Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Safavid era were never free of tension, even when there was peace between the two states. In peacetime, both powers secretly and closely monitored the other's movements, either in anticipation of or in preparation for attacks. Due to the destruction of Safavid archives, there is little documentary information in Iranian archives about Iranian-Ottoman relations in the period, forcing us to rely mainly on chronicles and travelogues. However, the Ottoman Mühimme Defterleri (Registers of Important Affairs), which contain a copy of all royal decrees and orders, are a very valuable source for the study of these tense and unstable relations from the Ottoman perspective. According to these registers, upon the coming to power of Shah Ismāʿīl II, the Ottoman government publicly upheld and respected the terms of the Amasya Peace Treaty, while secretly looking for a pretext to resume war against Iran. The question is, however, why the Ottomans did not attack Iran immediately after Ismāʿīl II's accession to the throne. Was it due, as some sources claim, to the bravery Shah Ismāʿīl had previously shown in action against the Ottomans? By examining and analyzing the Mühimme Registers of this period, the authors of the present paper demonstrate that the Ottomans had plans to invade Iran and occupy parts of its territory at the beginning of Ismāʿīl II's accession, but their military campaign was thwarted by the lack of opportunities during the short period of the Safavid king's rule.

Uluslararası ilişkilerde Güç Dengesi Kuramı, devletlerin ulusal güç parametreleri üzerinden geliştirdikleri denge siyasetini analiz etmektedir. Söz konusu güç dengesi kuramının bölgesel güç geçişleri üzerinden oluştuğu argümanı, Douglas Lemke'ye atıfla literatürde sıklıkla vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve İslam dünyası ilişkileri güç dengesi ve bölgesel güç geçişi teorisi çerçevesinde incelenmektedir. Söz konusu analizi yerine getirirken Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE), İran, Mısır ve Suudi Arabistan'ın Türk Dış Politikası (TDP) açısından işbirliği ve çatışma alanları sıralanmaktadır. Bu yönüyle, çalışmanın bağımlı değişkeni Türk Dış Politikası ve İslam Dünyası ilişkilerinin teorik çerçevesidir. Söz konusu bağımlı değişkeni etkileme kapasitesine sahip bağımsız değişkenleri ise yukarıda ifade edilen seçilmiş ülkelerin siyasal, teolojik ve ekonomik parametreleri olarak ifade etmek mümkündür. ; The Balance of Power Theory in international relations analyses the balance politics developed by states based on national power parameters. The balance of power approach is based on regional power transitions is frequently emphasized in the literature with reference to Douglas Lemke. In this study, it is examined in the framework of the Republic of Turkey and the Islam world relations and regional power balance of power transition theory. While conducting the analysis, the areas of cooperation and conflict are listed in terms of the Turkish Foreign Policy (TDP) of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia. In this respect, the dependent variable of the study is the theoretical framework of Turkish Foreign Policy and Islamic World relations. It is possible to express the independent variables that have the capacity to affect the dependent variable in question as the political, theological and economic parameters of the selected countries.

Iran is currently experiencing serious water problems. Frequent droughts coupled with over-abstraction of surface and groundwater through a large network of hydraulic infrastructure and deep wells have escalated the nation's water situation to a critical level. This is evidenced by drying lakes, rivers and wetlands, declining groundwater levels, land subsidence, water quality degradation, soil erosion, desertification and more frequent dust storms. This paper overviews the major drivers of Iran's water problems. It is argued that while climatic changes and economic sanctions are commonly blamed as the main drivers of water problems, Iran is mainly suffering from a socio-economic drought—i.e. "water bankruptcy," where water demand exceeds the natural water supply. In theory, this problem can be resolved by re-establishing the balance between water supply and demand through developing additional sources of water supply and implementing aggressive water demand reduction plans. Nevertheless, the current structure of the water governance system in Iran and the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of the problem leave minimal hope of developing sustainable solutions to Iran's unprecedented water problems.

During the Second World War and its immediate aftermath the Soviet All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS) engaged in an aggressive campaign of cultural outreach in Iran to promote socialist modernity amongst Iranian leftists. Iran represented VOKS' first serious expansion outside Europe and one which the Soviet Union was uniquely poised to exploit. VOKS tapped into the Soviet Union's orientalist scholarly establishment inherited from the Russian Empire to advance the argument that not only were Iran and the Soviet Union geographically contiguous, they were both inheritors of the same Persianate cultural legacy—ironically a legacy that the Soviet Union had actively displaced in favor of Turkic national SSRs. Meanwhile, Iranian leftists were not passive receivers of Soviet propaganda. They exploited VOKS resources to found the Iranian Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR and establish regional branches throughout the country. In particular, Iranian intellectuals fixated on Soviet Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan as evidence of the abundant possibilities for a specifically Persianate articulation of socialist modernity. This article uses both Russian archival sources and Persian-language periodicals and interview transcripts to explore this unique confluence of Soviet and Iranian ambitions.