Suchergebnisse

[cat] El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és oferir una panoràmica completa sobre l'evolució de la distribució de la renda a llarg termini a Portugal. Portugal és actualment un dels països més desiguals d'Europa i aquí volem determinar quins són els orígens d'aquest fenomen. Per tal d'assolir aquest objectiu s'han estimat una àmplia varietat d'indicadors proposats per la literatura sobre les desigualtats. Els principals resultats d'aquest treball són els següents. En primer lloc, les desigualtats salarials segueixen una corba en forma de N ajustant-se a la pauta internacional a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX i a les prediccions de la Corba estesa de Kuznets. Per altra banda, els top income shares han caigut fins als anys 1980, però d'aquí en endavant han crescut amb molta intensitat ajustant-se a la pauta distributiva dels països anglosaxons. La desigualtat personal de la renda va augmentar amb molta intensitat durant la primera meitat del règim Salazarista i es va mantenir en uns nivells molt elevats fins al final de la Dictadura. Va caure amb intensitat durant la Revolució del 1974 i va tornar a créixer durant el període democràtic. La ràtio d'extracció també va créixer amb molta intensitat durant els primers anys de la dictadura definint clarament aquest règim com a molt regressiu en l'esfera distributiva. És important destacar que la ràtio d'extracció era més elevada al 2006 que als anys 1920, un fet absolutament extraordinari. Finalment, aquesta tesi també aporta noves estimacions sobre els PIBs regionals de Portugal des de 1890 fins al 1980. Aquestes noves dades mostren com les desigualtats regionals van créixer fins al 1970 per caure durant la següent dècada. També es pot observar una concentració molt intensa de l'activitat econòmica a les regions costeres. Per acabar, el ràpid creixement econòmic de Portugal al llarg del segle XX hauria de ser re-avaluat des del punt de vista social si es mira a l'interior de la caixa negra de la renda per càpita. Aquesta tesi ha il•luminat aquesta caixa negra i ha mostrat com els fruits del creixement econòmic han estat distribuïts persistentment de forma molt desigual. ; [eng] This thesis aims to provide a complete picture on the long term evolution of economic inequality in Portugal. Indeed, Portugal is today one of the most unequal European countries and in this thesis we look at the historical roots of this phenomenon. Last decades, economic historians have provided a wide variety of indexes to estimate the long term evolution of income inequality. In this thesis we estimate all those indexes of inequality proposed by the literature. More concretely, we provide long term series on the evolution of top income and wealth shares, wage inequality, personal income inequality, functional income distribution, the Williamson index, the Extraction ratio, Economic polarization, Welfare and Regional inequality. Wage inequality in Portugal followed an N-curve, increasing until the late 1950s to decline until the 1980, when it turned to increase again. The Portuguese experience fits to the international pattern since the 1950s onwards. The Portuguese case also fits to the Extended Kuznets Curve hypothesis, according to which, wage inequality may follow an N-curve during the transition from an agrarian to a post-industrial society. Top income shares decreased until the 1980 to increase intensively thereafter following the international pattern, and specially the Anglo-Saxon countries experience. Although Leigh (2007) stated that top income shares were a good proxy of income inequality, the Portuguese case shows that this relation may not always hold. In this sense, during Portuguese industrialization top income shares decreased continuously whereas income inequality followed an inverted U-curve, which fits the predictions made by the well-known paper by Kuznets (1955). All approaches to inequality are relevant although this finding shows that they are not equivalent and may evolve in opposite directions. Personal income inequality increased intensively during the first half of the Salazar regime and remained in high levels until the end of the dictatorship. It fell dramatically during the Portuguese revolution of the 1970s and it turned to increase thereafter. The Extraction ratio, which measures the capacity of the economic elites to gather the surplus of an economy also increased intensively during the first half of the dictatorship, clearly defining this regime as deeply regressive in distributional terms. It decreased intensively after the 1950s due to rapid economic growth and turned to increase during the democratic period. The global balance is striking because this index uses to decline in the long term. In Portugal, however, the ER was higher in 2006 than in the 1920s. Finally, this thesis also provides the first long term estimates of regional pc GDP for Portugal since 1890 onwards. Regional inequality increased until the 1970s to decrease afterwards. Increasing regional inequality was due to a long term process of regional specialization, whereas the declining trend was associated to the industrialization of the more backward Portuguese regions. During the period analysed, economic activity concentrated intensively on the Atlantic Coastal regions whereas the inner (and overall northern) regions fell behind. To conclude, Portuguese fast economic growth over the twentieth century should be re-evaluated from the social point of view if we look inside the black box of income per capita. This thesis has enlightened this black box and the vision is rather negative. The fruits of economic growth have not trickled down to most of the population during most of the period studied. As a result, most of the Portuguese have been largely excluded from the growing prosperity of the country.

[spa]Esta investigación, cuyo propósito es identificar y describir los elementos novelescos que conforman "Marcos de Obregón", consta de cinco capítulos, que detallan los procedimientos utilizados por el autor en la elaboración del texto, cuya materia prima es su propia autobiografía. Espinel construye al protagonista de su novela a su imagen y semejanza. Varios de sus episodios vitales coinciden con los del protagonista, un escudero que en el final de sus días cuenta su historia vital. Otra fuente de inspiración la constituyen sus lecturas literarias, filosóficas y religiosas, ricas en ideas acopladas a los episodios del relato. Pero también estas les serán útiles para dotar al texto de moralidad y doctrina religiosa contrarreformista. Así, el texto cumpliría con los principios horacianos del "docere" y "delectare". El primer capítulo consta de una reseña biográfica de Espinel, relevante por los episodios comunes que comparten autor y personaje. También se aluden a ciertos acontecimientos históricos que contextualizan la obra en el tiempo y espacio para otorgarle verosimilitud a la fábula, según la preceptiva neoaristotélica que el autor sigue. El segundo capítulo se concentra en la estructura de la obra. El enorme influjo que la picaresca tuvo sobre ella se evidencia tanto en la arquitectura textual como en la estructura narrativa. Espinel sigue el modelo del "Guzmán de Alfarache" para organizar su historia, distribuida en tres grandes segmentos llamados relaciones. Estas se dividen en capítulos denominados descansos, donde se introduce, cuenta y luego moraliza un determinado acontecimiento. La narración retrospectiva y autodiegética será otro aporte del género. Espinel sigue también al "Buscón" de Quevedo y a los relatos de Cervantes, por quien siente profunda admiración, pero también se apoya en los escritos misceláneos de Mexía o Torquemada, como lo demuestra el análisis textual. El tercer capítulo describe la influencia del género bizantino. Estos relatos fueron alabados por la preceptiva porque los protagonistas de las historias clásicas, Las etiópicas de Heliodoro o Leucipa de Tacio, representaban modelos virtuosos. El resurgimiento del género en el Siglo de Oro había comenzado con el Clareo de Núñez de Reinoso y la Selva de Contreras, y continuó con el Peregrino de Lope y el Persiles de Cervantes, a quienes Espinel siguió atentamente. Los rasgos bizantinos se hacen más notorios en el relato americano de la tercera relación, aunque son también perceptibles en el resto del texto. Fundamental resulta para ello la adaptación de la técnica narrativa del género "in media res". El cuarto capítulo detalla el debate de la crítica acerca de la pertenencia de la novela a la picaresca. En lo sustancial, se coincide en que el protagonista no es un pícaro, pero la presencia del género es visible en la estructura y el cuadro social de la obra. Marcos de Obregón dialoga con diversos textos clásicos o de la época. Esto evidencia el procedimiento hipertextual en la creación de la novela, aunque la picaresca sea el género más destacable. El escudero solo en ocasiones actúa como pícaro para burlar a quienes sí lo son o para escapar de situaciones problemáticas. El último capítulo centra el análisis en las figuras del escudero y el soldado. El autor decidió hacer reconocible su figura a través de un personaje, perteneciente al mismo estrato social, con un oficio común al suyo. Ambos sirvieron a nobles o distinguidos caballeros. Finalmente, Espinel estuvo atento a las narraciones de soldados como la autobiografía de Alonso Enríquez o Jerónimo Pasamonte, quienes prestaron sus servicios militares a la Corona, y adoptó de ellas la figura del soldado y el relato retrospectivo de sus aventuras. ; [eng]This research tries to identify and to describe the main the novelistic components of the novel. This text is basically composed of writer's real life events. The hero is made of characteristics similar to Vicente Espinel. This thesis has five chapters. The first of them is a short review about the families and personals background of Espinel's, and several historic events which had happened during the writer's life in the Gold Century. The second chapter addresses about the narrative and textual structure of the novel. The main influence in the text is the picaresque genre through the Guzmán de Alfarache novel. But other kind of texts were also alluded in Marcos de Obregón, for example the miscellaneous tales of Mexía or Torquemada, that helped to the Ronda's writer achieves the docere and delectare, the two rules of the Latin poet Horace. The third one is about the relation between the byzantine genre and Espinel's novel. The principal actors of Greek classics like Las etiópicas by Heliodoro and Leucipa by Tacio were high moral referents. Espinel had read other works like Clareo by Núñez de Reinoso, Selva by Contreras, Peregrino by Lope and Persiles by Cervantes, the latter being strongly admired by Espinel. Besides, the writer adopted the narrative technical of this genre: in media res. The forth chapter talks about the critical works which discuss the relationship between the text and the picaresque genre, as Marcos de Obregón is not a so called 'pícaro', but the novel has the picaresque structure. But the text is not based exclusively one genre. The novel is created together other genres, although the picaresque is the most prominent component. Finally, the last chapter analyzes the squire and the soldier figures. Espinel chooses a character, who had done the same job as him. The writer served as a squire for aristocratic and powerful people. And the author could read the autobiographical soldiers tales of Alonso Enríquez or Jerónimo de Pasamonte. He was able to adopt the soldier figure and the retrospective and autobiographical narrative diagram.

This paper reviews the policy debate on development issues and examines the economic prospects for developing countries at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It is specifically concerned with the question of whether developing countries will be able to meet the employment and poverty reduction goals set by the World Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen in 1995. What policies at the national and international level will be most helpful in this respect? The introductory part of the paper notes that the Social Summit coincided with one of the worst financial crises up to that time in developing economies-Mexico's 'Tequila Crisis' in 1994 and 1995. It is suggested that, notwithstanding that crisis, the immediate economic prospects for developing countries in 1995 appeared much brighter than they do today in the wake of recent economic and financial crises in Asia, Latin America and Russia. The paper notes that, in contrast to the uneven economic performance of the economies of developing countries in the period since the Social Summit, the policy debate has in many ways taken a definite step forward. The main part of the paper provides a systematic investigation of the factors that determine whether or not developing countries will be able to eradicate poverty and achieve full employment with rising productivity and real wages. The paper looks specifically at the following aspects. First, it considers the economic record of developing countries and policy issues raised by this analysis. Second, it examines the complex interrelationships between economic growth, unemployment, poverty reduction and income inequality, both conceptually and empirically. This analysis gives attention to the notion of full employment, the relationship between technical change and unemployment, the economic significance of the information and communications technology revolution, and labour market theories of unemployment and inflation. Third, the paper looks at the changed historical conjuncture for economic development and for the development policy debate. The following themes and related analytical and policy questions are emphasized: Liberalization and globalization-Contrary to theoretical expectations, why has the actual experience of many developing countries with liberalization and globalization been negative rather than positive, i.e. why has it often resulted in crises rather than faster growth? Also, are these failures simply a matter of incorrect policies, or are there more fundamental flaws from the perspective of developing countries, with respect to the institutional arrangements of the world economy under liberalization and globalization? Washington Consensus-Has the Washington Consensus failed? What lessons should be learned from the implementation of that policy programme? Asian financial and economic crisis-A very important and influential thesis concerning the Asian crisis suggests that the failure of Asian countries during 1997-1999 can be ascribed mainly to the dirigiste and corporatist model of capitalism that many of these countries were following. The paper examines this thesis critically. A central policy implication of these analyses is that developing countries need to attain a trend increase in their growth rates, possibly to their pre-1980 long-term rates of about 6 per cent per year. This would enable them to achieve and maintain meaningful 'full employment' in the spirit of the Social Summit, with rising real wages and increasing standards of living. Although faster growth will help to reduce poverty, the latter is affected by other important variables as well-notably inflation, inequality of income and asset distribution, instability of economic growth and government fiscal policies. Women, in particular, are adversely affected by macro-economic instability. In the absence of adequate social security systems, the burden of women's paid as well as unpaid work increases during economic downturns. What is required, therefore, to meet the employment and poverty reduction goals of the Social Summit is not only fast growth, but also better quality growth. The last part of the paper highlights the shortcomings of the present institutional arrangement of liberalization and globalization. It indicates why and how these arrangements make it difficult for developing countries to achieve high rates of economic growth. Indeed, it is suggested that this regime is sub-optimal for both developing and developed countries. It is argued that, today, the main constraints on faster long-term economic growth in both developing and developed countries do not lie on the supply side but on the demand side. In principle, the world has the technological and intellectual capacity, as well as the human and material resources, to achieve the fast growth required to fulfil the aims of the Social Summit. The paper suggests that such growth will, however, only be realized in practice if the alternative strategy outlined is adopted. This involves the pursuit of faster growth of real world demand through co-ordinated expansion by industrialized countries and the introduction of special and differential treatment for developing countries in a number of key spheres. In brief, an essential argument of this paper is that, instead of the present organization of the world economy, a global Keynesian regime of managed world trade and controlled global capital movements is more likely to benefit both developed and developing countries. Together with genuine international co-operation as well as more harmonious relations between employers, employees and governments nationally, this would deliver both fast growth and high quality growth. Such growth would help bring full employment and rising wages in both groups of countries. In analytical terms, the paper stresses the significance of co-ordination failures on the demand side as the main obstacles to economic progress, rather than supply-side deficiencies. In order for the rate of growth of real world demand to be compatible with production possibilities on the supply side, new institutions are required to resolve the co-ordination problems on a sustained, long-term basis.

-Gesa Mackenthun, Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ix + 202 pp.-Peter Redfield, Peter Hulme ,Wild majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the present day. An Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. x + 369 pp., Neil L. Whitehead (eds)-Michel R. Doortmont, Philip D. Curtin, The rise and fall of the plantation complex: Essays in Atlantic history. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xi + 222 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Hilary McD.Beckles, A history of Barbados: From Amerindian settlement to nation-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xv + 224 pp.-Gertrude J. Fraser, Hilary McD.Beckles, Natural rebels; A social history of enslaved black women in Barbados. New Brunswick NJ and London: Rutgers University Press and Zed Books, 1990 and 1989. ix + 197 pp.-Bridget Brereton, Thomas C. Holt, The problem of freedom: Race, labor, and politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991. xxxi + 517 pp.-Peter C. Emmer, A. Meredith John, The plantation slaves of Trinidad, 1783-1816: A mathematical and demographic inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xvi + 259 pp.-Richard Price, Robert Cohen, Jews in another environment: Surinam in the second half of the eighteenth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. xv + 350 pp.-Russell R. Menard, Nigel Tattersfield, The forgotten trade: comprising the log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and accounts of the slave trade from the minor ports of England, 1698-1725. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991. ixx + 460 pp.-John D. Garrigus, James E. McClellan III, Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xviii + 393 pp.-Lowell Gudmundson, Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama canal, the Monroe doctrine, and the Latin American context. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. xviii + 598 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Ivelaw L. Griffith, Strategy and security in the Caribbean. New York : Praeger, 1991. xv + 208 pp.-W.E. Renkema, M.J. van den Blink, Olie op de golven: de betrekkingen tussen Nederland/Curacao en Venezuela gedurende de eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1989. 119 pp.-Horatio Williams, Obika Gray, Radicalism and social change in Jamaica, 1960-1972. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel A. Segal, Brackette F. Williams, Stains on my name, war in my veins: Guyana and the politics of cultural struggle. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. xix + 322 pp.-A. Lynn Bolles, Olive Senior, Working miracles: Women's lives in the English-speaking Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (and Bridgetown, Barbados: ISER),1991. xiii + 210 pp.-Teresita Martínez Vergne, Margarita Ostolaza Bey, Política sexual en Puerto Rico. Río Piedras PR: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 203 pp.-David J. Dodd, Dora Nevares ,Delinquency in Puerto Rico: The 1970 birth cohort study. With the collaboration of Steven Aurand. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. x + 232 pp., Marvin E. Wolfgang, Paul E. Tracy (eds)-Karen E. Richman, Paul Farmer, AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. xiv + 338 pp.-Alex Stepick, Robert Lawless, Haiti: A research handbook. (With contributions by Ilona Maria Lawless, Paul F. Monaghan, Florence Etienne Sergile & Charles A. Woods). New York: Garland, 1990. ix + 354 pp.-Lucien Taylor, Richard Price ,Equatoria. With sketches by Sally Price. New York & London: Routledge, 1992. 295 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Edward L. Cox, Kai Schoenhals, Grenada. World bibliographical series volume 119. Oxford: Clio Press, 1990. xxxviii + 181 pp.-Henry Wells, Kai Schoenhals, Dominican Republic. World bibliographical series volume 111. 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Book review in this article:GENERAL Robert Schnerb. Le XIX siècle. L'apogée de l'expansion européenne (1815‐1914). Vol. vi of Histoire Générate des Civilisations.J. H. Mundy, R. W. Emery and B. N. Nelson. Essays in Medieval Life and Thought.Hans Nabholz. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte.Milton Gilbert and Richard Stone (eds.). Income and Wealth, Series rv. International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.G. H. Martin. The Early Court Rolls of the Borough of Ipswich.A. R. Bridbury. England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages.Elisabeth G. Kimball (ed.). Some Sessions of the Peace in Lincolnshire, 1381‐1396, vol. 1.J. S. Roskell. The Commons in the Parliament of 1422. English Society and Parliamentary Representation under the Lancastrians.A. L. Merson (ed.). The Third Book of Remembrance of Southampton 1514‐1602. Vol. 11 (1540‐73).Barbara Winchester. Tudor Family Portrait.Royal Tyler (ed.). Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, vol. xiii, 1554‐8.G. D. Ramsay (ed.). Two Sixteenth‐Century Taxation Lists, 1545 and 1576.M. E. James (ed.). Estate Accounts of the Earls of Northumberland 1562‐1637.Allen French. Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval: a Study of the Causes of the Great Migration.Brian Frith (ed.). Gloucestershire Marriage Allegations 1637‐1680. General Editor of the Series–Patrick McGrath.David Ogg. England in the Reigns of James II and William III.Emmanuel Coppieters. English Bank Note Circulation 1694‐1954.John Rowe. Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution.Thomas Balston. William Balston, Paper‐Maker, 1759‐1849.David Williams. The Rebecca Riots: A study in Agrarian Unrest.Kenneth D. Buckley. Trade Unionism in Aberdeen, 1878 to 1900.Charles Loch Mowat. Britain Between the Wars.Edward Nevin. The Mechanics of Cheap Money.H. Duncan Hall. North American Supply.C. B. A. Behrens. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War.R. Delatouche. 'Agriculture médiévale et population.'Marc Bloch. Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, vol. II, Supplément établi par R. Dauvergne d'après les travaux de l'auteurGaston Roupnel. Histoire de la Campagne Française.M. Bloch. Esquisse d'une histoire monétaire de l'Europe.E. Dolleans AND G. Dehove. Histoire du travail en France. Vol. 1. Des origines à 1955. Vol.11. De 1919 à nos jours.M. Rey. 'Le ZIB 305 (Deuxieme partie), Étude d'histoire monétaire en France au début du XVe siècle.'Henri Lapeyre. Une famille de marchands: les Ruiz. Contribution à l'étude du commerce entre la France et l'Espagne au temps de Philippe II.H. Fréville. L'Intendance de Bretagne (1689‐1790), essai sur l'histoire d'une Intendance en Pays d'Etats au XVIIIe siécle.Pierre Dardel. Études d'histoire économique. IV: Importateurs et exportateurs rouennais au XVIIIe siécle. Antoine Guymonneau et ses opérations commerciales.Claude Fohlen. Une affaire defamille au XIXe siècle: Méquillet‐Noblot.Michel Augé‐Lartbé. La Révolution agricole.Paul Combe. Niveau de Vie et Progrès Technique en France depuis 1860.Claude Fohlen. L'Industrie textile au temps du Second Empire.Val R. Lorwin. The French Labor MovementM. Duverger. Partis politiques et classes sociales en France.Bijdragen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden.René Evrard. Les artistes et les usines afer. Oeuvres d'art inspires par les usines afer.D. van Derveeghde. Le domaine du Val‐Saint‐Lambert de 1202 à 1387.F. Favresse. 'Les draperies bruxelloises en 1282′G. Doorman. De Middeleeuwse Brouwerij en de Gruit.L. Liagre. 'Le commerce de l'alum en Flandre'J. Maréchal. Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis van het Bankwezen de Brugge.Bryce D. Lyon. 'Un compte de l'échiquier relatif aux relations d'Edouard Ier d'Angleterre avec le due Jean II de Brabant'M. K. E. Gottschalk. Historische geogrqfie van Westelijk eeuws Vlaanderen tot de Sint‐Elisabethsvloed van 1404.H. P. H. Jansen. Landbouwpacht in Brabant in de 14e en 15e eeuw.P. Jeannin. 'Anvers et la Baltique au XVIe siécle'Herman van der Wee. 'Sporen van Disconto te Antwerpen tijdens de 16e Eeuw'C. Verlinden, J. Craeybegkx and E. Scholliers. 'Mouvements des prix et des salaires en Belgique au XVIe siècle'E. Scholliers. 'De levensstandaard der arbeiders op het einde der XVIe eeuw te Antwerpen, Tijdschrift voor GeschiedenisB. H. Slicher van Bath. 'Agriculture in the Low Countries (c. 1600‐1800)'W. Brulez. 'De zoutinvoer in de Nederlanden in de i6e eeuw'H. van Werveke. 'Demografische problemen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (17e en 18e eeuw)',C. W. van Voorst van Beest. De Katholieke Armenz.org te Rotterdam in de 17e en 18e eeuw.J. Helsen. 'Oud grensrecht'J. A. van Houtte J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J. Romein and H. VanWerveke (eds.)H. F. T. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt. 's‐Hertogenbosch in de Bataafse en Franse tijdP. B. A. Melief. De strijd om de armenzorg in Nederland, 1795‐1854.J. M. G. van der Poel. 'Mislukte codificatie van landbouwrecht: de Code rural'H. R. C. Wright. Free Trade and Protection in the Netherlands, 1816‐1830.J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J.Max Suetens. Histoire de la politique commerciale de la Belgique depuis 1830 jusquà nos jours.M. van Grieken‐Taverniers. Inventaire des archives des Affaires étrangères de l'État Indépendant du Congo et du ministére des Colonies 1885‐1914.A. Huybrechts. 'La formation des prix du chemin de fer de Matadi à Léopold‐ville 1898‐1954′H. J. A. M. Schurink and J. H. van Mosselveld (eds.)J. Duffy. Shipwreck and Empire.Bernard Bailyn. The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century.Martha van Hoesen Taber. A History of the Cutlery Industry in the Connecticut Valley.David A. Shannon. The Socialist Party of America.E. E. Rich (ed.). A Journal of a Voyage from Rocky Mountain Portage in Peace River to the Sources of Finlays Branch and North West Ward in Summer 1824William W. Lockwood. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change 1868‐1938.Margaret Dewar. Labour Policy in the U.S.S.R., 1917‐1928.S. J. Butlin. War Economy 1939‐1942. [Australia in the War of 1939‐1945, Civil Series.)

Im Zusammenhang mit den bevorstehenden Wahlen in Rußland muß sich der auswärtige Beobachter auch für die programmatischen Konzeptionen von Persönlichkeiten interessieren, die einen Ausweg aus der Systemkrise Rußlands zeigen wollen und die über materielle Voraussetzungen verfügen, um erforderliche Weichenstellungen vornehmen zu können. Zu diesem Personenkreis gehört der Unternehmer O. Deripaska. Für ihn ist ein konsequenter Neoliberalismus Voraussetzung eines prosperieren- den Rußlands. Allerdings sei es Aufgabe des Staates, in einer ersten, maximal ein Jahr dauernden Phase die Bedingungen für eine solche Entwicklung zu schaffen. Dazu gehören ein effizientes Rechtssystem, das der organisierten Kriminalität und der Korruption nachhaltig Einhalt bieten könne, und die Schaffung der Voraussetzungen für die freie Wahl von Wohnort und Arbeitsplatz. Um die realen Voraussetzungen einer ausreichend starken Koalition von Unternehmern, Politikern und Vertretern der Machtorgane, die diesen Weg durchsetzen könnte, ist es nicht gut bestellt. Der außerordentlich scharfe Ton in den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Tschernoj und Deripaska und insbesondere die Behauptung Tschernojs, Deripaskas Programm laufe auf Landesverrat hinaus, lassen eine weitere Verhärtung der innenpolitischen Fronten befürchten. Das Ausland wird sich darauf einstellen müssen, daß das Kreml-Geschehen in den nächsten Jahren stärker von den Vorstellungen eines L. Tscher- noj bestimmt werden wird. (BIOst-Dok)

Export-oriented industrializing states in the capitalist world system / Richard E. Barrett and Soomi Chin -- The origins and development of the Northeast Asian political economy / Bruce Cumings -- State and foreign capital in the East Asian NICs / Stephan Haggard and Tun-jen Cheng -- Political institutions and economic performance / Chalmers Johnson -- The interplay of state, social class, and world system in East Asian development / Hagen Koo -- State and labor / Frederic C. Deyo -- Class, state, and dependence in East Asia / Peter Evans -- Coalitions, institutions, and linkage sequencing toward a strategic capacity model of East Asian development / Frederic C. Deyo

This report documents sri lanka's financial management systems covering budgeting, funds flow, accounting and reporting, and auditing systems. it provides insights into sri lanka's internal control systems, staffing resource capacity, and information technology structure. the intent is to give project teams and consultants a better understanding of the country's financial management systems in order to improve project preparation. find out how high-quality financial management assessments support projects by identifying key risks and enabling the implementation of appropriate actions and reforms to mitigate those risks.

The U.S. economy is on the verge of experiencing the most dramatic tax cut since the 1986 tax reform. The tax reform bill has passed Congress and President Trump has signed it into law, most of which will take effect from the start of 2018. The tax reform will not just impact the domestic economy of the United States. In its current form, it would also have substantial consequences on the global economy. This short article discusses the international implications of the tax reform, focusing its analysis on Korea.

Nepal has made notable socioeconomic progress in recent years: literacy rates have increased, poverty rates have declined, and gender disparities have narrowed. Nepal now strives to graduate to lower middle-income country status and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. In 2017, local government elections and the fi rst-ever elections to state assemblies and the Federal Parliament marked crucial steps for the country in its transition towards federalism, as enshrined in the 2015 Constitution.

Azerbaijani foreign debt reached $9.398 billion USD, or 15.978 billion manat, on January 1st, 2018, according to the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Azerbaijan. GDP reached 70.135 billion manat in the reporting period, leading the share of foreign debt in Azerbaijani Gross Domestic Production (GDP) to total 22.8%. According to the Ministry of Finance, foreign public debt consists of the direct obligations of the state as well as contingent liabilities emanating from sovereign guarantees. It is comprised of loans from international financial institutions to finance infrastructure projects and programmes, as well as government bonds issued to international financial markets. External public debt is predominantly attracted from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Japanese International Cooperation Agency and other financial institutions to finance projects in the economy. CESD calculations show that the foreign debt of Azerbaijan is higher than the officially reported figure. Based on a survey among CESD's contacts, it can be shown that Azerbaijani real foreign debt is in the double digits of billions of dollars. That also means that the share of foreign debt in GDP is, in reality, much higher than the official figure.

The CESD calculations show that the foreign debt of Azerbaijan is higher than the official figure that has reported . Based on the anonymous survey among CESD's contacts in the government show that Azerbaijani real foreign debt is double digit billions dollar. That also means that the foreign debt's share in the GDP in reality is higher than the official figure. The CESD has underlined that Azerbaijan's foreign debt's share in GDP became as a double digit number in the GDP first time after the second devaluation of the manat of in the last decade. The country has been able to keep share of the foreign debt in the GDP as a single digit number by 2015 since 2005.

Despite various reform efforts over the years, the tax system in the Philippines continues to suffer from chronic weaknesses. Tax rates are high relative to the country's ASEAN neighbors, yet revenue productivity remains low. Filipino individual taxpayers are overburdened by personal income tax brackets that have not been indexed to inflation, resulting in bracket creep. The real value of excise tax rates on petroleum products have likewise been eroded by inflation, and the schedule is characterized by a number of exemptions and rates that are low by international standards. The value-added tax base has narrowed from excessive exemptions. The Duterte administration is pursuing a simpler, more efficient, and more equitable tax system to support its economic growth strategy. The administration's Comprehensive Tax Reform Program was filed as House Bill (HB) No. 4774 in January 2017 at the lower house and Senate Bill (SB) No. 1408 at Senate. These bills represent the first of several reform packages that will each focus on different areas of tax policy. The House of Representatives approved a compromise bill, House Bill No. 5636, titled "Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion" or TRAIN in May 2017. HB 4774, HB 5636 and SB 1408 seek to reform the structure of the personal income tax, value-added tax, and excise tax on petroleum products and automobiles, while improving the progressivity of the tax system. A portion of the additional revenues generated will be earmarked for investments in education, infrastructure, and health to stimulate long-term growth. This paper aims to assess the implications of these bills on the distribution of tax burden across income groups, economic incentives in affected sectors, national government revenues, and likely impact on tax compliance. Overall, the proposed reforms are projected to generate additional revenues of PhP 51.3 billion in 2018, PhP 96.5 billion in 2019, and PhP 99.9 billion from 2020 onwards. However, the high estimates are unlikely to be achieved due to an increased risk of noncompliance among SEPs who are expected to face higher effective tax rates under all three bills in comparison to those under the current system. If tax compliance/ efficiency in collecting PIT from SEPs deteriorates, the overall revenue take of national government is likely to be considerably lower than these high estimates. In terms of incidence, the change in the tax burden as a percentage of household income that will result from HB 4774/ HB 5636 and SB 1408 is highest for the poorest income decile and declines as income rises. This reflects the regressive character of the reform when one abstracts from the proposed targeted subsidies intended to mitigate the adverse impact of the reform on the poorer segments of the population. Furthermore, these three bills are estimated to give rise to a net income transfer from households in deciles 1 to 8 in favor of deciles 9 to 10. The results suggest the need to compensate poorer deciles, e.g., the poorest two or four deciles, through targeted subsidies for a longer period than that proposed under HB 4774 and HB 1408.

Differences in income across countries are largely accounted for by productivity variations. The overall productivity growth is attributed to both the productive efficiency of individual firms or industries and the al-locative efficiency between them. The former relates to innovation and technological catch-up to the frontier technology of advanced countries, while the latter is associated with reallocation of factors of production from less productive sectors to higher productive sectors and improving within-sector allocative efficiency of production resources between firms. One of the well-established argument on productivity is that differences in the allocative efficiency account for a large fraction of variations in productivity across countries. That is, alleviating distortions in resource allocation can improve productivity even if there is no technological im-provement.