trudeau to act faster.Still, this government did not act precipitously in this case. They did not go public as soon as they got a hint of this.  Instead, they worked their allies, and they sent several folks over to India to get their support for an investigation, including Canada's National Security and Intelligence Advisor, Jody Thomas. They were rebuffed. It seems clear that the government would have liked to have continued to handle this quietly, but they got alerted that a reporter was going to release a story on this.  With more stories coming out that the US was the country that had provided some signals intel to Canada that supported the India connection in Nijjar's death, I am pretty convinced that, yes, India through its intelligence services had this guy killed, directly or indirectly. I am biased in this, as I have long been suspicious of Modi and his Hindu National party.  But the pattern of events seems to make it clear that there is more than just a little something to this. While India can be upset that Sikhs in Canada protest against India and support Sikh separatism, and that politicians took the sides of protesters in India over changes in agriculture policy last year, none of that justifies killing a Canadian citizen on Canadian territory. This is not what friends do to each other.  Unless something happened that I am not aware of, at no point did the British whack any fundraiser in Boston seeking to support the Irish Republican Army.  Modi did this because he is arrogant, and he may be right that he can get away with it since the US needs India in its anti-China containment efforts. And, yes, he would not be the first autocratic-leaning leader to bully Canada. It has been open season for some time with China, Russia, and the Saudis taking turns, with the Iranians also engaged in election interference.My pals in Ottawa who work in and near the intel scene are pretty outraged at how lamely this government and previous ones have dealt with such stuff. I am not sure better reactions would have mattered that much since the asymmetries in these situations are pretty stark, but, yes, Canada can do better on protecting its citizens, including those in the various diaspora communities, than it has.I don't expect things to get better between India and Canada. Modi is scoring a lot of points on this at home. Trudeau is not, but he is stuck. I have often wondered why his government pandered so much to Sikhs when there are also other Indian-Canadians here, and that pandering to one side might be problematic for the other. In this case, where a Canadian was killed, taking this seriously is less about the pandering of the past and more of the challenge of defending Canadians from backsliding democracies. 

International Carpathian School is a fast-growing volunteer project in Kosiv, Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine, designed as a local centre of non-formal education to address youth adaptation to the globalized world. It intended to overcome the existing gaps in the education of socially conscious youth, finding optimal ways of skill-sharing activities to local communities. Among others, the school is oriented for delivering knowledge, skills and attitudes of the EU best practices in the field of municipal solid waste management (MSWM). In a broader meaning, the Carpathian School Agenda serves for the environmental protection of the vulnerable mountain landscapes to meet the Sustainable Development Goals Ukraine-2030 (hereof and after SDG), entered in force by the Decree of the President of Ukraine in order to ensure the national interests of Ukraine in relation to sustainable economic development [1]. The School activity is aligned with both SDG-4 "Quality education" and SDG-11 "Sustainable cities and communities". It has an interdisciplinary approach to learning where academic concepts of geoscience are coupled with real-world lessons. Carpathian Winter School hosted researches from Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia together with five educational entities from Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Scholars were exposed to a cross-cultural experience that facilitates connections between the classroom and the world around them. Simultaneously, the School is providing a prospect to local scientists in maintaining professional links with their foreign colleagues and obtaining hands-on scientific information on MSWM. Having a central geographical position and well-developed informal tuition activities, the Carpathian School may have a good chance to become a placement for students' mobility, people-to-people contacts and promoting youth employability that is coherent with The Eastern Partnership (EaP) policy [2]. The educational project of the Swedish Institute LASUWAMA [3], which was considered at the Carpathian Winter School, combined researchers from Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia with five educational institutions of the Baltic Sea region. Representatives of EU universities, involved in the development of educational programs, provided the relevant knowledge and skills, needed to students for gaining an in-depth understanding of the sustainable development concept [4], including, inter alia, access to further vocational training in EU countries ; Международная Карпатская школа – это быстрорастущий волонтерский проект в Косовской районе Ивано-Франковской области, Украина, разработанный как локальный центр неформального образования для решения проблем адаптации молодежи к глобальной среде глобализированного мира. Он был направлен на преодоление существующих пробелов в образовании социально сознательной молодежи, поиск оптимальных способов обмена навыками с местными сообществами. Среди прочего, школа ориентирована на передачу знаний, навыков и отношения к лучшим практикам ЕС в области управления твердыми бытовыми отходами (ТБО). В более широком смысле, Карпатская школьная программа служит защите окружающей среды уязвимых горных ландшафтов для достижения Целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР) Украина-2030 (далее и далее ЦУР), вступивших в силу Указом Президента Украины в целях обеспечения национальных интересов Украины относительно устойчивого экономического развития [1]. Деятельность Школы согласована как с ЦУР-4 «Качественное образование», так и с ЦУР-11 «Устойчивые города и сообщества». В нем используется междисциплинарный подход к обучению, в котором академические концепции геонаук сочетаются с уроками реального мира. Карпатская зимняя школа собрала исследователей из Украины, Грузии и Армении вместе с пятью образовательными учреждениями из региона Балтийского моря (РБМ). Ученые познакомились с межкультурным опытом, который способствует установлению связей между классом и окружающим миром. Одновременно Школа предоставляет местным ученым возможность поддерживать профессиональные связи со своими зарубежными коллегами и получать практическую научную информацию о ТБО. Имея центральное географическое положение и хорошо развитую неформальную учебную деятельность, Карпатская школа может иметь хорошие шансы стать местом для мобильности студентов, контактов между людьми и содействия трудоустройству молодежи, что согласуется с политикой Восточного партнерства (ВП) [2]. Образовательный проект шведского института LASUWAMA [3], который рассматривался в Карпатской зимней школе, объединил исследователей из Украины, Грузии и Армении с пятью учебными заведениями региона Балтийского моря. Представители университетов ЕС, участвующие в разработке образовательных программ, предоставили студентам соответствующие знания и навыки, необходимые для получения глубокого понимания концепции устойчивого развития [4], включая, в частности, доступ к дальнейшему профессиональному обучению в странах ЕС ; Міжнародна карпатська школа - це швидкозростаючий волонтерський проект на Косівщині (Івано-Франківська область, Україна), задуманий як місцевий центр неформальної освіти для вирішення питань адаптації молоді до глобалізованого світу. Він мав намір подолати існуючі прогалини в освіті соціально свідомої молоді, знайти оптимальні способи обміну навичками для місцевих громад. Серед іншого, школа орієнтована на надання знань, компетентностей і навичок та поширення кращих практик ЄС у сфері поводження з твердими побутовими відходами (ТПВ). У більш широкому значенні, Карпатська школа служить для захисту вразливих гірських ландшафтів для досягнення Цілей сталого розвитку Україна 2030 (далі ЦСР). впроваджених Указом Президента України з метою забезпечення національних інтересів України щодо сталого розвитку економіки [1]. Діяльність школи узгоджується як із ЦСР-4 "Якісна освіта", так і із ЦСР-11 "Сталі міста та громади". Школа впроваджує міждисциплінарний підхід до навчання, де академічні концепції геоекології поєднуються з практичними прикладами. Одночасно вона надає перспективу місцевим науковцям у підтримці професійних зв'язків із закордонними колегами та отриманні наукової інформації щодо поводження з ТПВ. Маючи центральне географічне положення та досвід впровадження неформальної освіти, Карпатська школа може мати хороші шанси стати місцем для мобільності студентів, контактів між людьми та сприяти працевлаштуванню молоді, що відповідає політиці Східного партнерства, спільної політичної ініціативи, спрямованої на поглиблення та зміцнення відносин між Європейським Союзом (ЄС), його державами-членами та шістьма східнимисусідами: Вірменією, Азербайджаном, Білоруссю,Грузією,Молдовоюта Україною [2]. Освітній проект Шведського Інституту LASUWAMA [3], діяльність якого була розглянута у Карпатській зимовій школі, поєднав науковців з України, Грузії та Вірменії, з колегами із п'ятьох навчальних закладів регіону Балтійського моря. Представники університетів країн ЄС, які брали участь у розробці освітніх програм, забезпечили здобуття належних знань та навичок, необхідних студентам для поглибленого сприйняття концепції сталого розвитку, затвердженої документом Саміту ООН Ріо-92 "Порядок денний на ХХІ століття» [4], включаючи, серед іншого, доступ до подальшого професійного навчання в країнах ЄС

Factoring is a fairly new way for Russia to finance the accounts payable and receivable of business structures by specialized companies or credit institutions and their divisions (Factors) against the assignment of claims against one of the parties (buyer or seller) of a sale and purchase transaction of products or property to a third party (Factor) is currently developing at a high pace. On average, according to sample data for 2011 -2019 the annual growth rate of the volumes of financing of accounts payable and receivable of companies in Russia due to factoring operations increased by 20%, which in absolute terms amounted to 303.3 billion rubles, and reached by 2019 - 3.5 trillion rubles.However, there is still no established definition of this economic category in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the scientific and educational foreign and domestic literature there are somewhat contradictory interpretations of the classifications of the types of factoring, there is no legislatively established system of statistical indicators characterizing this segment of the financial intermediation services market. The lack of a developed regulatory framework for regulating relations in this market segment slows down its development, necessitates improving both Russian legislation and methodological support for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the state and development of this market segment. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the market segment of financial intermediation services, to determine the prevailing sectoral, territorial and types of proportions related to the scale of business of the parties to the factoring agreement in this market segment using the statistical methodology for analyzing the series of dynamics and attributive groupings of the main indicators characterizing the state and development of the Russian factoring market. Based on the theoretical analysis, the author's interpretation of the content of the economic category "factoring" is given, a system of indicators is proposed that characterizes factoring as a type of financial intermediation services (object of research), based on the development of the Association of factoring companies, Rosstat, expert agencies (for example, "Expert RA"); the features of the formation of statistical groupings (series: attributive, variation, dynamics) for various purposes of analyzing the market of factoring services are revealed, the author's method of complex statistical analysis of any segment of the financial intermediation services market, which is the subject of research, is presented. The results of approbation of the methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the Russian factoring market based on sample data for 2011 – 2019 are presented, conclusions are drawn about the dynamics of the main indicators of the factoring market development, structural shifts and changes in proportions in this market segment, a forecast of expected changes in the Russian factoring market for 2021 is made, incl. and influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.The results of this study are aimed at developing a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of factoring as a segment of the financial intermediation services market, including for the purposes of international comparisons of indicators of the state and development of the Factors and their clients.They can be useful to the professional community of factoring companies (Factors), business structures - consumers of factoring services, and also be used in educational activities in the preparation of financial specialists in economic universities of the country. ; Факторинг достаточно новый для России способ финансирования специализированными компаниями или кредитными учреждениями и их подразделениями (Факторами) кредиторской и дебиторской задолженностей бизнес-структур под уступку ими прав требований к одной из сторон (покупатель или продавец) сделки «купли-продажи» продукции или имущества третьей стороне (Фактору) развивается в настоящее время высокими темпами. В среднем по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг. ежегодный темп прироста объемов финансирования кредиторских и дебиторских задолженностей компаний в России за счет факторинговых операций возрастал на 20%, что в абсолютном выражении составляло 303,3млрд руб., и достиг к 2019 году 3,5 трлн руб.Однако, до сих пор в Гражданском кодексе РФ нет сложившегося определения данной экономической категории. В научной и учебной иностранной и отечественной литературе есть несколько противоречивые толкования классификаций видов факторинга, нет законодательно установленной системы статистических показателей, характеризующей данный сегмент рынка услуг финансового посредничества. Отсутствие развитой нормативно-правовой базы регулирования отношений на данном сегменте рынка тормозит его развитие, вызывает необходимость совершенствования и российского законодательства, и методологического обеспечения комплексного статистического анализа состояния и развития данного сегмента рынка.В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования является разработка методики комплексного статистического анализа сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, определение сложившихся видовых, отраслевых, территориальных, связанных с масштабом бизнеса участников договора факторинга пропорций на данном сегменте рынка с помощью статистической методологии анализа рядов динамики и атрибутивных группировок основных показателей, характеризующих состояние и развитие российского рынка факторинга. На основании проведенного теоретического анализа дана авторская трактовка содержания экономической категории «факторинг», предложена система показателей, характеризующих факторинг как вид услуг финансового посредничества (объект исследования), опирающаяся на разработки Ассоциации факторинговых компаний, Росстата, экспертных агентств (например, «Эксперт РА»); выявлены особенности формирования статистических группировок (рядов: атрибутивных, вариационных, динамики) для различных целей анализа рынка услуг факторинга, представлена авторская методика комплексного статистического анализа любого сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, составляющая предмет исследования. Приведены результаты апробации методики комплексного статистического анализа российского рынка факторинга по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг., сделаны выводы о динамике основных показателей развития рынка факторинга, о структурных сдвигах и изменениях пропорций на данном сегменте рынка, построен прогноз ожидаемых изменений на рынке факторинга России на 2021 год, в т.ч. и под влиянием пандемии Covid-19. Результаты данного исследования направлены на разработку методологии комплексного статистического анализа факторинга как сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, в т. ч. и для целей международных сопоставлений показателей состояния и развития деятельности Факторов и их клиентов.Они могут быть полезны профессиональному сообществу факторинговых компаний (Факторов), бизнес-структурам – потребителям услуг факторинга, а также использоваться в образовательной деятельности при подготовке специалистов финансового профиля в экономических вузах страны.

The article covers issues related to the management of the corporate culture of the enterprise and staff development. Problems of effective management and administration of the enterprise depend not only on economic, social, environmental factors. They directly depend on the culturological factor. Corporate culture is a component of corporate policy. It is determined that one of the main tasks of modern enterprise management is the development of corporate culture and its components. It was found that the development of corporate culture is closely related to increasing attention to personnel management and creating a psychological climate, focusing on dialogue between management and employees. It is determined that when forming the conceptual foundations of corporate culture development management should take into account not only the psychological and historical features of its formation, but also the market component - the ability to self-organization. The latter becomes a catalyst for the effective use of potential staff. It has been found that effective corporate culture management involves determining the willingness of management to change. Emphasis is placed on the choice of enterprise management strategy. Depending on the formation of the company's mission will depend on the approach to corporate culture management. The study of factors influencing the formation of corporate culture of the enterprise proves that the level of macrofactors for all enterprises is the same, mesofactors and microfactors have features at the level of a particular enterprise and they form a variety of corporate cultures. It is proved that the strengthening of competition in the market enhances the action of micro and mesofactors, and therefore their manifestation requires new, effective methods and ways of working with staff. It was found that corporate culture is also a question of staff motivation, leadership style, the influence of the leader's personality, etc. It covers most of the spiritual and material life of the team. It is determined that the existence of a democratic society actualizes the problem of introduction of humanitarian norms of interconnection in the organization of the system of management and subordination of administrative relations to the requirements of the humanitarian paradigm. It is complicated by the fact that the theoretical and methodological understanding of the state of culture has not yet been properly embodied in the organization of the enterprise management system. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the practice of enterprise management often demonstrates either underestimation of the cultural component of development, or attempts to solve complex problems using borrowed foreign methods. As a result - the lack of culture, the lack of its priority in the team is one of the reasons for slowing down the process of effective reforms in the enterprise. It is determined that new approaches to the system organization of enterprise management are largely determined by changes in the motivation of both managers and traditional specialists (specialists). They are considered in close connection with the increasing role of corporate culture in the management process - a tool to increase the social responsibility of staff for the effectiveness of the production process (provision of services). In this sense, the role of corporate culture is growing as a tool to motivate the management system, which aims to maintain employees' confidence that they are the only team capable of solving complex problems. ; У статті висвітлюються питання, пов'язані з управлінням формування корпоративної культури підприємства та розвитком персоналу. Проблеми ефективного управління та господарювання підприємства залежать не тільки від економічних, соціальних, екологічних чинників. Вони напряму залежать і від культурологічного чинника. Корпоративна культура є складовою корпоративної політики. Визначено, що одним із головних завдань сучасного менеджменту підприємства є розвиток корпоративної культури та її складових. З'ясовано, що розвиток корпоративної культури тісно пов'язаний з підвищенням уваги до питань управління персоналом і створення психологіч­ного клімату, орієнтацією на діалог між керів­ництвом і співробітниками. Визначено, що при формуванні концептуальних засад управління розвитком корпоративної культури слід враховувати не тільки психологічні та історичні особливості її формування, а й ринкову складову - здатність до самоорганізації. Остання стає каталізатором ефективного використання потенційних можливостей персоналу. З'ясовано, що ефективне управління корпоративною культурою передбачає визначення готовності управлінського персоналу до змін. Акцентовано увагу на виборі стратегії управління підприємством. Залежно від формування місії підприємства буде залежати підхід до управління корпоративною культурою. Вивчення факторів, що впливають на формування корпоративної культури підприємства, доводить, що рівень дії макрофакторів для всіх підприємств однаковий, мезофактори і мікрофактори мають особливості прояву на рівні конкретного підприємства і саме вони формують різноманітність корпоративних культур. Доведено, що посилення конкуренції на ринку підсилює дію саме мікро- та мезофакторів, а тому їх прояв потребує нових, ефективних методів та способів роботи з персоналом. З'ясовано, що корпоративна культура – це і питання мотивації персоналу, стилю керівництва, вплив особистості керівника тощо. Вона охоплює велику частину духовного і матеріального життя колективу. Визначено, що існування демократичного суспільства актуалізує проблему впровадження гуманітарних норм взаємозв'язку в організації системи управління і підпорядкування адміністративних відносин вимогам гуманітарної парадигми. Вона ускладнюється тим, що теоретико-методологічне осмислення стану культури ще не знайшло належного втілення в організації системи управління підприємством. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що практика управління підприємством часто демонструє або недооцінювання культурної складової розвитку, або намагання вирішення складних проблем використанням запозичених зарубіжних методик. Як наслідок – дефіцит культури, відсутність її пріоритету в колективі є однією з причин гальмування процесів проведення ефективних реформ на підприємстві. Визначено, що нові підходи до системної організації управління підприємством значною мірою визначаються змінами в мотивації праці як управлінців, так й традиційних фахівців (спеціалістів). Вони розглядаються у тісному зв'язку з підвищенням ролі корпоративної культури в управлінському процесі – інструменту підвищення соціальної відповідальності персоналу за результативність виробничого процесу (надання послуг). У цьому сенсі зростає роль корпоративної культури як інструменту мотивації системи управління, що спрямовується на підтримання у працівників впевненості в тому, що вони єдина команда, здатна вирішувати складні задачі.

To address the challenges of climate change in agriculture, the concept of climate smart agriculture (CSA) has been proposed to synergistically achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as food security goals, through the scaling of CSA practices. To achieve such adoption in territories, setting an enabling institutional context is necessary. In Latin American region, there is a multiplicity of policies and interventions from public and private actors that already seek to support producers in facing climate and production challenges in agriculture. The multiplicity of actors and their interventions generates a complex system that defines the characteristics of the local institutional environment to face the challenges of agriculture in the face of climate change. Although each actor follows its own objectives, they interact and relate to each other, forming a de facto institutional network. We consider that the characteristics of this institutional network (its density, its spatial coverage) are a key element to investigate the coherence, consistency and relevance of the system of attention to rural territories to face climate challenges. Hence, understanding the dynamics and actions of the institutions network in the territories may facilitate decision making to prioritize actions and strengthen their impacts. While studies regarding enabling factors or policies for CSA, as well as vulnerability and adaptive capacity of territories mapping, there has been so far few analyses that allow a holistic evaluation of the interventions of an institutional network in territories. This paper aims to fill this gap through a study implemented in the Honduran dry corridor. The Honduran dry corridor has high levels of climate vulnerability, social fragility and low economic development. This situation has stimulated the action of multiple institutions to mitigate and find solutions, each with its own capacities and expertise, forming a multi-relational network (issues of interventions such as agriculture, food security, and climate change) and scalar (space). However, despite this remarkable presence of actors in the dry corridor, social and environmental indicators show stagnation in time and space. Thus, the Honduran dry corridor is a very relevant space to assess the actors' intervention networks. This communication covers the following objectives: 1) to describe the system of institutional actors (public administration, NGO, international cooperation) in the Honduran dry corridor territory, regarding climate change, agriculture and food security related interventions, 2) to analyze the institutional deployment in the municipalities of the Honduran dry corridor by exploring and analyzing the structure of the multi-relational network, 3) to analyze the relevance of interventions network at territorial level, considering the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change capacity of the municipalities. The methodological path included through interviews and surveys to the main institutions involved in intervention in the Honduran dry corridor (n=55) as well as a review of secondary sources, such as websites, public policy documents and plans, projects of private institutions in open consultation sites. This information was used to develop three types of analysis: a) an actors' and intervention mapping, and an analysis of the institutional network at both global (structure, diameter, density) and local level (nodal positions, centrality, navigability, etc) , b) a bipartite network analysis evidencing institutions and municipalities linkages to capture spatial coverage of interventions, c) a cross analysis between interventions at municipal level and potential future vulnerability levels at the same scale, to inquire the relevance of the current coverage of the institutional network. The actors' and intervention mapping identified 167 organizations with interactions in the region, including international, private and public organizations. The presence of foreign organizations stands out, as 30 international cooperation organizations, such as development banks, scientific and cooperation organizations, among others conducted intervention in the region. In contrast, the educational organizations and their intervention appears as very low levels in the region (only 4 actors from private institutions and 2 from public institutions were registered). Regarding the interventions in the dry corridor territory, the results show that climate change, food security and agriculture oriented actions account for 40% of the total number of interventions detected for more than 150 municipalities in the dry corridor; the rest of the actions respond to financial issues, legal advice, poverty reduction, governance and infrastructure, among others. The key actions are not distributed homogeneously in the territories of the Honduran dry corridor; rather, 8 municipalities concentrate about 43% of such intervention. It is worth mentioning that the actors that have greater centrality in the institutional network, express patterns of horizontal cooperation relations (positive assortativity). The bipartite network, which capture the connection between institutions and municipalities, identified 3 patterns that reflect different situations in terms of institutional attention. In the core of the bipartite network there is a high density of relationships between institutional actors and municipality, which corresponds to municipalities where many actors intervene in a non-exclusive manner. In the periphery of the bipartite network, there are two areas in the form of ego-network and/or fat tails. One corresponds to situations where many institutions connect exclusively to a single municipality, and the other corresponding to municipalities that are supported by one actors. In addition, the findings reveal that geographically there is a pattern of less intervention in municipalities farther away from economic centers and poles. Regarding the spatial coincidence between the interventions of the institutional network and the vulnerability of the municipalities, the results reveal spatial mismatch, as only 9% of the actions of the institutional network correspond are undertaken in highly vulnerable municipalities. Our results suggest that there is still improvement for collaborative actions in the institutional network as well as for spatial prioritization of interventions toward vulnerable municipalities. A dialogue at the territorial level, involving the greatest number and diversity of actors is suggested in order to develop a regional agenda to establish a more coherent and efficient institutional network in the region. Such agenda will then increase the relevance and efficiency of institutional attention to the municipalities of the dry corridor, and thus an institutional environment for a scaling up of CSA in the region.

International Carpathian School is a fast-growing volunteer project in Kosiv, Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine, designed as a local centre of non-formal education to address youth adaptation to the globalized world. It intended to overcome the existing gaps in the education of socially conscious youth, finding optimal ways of skill-sharing activities to local communities. Among others, the school is oriented for delivering knowledge, skills and attitudes of the EU best practices in the field of municipal solid waste management (MSWM). In a broader meaning, the Carpathian School Agenda serves for the environmental protection of the vulnerable mountain landscapes to meet the Sustainable Development Goals Ukraine-2030 (hereof and after SDG), entered in force by the Decree of the President of Ukraine in order to ensure the national interests of Ukraine in relation to sustainable economic development [1]. The School activity is aligned with both SDG-4 "Quality education" and SDG-11 "Sustainable cities and communities". It has an interdisciplinary approach to learning where academic concepts of geoscience are coupled with real-world lessons. Carpathian Winter School hosted researches from Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia together with five educational entities from Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Scholars were exposed to a cross-cultural experience that facilitates connections between the classroom and the world around them. Simultaneously, the School is providing a prospect to local scientists in maintaining professional links with their foreign colleagues and obtaining hands-on scientific information on MSWM. Having a central geographical position and well-developed informal tuition activities, the Carpathian School may have a good chance to become a placement for students' mobility, people-to-people contacts and promoting youth employability that is coherent with The Eastern Partnership (EaP) policy [2]. The educational project of the Swedish Institute LASUWAMA [3], which was considered at the Carpathian Winter School, combined researchers from Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia with five educational institutions of the Baltic Sea region. Representatives of EU universities, involved in the development of educational programs, provided the relevant knowledge and skills, needed to students for gaining an in-depth understanding of the sustainable development concept [4], including, inter alia, access to further vocational training in EU countries ; Международная Карпатская школа – это быстрорастущий волонтерский проект в Косовской районе Ивано-Франковской области, Украина, разработанный как локальный центр неформального образования для решения проблем адаптации молодежи к глобальной среде глобализированного мира. Он был направлен на преодоление существующих пробелов в образовании социально сознательной молодежи, поиск оптимальных способов обмена навыками с местными сообществами. Среди прочего, школа ориентирована на передачу знаний, навыков и отношения к лучшим практикам ЕС в области управления твердыми бытовыми отходами (ТБО). В более широком смысле, Карпатская школьная программа служит защите окружающей среды уязвимых горных ландшафтов для достижения Целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР) Украина-2030 (далее и далее ЦУР), вступивших в силу Указом Президента Украины в целях обеспечения национальных интересов Украины относительно устойчивого экономического развития [1]. Деятельность Школы согласована как с ЦУР-4 «Качественное образование», так и с ЦУР-11 «Устойчивые города и сообщества». В нем используется междисциплинарный подход к обучению, в котором академические концепции геонаук сочетаются с уроками реального мира. Карпатская зимняя школа собрала исследователей из Украины, Грузии и Армении вместе с пятью образовательными учреждениями из региона Балтийского моря (РБМ). Ученые познакомились с межкультурным опытом, который способствует установлению связей между классом и окружающим миром. Одновременно Школа предоставляет местным ученым возможность поддерживать профессиональные связи со своими зарубежными коллегами и получать практическую научную информацию о ТБО. Имея центральное географическое положение и хорошо развитую неформальную учебную деятельность, Карпатская школа может иметь хорошие шансы стать местом для мобильности студентов, контактов между людьми и содействия трудоустройству молодежи, что согласуется с политикой Восточного партнерства (ВП) [2]. Образовательный проект шведского института LASUWAMA [3], который рассматривался в Карпатской зимней школе, объединил исследователей из Украины, Грузии и Армении с пятью учебными заведениями региона Балтийского моря. Представители университетов ЕС, участвующие в разработке образовательных программ, предоставили студентам соответствующие знания и навыки, необходимые для получения глубокого понимания концепции устойчивого развития [4], включая, в частности, доступ к дальнейшему профессиональному обучению в странах ЕС ; Міжнародна карпатська школа - це швидкозростаючий волонтерський проект на Косівщині (Івано-Франківська область, Україна), задуманий як місцевий центр неформальної освіти для вирішення питань адаптації молоді до глобалізованого світу. Він мав намір подолати існуючі прогалини в освіті соціально свідомої молоді, знайти оптимальні способи обміну навичками для місцевих громад. Серед іншого, школа орієнтована на надання знань, компетентностей і навичок та поширення кращих практик ЄС у сфері поводження з твердими побутовими відходами (ТПВ). У більш широкому значенні, Карпатська школа служить для захисту вразливих гірських ландшафтів для досягнення Цілей сталого розвитку Україна 2030 (далі ЦСР). впроваджених Указом Президента України з метою забезпечення національних інтересів України щодо сталого розвитку економіки [1]. Діяльність школи узгоджується як із ЦСР-4 "Якісна освіта", так і із ЦСР-11 "Сталі міста та громади". Школа впроваджує міждисциплінарний підхід до навчання, де академічні концепції геоекології поєднуються з практичними прикладами. Одночасно вона надає перспективу місцевим науковцям у підтримці професійних зв'язків із закордонними колегами та отриманні наукової інформації щодо поводження з ТПВ. Маючи центральне географічне положення та досвід впровадження неформальної освіти, Карпатська школа може мати хороші шанси стати місцем для мобільності студентів, контактів між людьми та сприяти працевлаштуванню молоді, що відповідає політиці Східного партнерства, спільної політичної ініціативи, спрямованої на поглиблення та зміцнення відносин між Європейським Союзом (ЄС), його державами-членами та шістьма східнимисусідами: Вірменією, Азербайджаном, Білоруссю,Грузією,Молдовоюта Україною [2]. Освітній проект Шведського Інституту LASUWAMA [3], діяльність якого була розглянута у Карпатській зимовій школі, поєднав науковців з України, Грузії та Вірменії, з колегами із п'ятьох навчальних закладів регіону Балтійського моря. Представники університетів країн ЄС, які брали участь у розробці освітніх програм, забезпечили здобуття належних знань та навичок, необхідних студентам для поглибленого сприйняття концепції сталого розвитку, затвердженої документом Саміту ООН Ріо-92 "Порядок денний на ХХІ століття» [4], включаючи, серед іншого, доступ до подальшого професійного навчання в країнах ЄС

The proposed scientific problem is not sufficiently developed in modern research literature. Isolated studies demonstrate the importance of developing a common political and economic approach to religious farms and provide them with the most systematic, comprehensive analysis. The presence of these lacunae, both in general conceptual approaches and in the development of certain aspects of the problem being analyzed, determined the relevance of the research and the accentuation of the research goal. The articles have become collectively associated households of various denominational types. The research is focused on economic relations within confessional ones. farms, as well as religious farms among themselves, with other organizations, with the state. Studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of general economic theory and economic interests have become the methodological basis of the study; interaction of productive forces, economic forms, methods of management and institutional structures; the impact of economic structures on the processes of humanization of economic growth, social economy, theory of management of economic systems, the study of socio-economic alternatives. Of particular relevance to the study are the objective difficulties of the methodological plan: a) a special synergy of the object of study, since analyzing the religious economy has to find a balance between economics, philosophy, history, cultural studies, ethics and theology; b) insignificant representation of scientific economic works on this issue; c) the extreme degree of isolation and secrecy of religious communities, especially in matters of their economic and economic life; d) the modern economy rejects and does not accept religious activities; e) the presence of extreme antagonism between the modern economy and religion. Separate ideas of the proposed work run counter to the ideology currently established in economic theory. It is always difficult to study religious communities: under socialism, such research was impossible, or the aim was to show the shortcomings of these organizations; under capitalism, their research is again hindered by the dominant ideology, in the majority of its ideas opposed to religious principles. ; El problema científico propuesto no está suficientemente desarrollado en la literatura de investigación moderna. Los estudios aislados demuestran la importancia de desarrollar un enfoque político y económico común para las granjas religiosas y les proporcionan el análisis más sistemático y completo. La presencia de estas lagunas, tanto en los enfoques conceptuales generales como en el desarrollo de ciertos aspectos del problema que se analiza, determinó la relevancia de la investigación y la acentuación del objetivo de la investigación. Los artículos se han convertido en hogares colectivamente asociados de varios tipos denominacionales. La investigación se centra en las relaciones económicas dentro de las confesionales. Granjas, así como granjas religiosas entre sí, con otras organizaciones, con el estado. Los estudios de científicos nacionales y extranjeros en el campo de la teoría económica general y los intereses económicos se han convertido en la base metodológica del estudio; interacción de fuerzas productivas, formas económicas, métodos de gestión y estructuras institucionales; El impacto de las estructuras económicas en los procesos de humanización del crecimiento económico, la economía social, la teoría de la gestión de los sistemas económicos, el estudio de las alternativas socioeconómicas. De particular relevancia para el estudio son las dificultades objetivas del plan metodológico: a) una sinergia especial del objeto de estudio, ya que el análisis de la economía religiosa tiene que encontrar un equilibrio entre economía, filosofía, historia, estudios culturales, ética y teología; b) Representación insignificante de trabajos científicos económicos sobre este tema; c) el grado extremo de aislamiento y secreto de las comunidades religiosas, especialmente en cuestiones de su vida económica y económica; d) la economía moderna rechaza y no acepta actividades religiosas; e) La presencia de antagonismo extremo entre la economía moderna y la religión. Las ideas separadas del trabajo propuesto van en contra de la ideología actualmente establecida en la teoría económica. Siempre es difícil estudiar las comunidades religiosas: bajo el socialismo, tal investigación era imposible, o el objetivo era mostrar las deficiencias de estas organizaciones; bajo el capitalismo, su investigación se ve nuevamente obstaculizada por la ideología dominante, en la mayoría de sus ideas opuestas a los principios religiosos. ; Предлагаемая научная проблема является недостаточно разработанной в современной исследовательской литературе. Разрозненные исследования демонстрируют, важность выработки общего политэкономического подхода к религиозным хозяйствам и дать их наиболее системный, комплексный анализ. Наличие этих лакун как в общих концептуальных подходах, так и в разработке отдельных аспектов анализируемой проблемы обусловили актуальность исследования и актцентуацию цели исследования. Цель нашей статьи заключается в том, чтобы выявить место, роль и специфику конфессионального хозяйства в современной экономике постсоветских стран. Объектом исследования настоящей статьи стали коллективноассоциированные хозяйства различного конфессионального типа. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения внутри конфессиональных хозяйств, а также религиозных хозяйств между собой, с другими организациями, с государством. Методологической базой исследования стали исследования отечественных и зарубежных ученых в области общей экономической теории и экономических интересов; взаимодействия производительных сил, экономических форм, методов хозяйствования и институциональных структур; воздействия хозяйственных укладов на процессы гуманизации экономического роста, социальной экономики, теории управления экономическими системами, исследования социально-экономических альтернатив. Особую актуальность исследованию придают объективные сложности методологического плана: а) особый синергизм объекта исследования, поскольку при анализе религиозного хозяйства приходится находить баланс между экономикой, философией, историей, культурологией, этикой и богословием; б) незначительная представленность научных экономических работ по данной проблеме; в) крайняя степень замкнутости и закрытости религиозных общин, особенно в вопросах их хозяйственно-экономической жизни; г) современная экономика отторгает и не принимает религиозную деятельность; д) наличие крайнего антогонизма между современной экономикой и религией. Отдельные идеи предлагаемой работы идут в разрез с установившейся в настоящий момент в экономической теории идеологией. Заниматься изучением религиозных общин всегда непросто: при социализме такое исследование было невозможно, или преследовало цель показать недостатки этих организаций; при капитализме — их исследованию опять мешает господствующая идеология, в большинстве своих идей противоположная религиозным принципам.

Fourth Generation (4G) Road Infrastructure projects are developed through Public-Private Partnership programs (PPP) and they are a key driver of Colombian economic development. Concessions' financial model is based on a high degree of leverage (Project Finance) with different finance providers, in order to meet contractual conditions and obtain a financial closure certification. Leverage funds are mostly provided by foreign institutions, raising financial risk factors significantly, which in turn, can affect profitability of the infrastructure project and investors' return on investment. On the other hand, fiduciary companies have a relevant role within 4G Road Concessions business structure, since they manage all of the infrastructure financial resources through their trust administration services. Hence, risk management becomes a pillar to ensure Road Concessions' financial viability and, consequently, concessionaires as trustors and special-purpose companies design and execute the risk management strategy, reducing or eliminating risks by using mainly derivative hedging instruments. Such contracts have a significant impact on trust financial results and, therefore, on stakeholders' decision making. Owing to that important role, this research work is devoted to characterize the hedge accounting model, identify how risk management affects trust's financial statements and establish if such model adapts to factors and particularities of 4G concessions fiduciary business. The first part of the research work presents a characterization of the road infrastructure concessions fiduciary business in Colombia. Afterwards, risk management theoretical assumptions and their relation with hedge accounting are explored. Thirdly, current regulatory aspects related to hedging accounting model and its application within fiduciary businesses are analyzed. Finally, the last part is focused on the characterization and empirical analysis of hedge accounting, based on the case study methodology proposed by Yin, R. (2002). As a result, this research work exhibits how Fourth Generation (4G) Road Infrastructure projects, given their Project Finance model, are part of an environment of constant uncertainty and, because of that, concessionaire structures and executes an interest rate and exchange rate risk management strategy in order to guarantee project's financial viability and build trust among Government, investors, contractors and capital providers. Likewise, hedge accounting model brings together financial risk management and project's ability to provide useful financial information, since meeting IFRS 9 requirements evidences the integral execution of a risk management strategy by the concessionaire. Furthermore, applying Hedge Effectiveness methodology enables financial statements to reflect the effects of the aforementioned strategy without affecting the results due to hedged item's volatility, thus, influencing stakeholders' control and decision making within 4G concessions model. ; Por medio de las Asociaciones Público Privadas -APP- se desarrollan los proyectos de infraestructura vial de concesiones 4G, los cuales tienen particular relevancia en el desarrollo económico colombiano. El modelo financiero de dichos proyectos se basa en un alto grado de apalancamiento (Project Finance) con diferentes proveedores financieros, a fin de cumplir las condiciones contractuales y obtener la respectiva certificación de cierre financiero. En una importante proporción el apalancamiento se realiza con entidades del exterior, suscitando factores de riesgos financieros que pueden afectar significativamente la rentabilidad del proyecto de infraestructura y el retorno de la inversión a los respectivos socios. Por otro lado, las sociedades fiduciarias toman un papel relevante en la estructura institucional del negocio de concesiones viales 4G, dado que por medio de los patrimonios autónomos se deben administrar todos los recursos de los respectivos proyectos de infraestructura. Dado lo anterior, la gestión de riesgos financieros se convierte en pilar fundamental para la viabilidad financiera de las concesiones viales, para lo cual, los concesionarios en su condición de fideicomitentes y sociedades de propósito exclusivo, diseñan y ejecutan la respectiva estrategia de gestión de riesgos, estructurando principalmente instrumentos derivados de cobertura. Dichos instrumentos tienen un impacto significativo en el resultado financiero de los patrimonios autónomos y por ende en la toma de decisiones por parte de los diferentes stakeholders del negocio fiduciario, por lo cual, el presente trabajo busca caracterizar el modelo de contabilidad de coberturas, e identificar si este funge como articulador entre la gestión de riesgos y el reconocimiento de sus efectos en los respectivos estados financieros de los patrimonios autónomos y por ende da respuesta a las particularidades del negocio fiduciario de concesiones 4G. Por consiguiente, de manera secuencial se realiza inicialmente la caracterización del negocio fiduciario de concesiones de infraestructura vial en Colombia, posteriormente se explora los supuestos de las teorías que sustentan la gestión de riesgos financieros y su relación con la contabilidad de coberturas, en tercer lugar se analiza la normatividad vigente relacionada con dicho modelo contable y su aplicación en negocios fiduciarios, y por último se efectúa la caracterización y análisis empírico de la contabilidad de coberturas basado en la metodología de estudio de caso planteado por Yin, R. (2002). Los resultados del trabajo muestran que los proyectos de infraestructura vial de concesiones 4G por su modelo de financiación Project Finance se encuentran inmersos en un ambiente de constante incertidumbre, por lo cual, el Concesionario con el fin de garantizar la viabilidad financiera del proyecto y generar confianza al Estado, inversionistas, contratistas y proveedores de capital, estructura y ejecuta una estrategia de gestión de riesgos de tasa de interés y tasa de cambio. De igual manera, se contempla al modelo de contabilidad de coberturas como articulador entre la gestión de riesgos financieros y la generación de información financiera útil, dado que el cumplimiento de los requisitos de dicho modelo contable descritos en la NIIF 9, evidencia la ejecución integral de una estrategia de gestión de riesgos por parte del Concesionario, y adicionalmente por medio de la metodología de la eficacia de la cobertura, los estados financieros capturan los efectos de la referenciada gestión de riesgos sin afectar los resultados por la volatilidad del subyacente cubierto, incidiendo así en la toma de decisiones y control de los diferentes stakeholders del modelo de concesiones 4G. ; Línea de investigación: Finanzas ; Maestría