Suchergebnisse

Since the beginning of 2000s, imports of frozen pieces of chicken from the European Union or Brazil have considerably increased in several African and Caribbean developing countries, competing with local chicken meat. Obviously, imported chicken has replaced domestic one in households' consumption. The level of substitution between imported chicken and the several domestic chicken types is not specifically known. In order to focus on this point, investigations have been done in 2005 in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and in 2006 in Port-au-Prince (Haiti). Because of a lack of available statistical data, we surveyed 180 urban households in each country, showing that imported frozen pieces of chicken have widely substituted for the local chicken which has already quite disappeared in Port-au-Prince, but is still appreciated by Yaoundé consumers. This article aims to assess the impacts, on such an evolution of i) socio-economic features of consumers and ii) of chicken consumption habits of households. Without data on income, and to deal with a large number of qualitative variables, we implemented multiple correspondence analyses to build asset indexes usable in our econometric regressions. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les importations de volaille congelée en provenance d'Europe et d'Amérique se sont considérablement développées dans plusieurs pays en développement d'Afrique et des Caraïbes, concurrençant les productions locales de poulet. En revanche, le degré de substitution, dans la consommation des ménages, entre le poulet importé et les différents types de poulet produits localement, est mal connu. De façon à préciser cet aspect, et du fait du manque de données statistiques à ce niveau de précision, des enquêtes ont été menées, en 2005 à Yaoundé (Cameroun) puis en 2006 à Port au Prince (Haïti), auprès de 180 ménages urbains dans chaque pays. Les résultats montrent que les découpes importées de poulet congelé se sont effectivement largement substituées au poulet local : ce dernier a presque disparu à Port-au-Prince, mais reste apprécié des consommateurs à Yaoundé. Cet article approfondit la question des déterminants de cette évolution en évaluant le rôle joué d'une part par la situation socio-économique des ménages urbains, et d'autre part par les modes de consommation de poulet des ménages. De façon à prendre en compte les très nombreuses variables qualitatives, les régressions économétriques utilisent des variables synthétiques continues construites sur la base d'analyse des correspondances multiples.

Report: Analytical study prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat. - 8 July 1987. - 33 S., 8 Tab. - (TD/(B/AC.43/5) ; (GE.87-55945/9501E); Add. 1: Note by the UNCTAD secretariat. - 29 June 1987. - 25 S., zahlr. Tab. - (TD/B/AC.43/5/Add.1) ; (GE.87-51152)

Zugleich gedruckt erschienen im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin: ISBN 978-3-7983-2752-8, ISSN 2197-8123 ; Hintergrund: Die Todesursachen in Entwicklungsländern verschieben sich kontinuierlich von übertragbaren hin zu nicht-übertragbaren Krankheiten (NCDs). Deshalb werden in diesem systematischen Review gesundheitsbezogene Einflüsse von mobile Health (mHealth) Interventionen zur Bekämpfung von NCDs in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern (LAMICs) untersucht, um Einschätzungen zur bisherigen und Empfehlungen zur weiteren Entwicklung zu geben. Methode: Eine systematische Literatursuche in drei großen Datenbanken wurde durchgeführt um randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) von mHealth Interventionen in LAMICs zu identifizieren. Die ermittelten RCTs wurden hinsichtlich der Effekte von mHealth Interventionen auf gesundheitsbezogene Parameter ausgewertet. Resultate: Von insgesamt 733 erfassten Titeln wurden 6 RCTs mit 1850 Teilnehmern einbezogen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass mHealth einen positiven Einfluss auf klinische Resultate, Compliance-Raten, sowie Lebensqualitäts-bezogene Aspekte hat. Zudem verbesserten sich im Rahmen der Interventionen weitere Faktoren wie das Vertrauen zwischen Patient und Arzt oder Ängste der Patienten. Ferner wurde festgestellt, dass individualisierte Interventionen bessere Resultate als generalisierte Interventionen erzielen. Limitierende Faktoren bei diesem Review waren die geringe Anzahl an RCTs, die Heterogenität der evaluierten Parameter und der Umstand, dass fast alle inkludierten Studien in urbanen Gebieten von Schwellenländern durchgeführt worden sind. Schlussfolgerung: mHealth kann zu einem wichtigen Instrument bei der Bekämpfung von NCDs in LAMICs heranwachsen. Dazu ist jedoch eine stärkere Unterstützung insbesondere von staatlichen Institutionen unumgänglich. Zudem müssen zukünftige Forschungen einen Fokus auf Langzeit-Effekte insbesondere in einkommensschwachen Ländern haben. ; Background: mHealth refers to the use of mobile phones for health care and public health practice. The reasons of deaths in developing countries are shifting from communicable diseases towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We review studies assessing the health-related impacts of mobile health (mHealth) on NCDs in low- and middle- income countries (LAMICs) with the aim of giving recommendations for their further development. Methods:A systematic literature search of three major databases was performed in order to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mHealth interventions. Identified RCTs were reviewed concerning effects of the interventions on health-related outcomes. Results: The search algorithms retrieved 733 titles. 6 RCTs were included in the review, including a total of 1850 participants. MHealth was found to have positively influenced clinical outcomes, compliance rates, as well as quality of life related aspects. Furthermore, other outcomes such as patients' anxiety or patient-physician trust improved significantly. We also found that tailored interventions using a single service for the transmission (e. g. only SMS) showed the most positive effect. Limiting factors of the evaluation however, were the few numbers of RCTs, the heterogeneity of outcome measures and the fact that all included studies were conducted in middle income countries and mostly in urban areas. Conclusions: Although mHealth is still in its infancy, it can emerge as an important tool for fighting NCDs in LAMICs. Therefore, further support by governmental institutions for coordinating and promoting the development of the required tools, as well as further research especially in low-income economies, with a focus on the evaluation of the long-term effects of mHealth is needed.

To stimulate agri'al growth through the application of sci is a key problem of econ development. Numberless cultivators must be reached by-& must accept-integrated programs which include a range of services & commitments from technical advice to market assurances. Properly to aid cultivators requires enormous numbers of trained men & women who must essentially be local citizens rooted in their country's culture & problems. Even so, the US can & should make an increased but more selective effort to help. The scope & complexity of the task together with the need to reach cultivators with all essential services recommend concentration in selected areas with long term programs. The necessary emphasis upon the application of sci makes educ'al institutions obvious instruments of this national policy, but they require long-term commitments with adequate financial help & a large amount of responsible freedom. AA. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright ???? The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

AbstractWhy is corruption so prevalent in the majority of developing Latin American countries? While there are several forces driving it, this article focuses on its links to natural‐resource endowment. We present empirical evidence based on a panel dataset of 103 developing countries from 1996 to 2016, suggesting that there is an overall positive relationship between natural‐resource abundance and corruption. What, then, explains the divergent performances of resource‐rich developing economies in the region in terms of corruption? We argue that the workings of a social contract mechanism between the state and citizens mediate the resource–corruption relationship. This article identifies the ability of the state to tax the nonresource sector as a crucial component of such a mechanism, through which the unfavorable effects of natural‐resource abundance on corruption can be alleviated to a certain extent. Finally, our country studies suggest that the direct components of nonresource tax revenues do more to condition the resource–corruption linkage than the indirect components.

The large‑scale presence and the regressive nature of tax compliance costs, especially those in respect of the value‑added tax (VAT), are well documented features of the tax systems of developed countries. Although there is less evidence available in the case of developing countries, empirical studies strongly suggest that enterprises in these countries face similar problems. In this article, legal design and administrative features and other strategies adopted by governments and their revenue authorities in developed and developing countries to mitigate VAT compliance costs are considered and contrasted. The proposition that governments and revenue authorities in developing countries have learnt from developed countries and deployed more sophisticated technical and automated solutions will thus be evaluated. The article also highlights the benefits and importance of minimising the division between the legal and administrative design approaches to mitigating high VAT compliance costs. It concludes by making suggestions on further interventions that could be considered by developing countries to mitigate VAT compliance costs, perhaps improve compliance and therefore boost much needed VAT revenues.