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Governments increasingly require administrators to develop outcome measurements that reflect a program's impact on society. But standard approaches to performance measurement have neglected the impact on citizenship outcomes—the individual civic capacities and dispositions and social bonds of civic reciprocity and trust. The concept is adapted from the growing policy feedback literature in political science, which offers strong empirical evidence that certain policies have measurable effects on citizenship outcomes such as political participation, social capital, a sense of civic belonging, and self‐worth as a citizen. Using the Program Assessment Rating Tool as an example, the authors demonstrate the failure of performance assessments to consider the civic implications of public policies. They argue that performance management systems should focus on citizenship outcomes and offer a series of suggestions on how to measure such outcomes.

The terrain of gender inequalities in education has seen much change in recent decades. This article reviews the empirical research and theoretical perspectives on gender inequalities in educational performance and attainment from early childhood to young adulthood. Much of the literature on children and adolescents attends to performance differences between girls and boys. Of course, achievement in elementary and secondary school is linked to the level of education one ultimately attains including high school completion, enrollment in postsecondary education, college completion, and graduate and professional school experiences. We recommend three directions for future research: (a) interdisciplinary efforts to understand gender differences in cognitive development and noncognitive abilities in early childhood, (b) research on the structure and practices of schooling, and (c) analyses of how gender differences might amplify other kinds of inequalities, such as racial, ethnic, class, or nativity inequalities.

This article analyses the agreed and discrepant sensemaking of members of a project team. Embedded in a narratological approach to sensemaking research, we argue that before scholars may be able to understand in detail how agreements are reached and action becomes coordinated, we need first to take seriously the proposition that sensemaking occurs in the context of individuals' idiosyncratic efforts at identity construction. This, we suggest, means attending to the narratives that actors tell about their work and self both for others and their selves. The key research contribution that we make is to demonstrate how work on `impression management' and `attributional egotism' may be employed in order to account for discrepant sensemaking. This is important in the context of a literature that has left relatively unexplored the reasons why people interpret differently experiences they have in common.

In Deutschland sind 7 % der neu HIV-Infizierten Drogenabhängige. Die meisten von ihnen sind Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ko-infiziert. Die HIV-Prävalenz unter Drogenabhängigen beträgt circa 5 %. </p><p> <span class="fett">Fragestellung:</span> Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten HIV-infizierter Drogenabhängiger aufzuzeigen. </p><p> <span class="fett">Methodik:</span> HIV-Standardwerke und neueste Literatur (pubmed) wurden eingearbeitet. </p><p> <span class="fett">Ergebnisse:</span> Die Substitutionsbehandlung stellt sowohl das beste Setting für die Prävention vor Infektionen mit HIV und Hepatitisviren als auch für die Behandlung somatischer Krankheiten dar. Neue medikamentöse Strategien zur Behandlung der HIV-Infektion erlauben eine einmal tägliche Dosierung, die erfolgreich mit der direkten Substitutionsmittelgabe kombiniert werden kann. </p><p> <span class="fett">Schlussfolgerung:</span> Eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen Suchtmediziner und HIV-Spezialisten ist notwendig, falls der Suchtmediziner nicht selbst erfahren mit der HIV-Therapie ist.

The main objective of this study is to identify criteria that would allow us to determine when a collection of people is a group. A bibliographic search of the psychological literature has yielded the terms groupness, entitativity, and groupality. These three constructs are then theoretically analyzed and compared, and are found to share two main aspects: (a) the conception of groups as a continuum varying in their level of group development (LGD) and (b) most of the central criteria that have been considered to define a group as a group. Regarding these central criteria, we categorize them as determining elements, LGD criteria, and group results trying to respect their different epistemological positions. The theoretical proposal outlined here provides a basis on which to develop tools that will enrich organizational assessment.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to develop an overarching framework to better understand drivers of performance in third‐party logistics (3PL) linked to the operations strategy literature.Design/methodology/approachA path model is specified and estimated based on constructs and relationships grounded in the literature, as well as self‐developed constructs, using empirical data from 159 3PL providers in Hong Kong.FindingsSome dimensions of internal and external environments have positive influences on differing operations emphases. Furthermore, operational performance is positively affected by corresponding operations emphases and functional involvement. Finally, good operational performance can bring about better financial performance. However, strict adherence to the low cost operations emphasis will lead to worse financial performance.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel overarching framework to link competition in the market place, challenges in the operations and functional involvement through operations emphases to operational and financial performance.

While evaluators have considered accountability pressures and examined the consequences of performance measurement for organizations, they have paid less attention to the accountability relationship in which their work is used. Drawing on theoretical literature and empirical data, this article shows how these accountability relationships drive the use of evaluative frameworks, like performance measurement, and shape the consequences for the organizations involved.The article argues that in settings permeated by accountability concerns, evaluators need to understand these accountability relationships that so significantly shape their work, especially if they hope to improve accountability systems or create the space for evaluation to serve other important purposes.This article provides evaluators with a set of questions and points of analysis that they can use to examine accountability relationships and expand what is possible for evaluation in settings where accountability is the dominant concern.

Smoking was for most of the 20th century a normal part of everyday life in western society, including work organizations. Within a very short space of time it has become much less acceptable in the workplace and, in many countries, banned altogether. Why has this happened? This article seeks to answer this question. Although the main legislative basis of these bans is the health and safety of employees, we argue that the issues at stake are in fact more complex. Smoking, we contend, should be understood as a practice with diverse cultural meanings, and its regulation located within the context of a longstanding and dynamic moral discourse, of which scientific and medical discourse is only one aspect. In so doing we seek to open up a significant gap in the social scientific and organization studies literature for future analysis.

SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. Moreover, a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century African-Americans in US border-states. This paper introduces a new data set from the Missouri state prison to track the heights of comparable black and white men born between 1820 and 1904. Modern blacks and whites come to comparable terminal statures when brought to maturity under optimal conditions; however, whites were persistently taller than blacks in the Missouri prison sample by two centimetres. Throughout the 19th century, black and white adult statures remained approximately constant, while black youth stature increased during the antebellum period.

ERP implementation projects affect large parts of an implementing organization and lead to changes in the way an organization performs its tasks. The costs needed for the effort to implement these systems are hard to estimate. Research indicates that the size of an ERP project can be a useful measurement for predicting the effort required to complete an ERP implementation project. However, such a metric does not yet exist. Therefore research should be carried out to find a set of variables which can define the size of an ERP project. This paper describes a first step in such a project. It shows 21 logical clusters of ERP implementation project activities based on 405 ERP implementation project activities retrieved from literature. Logical clusters of ERP project activities can be used in further research to find variables for defining the size of an ERP project.

When we think of the globalization of culture, we tend to think of the consumption of cultural goods produced in the West and the effects of these goods on the values and practices of non-Western consumers. The literature on the globalization of culture also tends to focus on how Western markets for non-Western cultural goods affect patterns of cultural production in the non-Western world.1Naturally, this focus on markets tends to draw our theoretical interest toward questions of capitalism. However, when we look at societies without a history of capitalism, new questions come to light. That men wear Western-style suits in both Uzbekistan and Italy, that orchestras use polyphony in both Kazakhstan and Austria, and thatKing Learis popular in both Turkmenistan and England cannot be explained by the dynamics of capitalism.

Both rights and principles have long existed in EU law. The Charter of Fundamental Rights - made newly binding by the Lisbon Treaty – attempts to draw a distinction between the two types of norm. This article explores in depth the question of whether such a differentiation can easily be made, drawing from both the literature on rights and the Charter, and that on principles (particularly environmental principles). It examines a range of ways in which rights and principles might be thought to differ – including in terms of autonomy, whether they are single- or double-sided in scope, their legal impacts (binding or non-binding), forms of accountability (legal or political), and their jurisprudential nature. Having found that similarities abound rather more than differences, the article concludes by arguing that the weight placed on the distinction by the Charter is untenable.

Many in public administration hypothesize that public service motivation (PSM) has a direct positive impact on the attitudes and behaviors of public employees. However, there are inconsistencies in the PSM literature that challenge this hypothesis. This study sought to find out whether person-organization (P-O) fit can provide a reason for these inconsistencies. Specifically, this study explored whether the relationships among PSM, job satisfaction, and the turnover intentions of public employees were mediated by P-O fit. Using a sample of 205 employees drawn from three public organizations in the states of Oregon, Indiana, and Kentucky, this study found that PSM had no significant relationship to the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees when P-O fit was considered. The implications of this study and areas of future research are discussed.

When conducting a job analysis, one of the most prevalent strategies for establishing content validity is using an incumbent survey. A major issue related to surveys is the possibility of receiving a low rate of response. To further the job analysis literature, this article reports on a study conducted to examine the characteristics related to nonrandom response and rater variance in job analysis surveys. Job analytic surveys were randomly distributed to incumbents in 21 different jobs in a U.S. federal government agency. A total of 150 out of 349 (43%) surveys were completed and submitted for further analysis. Results indicated that race, job performance, and employee grade were significantly related to survey return, and education was related to rater variance. The practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Based on an empirical study of social workers' implementation of a workfare policy in Norway and on contemporary literature, the article focuses on the development of knowledge in social work and on the interplay between practice-based and research-based knowledge. The interaction between practitioners and researchers seldom seems to be a partnership with a shared agenda for the production of knowledge, and it is demonstrated how a more constructive cooperation and dialogue might be developed. A main proposition of the article is that it is necessary to understand the generative processes that determine whether a specific practice is successful or not. Through dialogue between the social worker in the field and the researcher, combining theory and everyday knowledge, the latent and hidden mechanisms that are decisive for the outcome of social work practice may be revealed.