Suchergebnisse

Tehran's military capabilities do not match its ambitions for recognition and status. It iscautious, defensive and prudent in resorting to force, due as much to experience as torealism about its own limits. (Survival / SWP)

Britain's withdrawal from the European Union raises questions on how UK defence policy will develop. Significant shifts inside the United Kingdom as well as its changing position in the international arena caused by Brexit require new approaches in its military strategy. National Security Strategy 2015 and UK's International Defence Engagement Strategy 2017 do not fully reflect current geopolitical realities while new strategic documents haven't been presented so far. UK armed forces modernization is becoming even more relevant, however there are few signs that London has capabilities to increase its defence budget. The latest statistics shows stable decline in UK military expenditure as percentage of GDP. The armed forces have been shrinking in size for several decades and some large modernization projects have come across considerable difficulties. After years of heated debates an ambitious plan to replace all four ballistic missile submarines with the new ones has been approved. However Brexit caused another wave of claims for Scottish independence raising concerns over the future of the Britain's only Scotland-based naval facility for nuclear forces. Brexit inevitably poses a dilemma of setting UK's foreign and defence policy priorities. Though leaving the EU doesn't mean that Britain will fully withdraw from European defence and security initiatives, active cooperation in this sphere between London and Brussels is highly unlikely. Given that, the importance of NATO as well as other multilateral security mechanisms (especially the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force with Scandinavian and Baltic states) and bilateral defence cooperation (particularly with the US and France) is significantly increasing. Despite numerous challenges for British defence and security policy caused by Brexit these difficulties together with the UK's traditional strong points such as the special relationship with the US and network of military facilities around the globe may give impetus to a more proactive military strategy aimed at strengthening UK's global influence.

This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between service in the All Volunteer Force (AVF) military and educational attainment. Through the use of fixed-effects estimators, the author generated estimates of the effect of military service on the highest grade of school completed by men that are purged of the confounding effects of constant unmeasured household-specific and person-specific variables. He also implemented another series of controls for selectivity involving potential time-varying factors by comparing active-duty veterans to reserve-duty veterans and nonveterans who at some time indicated their intentions to enter the military. The results indicate that there is considerable diversity in the effect of military service among veterans according to such variables as education prior to service, score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, branch of service, length of service, age at entry into the military, and race. Overall, however, veterans of the AVF receive less education than their civilian counterparts, and this educational gap tends to grow over time.

A MILITARY CULTURE IS A COLLECTION OF IDEAS, BELIEFS, PREJUDICES AND PERCEPTIONS WHICH DETERMINE AN ARMY'S RESPONSE TO THE TASKS WHICH IS SET BY A POLITICAL AUTHORITY. MOREOVER, IT GOVERNS THE INTERNAL CONDITIONS WHICH GIVE A DISTINCT CHARACTER TO A MILITARY ORGANISM, AND DETERMINES THE MANNER AND FORM IN WHICH MILITARY OPERATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT. THIS ARTICLE IDENTIFIES TWO DISTINCT MILITARY CULTURES: ATTRITIONAL AND MOBILE. THE ATTRITIONAL CULTURE EMPHASIZES THE COMBAT POWER OF TACTICAL UNITS; WAR-FIGHTING AT ALL LEVELS OF DECISION; SEIZURE AND RETENTION OF GROUND AS THE KEY MEASURE OF SUCCESS OR FAILURE; AND AN EMPHASIS ON "THE PLAN." THE MOBILE CULTURE IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE BELIEF THAT THE ENEMY IS NOT BEATEN INTO SUBMISSION BY SUPERIOR RESOURCES CARRYING OUT ACTIONS AGAINST THE STRENGTH OF THE ENEMY FORCES, BUT ATTACKS WHERE THE ENEMY IS PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY WEAKEST.

De nombreuses recherches méthodologiques ont été engagées ces dernières années pour prendre en compte la complexité et la multidimensionnalité de la pauvreté. Depuis 2010, un nouvel indice de pauvreté multidimensionnel (IPM), appliqué sur plus de 100 pays, intègre des indicateurs des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement. Nous l'avons appliqué sur des données d'enquêtes ménages en panel sur un intervalle de trois ans dans un bas-quartier d'Antananarivo, véritable trappe résidentielle des populations pauvres.

"15 Apr. 1998"--1st prelim. p. ; This publication supersedes OH 8-7, (MOUT), dated November 1980. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. L-1 - L-3). ; Mode of access: Internet.

For over 350 years, Egypt was the largest province of the Ottoman Empire, which had captured it from the Mamluk sultanate in 1517. It is well known that the Ottomans retained key Mamluk usages, above all in subprovincial administration, and that a number of the defeated Mamluks who were willing to cooperate with the new regime were allowed to join the Ottoman administration. In consequence, a number of practices of the Mamluk sultanate survived the Ottoman conquest. Critical administrative offices such as those of pilgrimage commander (amīr al-ḥajj), treasurer (daftardār), and deliverer of the annual tribute to Istanbul (khaznadār) were analogous to offices of the Mamluk sultanate, and the grandees whom the Ottomans installed in these offices were analogous to the Mamluk amirs of the sultanate. Above all, the practice of recruiting boys and young men from the Caucasus as military slaves, or mamluks, and training them as soldiers in households geared to that purpose appears not only to have survived but to have flourished in Ottoman Egypt. By the time of Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798, in fact, the province's military elite was dominated by Caucasian, and above all Georgian, mamluks. In the face of such apparent similarities with the Mamluk sultanate, it is tempting to define the military society of Ottoman Egypt as a continuation or revival of the sultanate.

Identity fusion, the visceral sense of interconnectedness between oneself and the members of a group, has been associated with military service anecdotally and examined among foreign military groups. However, no study to date has explored fusion and its relationship with functioning among U.S. military members. The aims of this study were (1) to examine the incremental predictive validity of fusion, (2) to examine the relationship between fusion and pro- and antisocial in-group behaviors, and (3) to determine how one's attitude toward their military service may affect fusion. Data were collected via self-report using Amazon's Mechanical Turk software. Results indicated that fusion predicted progroup beliefs and in-group helping behaviors above and beyond other indicators of military identity. Further, satisfaction with the military mediated the relationship between fusion and willingness to give time to other veterans. Identifying an important mediator of fusion expands upon earlier work in the field and suggests routes for future inquiry.

RESUMO Um dos principais fatores para o crescimento e fortalecimento das pequenas empresas de base tecnológica é possuir em seu quadro de colaboradores mão-de-obra altamente qualificada. Contudo, existe uma grande dificuldade de manter um corpo técnico e administrativo qualificado em uma pequena estrutura empresarial. A presença nessas empresas de mestres e, principalmente doutores, é muito pequena e quase sempre estes profissionais são sócios ou únicos donos da empresa. Dessa forma, o artigo busca sugerir estratégias para que essas empresas possam recrutar e manter em seus quadros de profissionais pessoal com alta titulação e com competência comprovada.

Bericht über die Aktivitäten des im April 1982 gegründeten Military Economic Board (MEB), das sich zu einer ausgedehnten Wirtschaftsinstitution mit Vertretungen im In- und Ausland entwickelt hat

This is a translated copy of the Certificate of Graduation from the Military Medical Academy of Petrograd for Peter V. Karpovich. This is translated copy of the original which was signed on December 26, 1919 by Professors V. Tonkoff (president) and Z. Iljin (secretary) of the academy. The original document was translated by Brackett Lewis who was the general secretary of the YMCA of Riga Latvia. The document says that Dr. Karpovich passed his examination set on February 8, 1919. It then lists 20 different examinations and what the rating was for each. All ratings were excellent or satisfactory. Beside these are handwritten notes of the number of years he took courses in these subjects. There is also a handwritten note in the left hand corner that states that the original of this coy was sent to Dr. Karpovich on June 25, 1942 for use with the US Army School of Aviation, Randolph Field , Texas. The signature is very hard to read, but may be Albert Mann. ; Peter V. Karpovich (1896-1975) was born in Russia and trained as a medical doctor at the State Military Academy of Medicine in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia in 1919. Under increasing political and professional turmoil, he fled to Latvia in 1922. In Latvia, Karpovich worked at the Riga YMCA. In 1925, he traveled to the United States to research at Springfield College. While there, he enrolled as a special advanced student and earned a master's degree in physical education. In 1927, while completing his studies, he became a professor of physiology at the college. In the late 1940s, he met and married his second wife, Josephine Rathbone, an acclaimed scholar of physical education and relaxation. From 1961 to 1969, he served as the director of the physiology research laboratory at Springfield College, where he published several seminal books. Karpovich was a founding member of the American College of Sports Medicine and a consultant to many government, private and educational organizations. He remains an internationally recognized pioneer in physical education.