Suchergebnisse

Political attitudes & activity of Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of American democracy, are described in this text. The author describes Jefferson's role in political activities of major importance for the creation of the US: compiling the Declaration of Independence, operating the Legislative Assembly of the state of Virginia, enacting of the separation of church & state, creating American foreign policy & the policy of Western colonization, introducing the first ten Constitutional amendments as a guarantee of human & civil rights, & elaborating on the principles of the organization of federal government. Jefferson fought against excessive legislation on powers of central political institutions. He established the tradition of Republicans versus Federalists led by Hamilton. That opposition gave birth to the modern American two-party system. Jefferson's presidency was also significant due to the elimination of centralist & oligarchic tendencies of previous Federalist governments. The author suggests that Jefferson's political theory & practice have left a permanent mark on the contemporary theory of democratic republicanism. 45 References. Adapted from the source document.

Peace Research in the Federal Republic of Germany has been supported since 1970 by all political parties, employers' organizations, trade unions and churches, the background being international détente. At the end of the seventies the relative consensus of the social forces began to break down. Three political ten dencies emerged, each formulating different demands towards peace research: détente politicians, con servative opposition to détente, and the peace movement opposing the arms race. Peace research should avoid being a servant of one of these political trends; it should try to find an audience among the whole of society for the two purposes of peace research: the everlasting 'realpolitische' task of war prevention under the present intergovernmental conditions and the future oriented task of creating the conditions for positive peace and the abolition of the system of deterrence, military threat and structural violence. This article has been written for the tenth anniversary of the Frankfurt Peace Research Institute in 1981.

The Polish struggle has been characterized by many of its participants in terms of society against the state. This opposition first became apparent in the eighteenth century when the concept of civil society emerged; in Eastern Europe, however, both state & economy were stronger than society, leading to the emergence of state structures into which economy & society were absorbed. An intellectual movement has gradually emerged for structural reform instituted from below. Possible organizational types include monism, state corporatism, societal corporatism, & pluralism or syndicalism; at present, Poland's only options are the last two. The corporatist solution is most desirable for the ruling party, & could find backing from the Catholic Church. Decentralization is needed to solve the economic crisis, but threatens the party's capacity to intervene arbitrarily in the economy by leading to the creation of a system of private law. The ultimate solution requires both the preservation of socialism & the emergence of a socialist civil society whose relations with the state will be mediated through parliamentary or similar means. W. H. Stoddard.

MANY COMMENTATORS HAVE DESCRIBED AND ANALYSED POLITICAL opositions in both democratic and authoritarian political systems. Scholars like Dahl, Lipset and Rokkan, Ionescu and Madariaga and Linz have advanced abroad taxonomies of oppositions. All seem to suffer from the difficulty in application to the specific political situation. Whether it be Dahl's categories of hegemony, polyarchy , near hegemony and near polyarchy ; Lipset and Rokkan's cleavages between church and state, landed estate and entrepreneur, employers and workers, and central and regional; or Ionescu and Madariaga's models which are based on the reasons an opposition is banned in a particular system, all have proved inadequate in describing the Portuguese opposition under Marcello Caetano. Even Linz's models of semi-opposition, alegal, and illegal opposition have failed to describe an opposition which is a combination of a semi-opposition and an alegal oposition. The object of this paper is to add information to the body of literature on oppositions within authoritarian systems and to provide a qualification to the Linz models, the semi-oppositionalegal opposition.

Sociological research in three Catholic «pillar» organizations (the Catholic school system, the Christian hospitals and the Catholic University) indicates that secularization is not followed by a «de-pillarization» or crumbling of the Catholic pillar. Our explanation suggests a process of secularization within the Catholic organizations, with as main components : the development of a social-cultural christianity - which may be considered a secular surrogate for church-religion -, and professionalization by which the christian organizations provide a milieu which ensures job security and social advancement for its loyal members. Thanks to its informal and formal ties with the Christian pillar organizations, the CVP acts on both components, by stressing a specific identity and by defining the interests of the pillar organizations. This explanation may indicate some major aspects of the ties between sociological Catholics and «their» political party - a bond which is certainly not being affected by the secularization processes, rather the contrary is occurring.

Jamaica & other British or ex-British West Indian islands present a signif example of race relations. The historical origins can be traced to the missionaries who contributed to the elevation of the Negroes to full citizenship. They were the 1st to treat slaves as human' & educate them. Church-going was the first multi-racial activity. After Emancipation, missionaries settled fair wages for Negro laborers, fought the apprenticeship system & established free villages where large plots of land were bought & sold in smallholdings to followers of the missions. Such villages separated laborers from the planters but in fact created better relations between them. Missionaries also did much to help the Indian immigrants become absorbed into West Indian society by Christianizing & educating them. Pol'al equality for the colored classes was slow to come, but was achieved by the 1920's & 1930's. The present spirit of non-racialism has deep roots in the history of the islands, & the missionaries were the greatest single group of contributors to this ideal. AA.

Biographical notices.--Lectures: I. On the sphere and functions of an academical faculty of law. II. Professor Aytoun. III. The German war. IV. Reasons for the study of jurisprudence as a science. V. (1) The international significance of recent events. (2) The Franco-German war. VI. Monarchy, republicanism, and democracy. VII. The Institute of international law founded at Ghent. VIII. The "Three rules of Washington" viewed in their relation to international arbitration. IX. English and foreign jurists and international jurisprudence. X. Of the denationalisation of Constantinople . XI. Does the Corân supply an ethical basis on which a political superstructure can be raised? XII. Prolegomena to a reasoned system of international law. XIII. The land question in its social and political aspects. XIV. Of the idea of the family in modern society. XV. Centralisation and decentralisation. XVI. Politics as a profession. XVII. The story of the chair of public law in the University of Edinburgh. XVIII. The Faculty of law. XIX. The church and the bar.--Appendix.--Index ; Mode of access: Internet.

El turismo comporta cambios en los sistemas de creencias. Sin embargo, la relación entre turismo comunitario y cambio religioso ha sido poco estudiada. El artículo analiza este nexo a partir de un caso concreto: la Isla Amantaní, en el Sur de los Andes peruanos, de población indígena kichwa. En los '70 y '80, el sector social más beneficiado por el turismo comunitario tendió a adscribirse a la Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día. Los estrictos preceptos adventistas les permitieron inhibirse de participar en el oneroso sistema de fiestas. El sistema de fiestas otorgaba prestigio y poder político, pero también actuaba como un mecanismo redistribuidor de excendentes. De esta manera, este sector social pudo destinar los beneficios de su actividad a articularse mejor con el mercado. A mediados de los 90, los mecanismos tradicionales de obtención de poder político ya estaban en crisis, por lo que el rol del adventismo quedó obsoleto. ; Tourism involves changes in belief systems. However, the relationship between community-based tourism and religious change has been little studied. The article analyzes this link from a specific case: Amantaní Island, in the Southern Peruvian Andes, whose population is indigenous kichwua. In the 70s and 80s, the social sector that received most of the benefits of community-based tourism tended to join the SeventhDay Adventist Church. Adventist strict precepts allowed to abstain from participating in the costly "Fiesta System". The "Fiesta System" gave prestige and political power, but it also acted as a redistributive mechanism economic. Thereby, this social sector could allocate the benefits of his activities to improve market linkages. A mid-90s, traditional mechanisms for obtaining political power were in crisis, and the role of Adventism had become obsolete.

The peculiarities of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet power in Kharkov and the Kharkov region in the early 20th- 30th of the XX centuryare analyzed in the article. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the fight against religion and its attributes was carried out on an ideological basis, which led to the banning of human rights to freedom of religion and the inculcationof totalitarianism. Focuses on the fact that the stages of the anti-religious policy of moderate loyalty to the total disregard and destruction of churches and faith. Оn the basis of historical data set out basic forms and practical measures for the anti-religious policy in Kharkov in Ukraine as a whole, which led to the closing and robbery of religious institutions and plunder and repression of the clergy and the faithful. Attention is drawn to the establishment of a totalitarian system by means of a brutal anti-religious policy and the ban on religious freedom what one of democratic freedoms. Key words: religion, anti-religious policy, church, faith, atheism, the priest, repression . Skovoroda. ; У статті проаналізовано особливості проведення антирелігійної політики радянської влади у Харкові та харківському регіоні у 20-х- початок 30-х років ХХ століття. Звернуто увагу на те, що боротьба з релігією та її атрибутами здійснювалася на ідеологічній основі, що приводило до заперечення права людини на свободу віросповідання та насадження тоталітаризму. Акцентується увага на етапах проведення антирелігійної політики, від поміркованої лояльності до повного ігнорування та знищення церкви та віри. На основі аналізу архівних даних викладено основні форми та практичні заходи антирелігійної політики на Харківщині та в Україні у цілому, що привело до закриття і до пограбування церковних закладів та до репресій служителів культу і віруючих. Звернуто увагу на становлення тоталітарної системи шляхом проведення жорсткої антирелігійної політики та заборони свободи віросповідання як однієї з демократичних свобод людини. Ключові слова: релігія, антирелігійна політика, церква, віра, атеїзм, свіщеник, репресії В статье проанализированы особенности проведения антирелигиозной политики советской власти в Харькове и Харьковском регионе в 20-х- начале 30-х гг. ХХ столетия. Особое внимание обращено на то, что борьба с религией и ее атрибутами осуществлялась на идеологической основе, что привело к запрету права человека на свободу вероисповедания и насаждению тоталитаризма. Акцентируется внимание та этапах проведения антирелигиозной политики, от умеренной лояльности до полного игнорирования и уничтожения церкви и веры. На основе анализа архивных данных изложены основные формы и практические мероприятия по антирелигиозной политике на Харьковщине и в Украине в целом, что привело к закрытию и грабежу церковных учреждений и к репрессиям служителей культа и верующих. Обращается внимание на становление тоталитарной системы путем проведения жестокой антирелигиозной политики и запрета свободы вероисповедания как одной из демократичных свобод человека.Ключевые слова: религия, антирелигиозная политика, церковь, вера, атеизм, священник, репрессии The peculiarities of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet power in Kharkov and the Kharkov region in the early 20th- 30th of the XX centuryare analyzed in the article. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the fight against religion and its attributes was carried out on an ideological basis, which led to the banning of human rights to freedom of religion and the inculcationof totalitarianism. Focuses on the fact that the stages of the anti-religious policy of moderate loyalty to the total disregard and destruction of churches and faith. Оn the basis of historical data set out basic forms and practical measures for the anti-religious policy in Kharkov in Ukraine as a whole, which led to the closing and robbery of religious institutions and plunder and repression of the clergy and the faithful. Attention is drawn to the establishment of a totalitarian system by means of a brutal anti-religious policy and the ban on religious freedom what one of democratic freedoms. Key words: religion, anti-religious policy, church, faith, atheism, the priest, repression . Skovoroda.

In view of Cuba's circumstances after the collapse of the Soviet Union & the changes that took place in the international system, the Canadian government of Jean Chretien sought to contribute to what he deemed an inevitable transformation of Cuba into an open economy & a political system with representative institutions, & respectful of human rights. According to Warren, this policy of constructive engagement resulted from the Liberal government's new hemispheric strategy of strengthening ties with Latin America & increasing Canada's autonomy vis-a-vis US foreign policy. Additionally, a policy of constructive engagement was viable due to both a positive attitude on the part of Canadian public & the absence of an exile community ready to prevent a rapprochement with the Cuban government. Constructive engagement included giving diplomatic support to Cuba, promoting trade & investment with the island, & intensifying cultural exchanges between both countries. Moreover, Canada offered a series of economic & social aid, involving NGOs & churches to advise the Cuban government on issues concerning economic reform, human rights, & governance, among other things. However, Castro's reluctance to open the economy & the political system set the limits of constructive engagement: facing a public opinion that questioned the effectiveness of the policy, the Canadian government reconsidered its position & reduced some of the assistance & exchange programs with the island, as well as Canada's diplomatic support. Warren concludes that Cuba is no longer considered a priority or a particular concern by Canadian government, firms, or even NGOs, & the island's ranking within Canada's foreign policy will depend on the significance given to the Latin American hemisphere as a whole. Adapted from the source document.

Eine neue Ausgabe des Informationsdienstes "Recherche Spezial" bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über aktuelle sozialwissenschaftliche Literatur- und Forschungsnachweise zum Thema Religion in Osteuropa. Er wurde anlässlich der Tagung "Religion und Politik in osteuropäischen Staaten" der Fachgruppe Religion der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde e.V. (DGO) am 10./11. Oktober 2008 in Berlin erstellt. Viele Jahrzehnte waren die Länder des sowjetischen Einflussbereichs geprägt von einem staatlich verschriebenen Atheismus und den damit einhergehenden Repressionen gegen die Institution Kirche und jegliche religiöse Ausdrucksformen. Seit nun fast zwanzig Jahren herrscht wieder die Freiheit der Religionsausübung. Heute lässt sich in vielen Ländern die Renaissance religiöser Phänomene feststellen und es sind entsprechende Wechselwirkungen zwischen Religion und Politik bzw. Gesellschaft zu beobachten. Der Informationsdienst zeigt einen Ausschnitt der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung, die sich mit verschiedensten Aspekten von Religion bzw. Kirche in den Nachfolgestaaten der ehemaligen UdSSR ebenso wie in den postsozialistischen Staaten des östlichen Europa beschäftigt. In den einzelnen Kapiteln wird z.B. die Rolle von Religion für das Wertesystem der einzelnen Gesellschaften betrachtet. Weiterhin werden das Verhältnis von Religion und Politik sowie rechtliche Fragen beleuchtet und das Thema neuer verschiedener religiöser Ausdrucksformen inklusive Säkularisierungstendenzen wird berücksichtigt. Außerdem geht die Zusammenstellung auf den Zusammenhang von Religion und kollektivem Gedächtnis und ihre Rolle für die Konstruktion nationaler bzw. ethnischer Identitäten ein. Für den Informationsdienst berücksichtigt wurden Literatur- und Forschungsnachweise aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum seit 2005.