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This paper seeks to explore how cryptocurrencies improve on past issues with private currencies and assess where they fit within the broader economic and regulatory context. This paper finds that blockchain technology provides a solid foundation for cryptocurrencies to improve on many of the past issues associated with private currencies, but concludes that, given the infancy of the industry and the lack of an established regulatory framework, we cannot confirm that they are truly infallible, nor that they provide a clear answer to the debate over whether private currencies actually improve the financial system as laid out by Hayek, Ingham, and Selgin. We conclude that cryptoassets are creating a more inclusive and efficient economic system overall by spurring improvements to outdated processes, expanding access to banking and finance, improving transparency within private and government institutions, and forcing regulatory bodies to update and formulate legislation suited to the digital age.

The growth of Chinese investments into India since 2014 has changed the nature of what has been a largely transactional trade relationship. Chinese companies are emerging as prominent players and investors, in areas ranging from infrastructure and energy to newer sectors of interest such as technology startups and real estate. Drawing on a range of sources, this paper aims to provide a more complete picture of Chinese investment in India today. The total current and planned Chinese investment in India has crossed US$26 billion at present. This growth in investment has several implications for the India-China relationship. For the first time, Chinese companies are seeking to establish a long-term presence in India, and their acquisitions in Indian companies give them an enduring stake in the Indian market. The changing nature of India's trade and investment relations with China will necessitate a new method and pattern of engagement from New Delhi, especially with the private sector in China and provincial governments that have emerged as important interest groups in shaping China's diplomacy with India. The influx of Chinese investment also poses particular challenges for India's regulation of foreign investment, underlining the need for a transparent, credible and predictable regulatory framework that strikes a better balance between creating a friendly, open and predictable investment environment on the one hand, and safeguarding longer-term considerations of security and privacy on the other.

Goverment performance achievement in servising public can be reach by adding budget. The purpose of this research are to see strategic planning, activity achievement performance, and efficiency of the activity done by food and drug agent in Padang for 2015 untill 2017. Food and drug agent in Padang is the branch of food and drug agent of Indonesia in Jakarta.The data used in this research are secondary datas. They are performance accountability report of goverment for year 2015, 2016 and 2017, strategic planning of food and drug agent of Indonesian Republic, strategic planning of food and drug agent in Padang, any rules related, any journals related. The focus of this research are strategic planning performance target, activity performance, and activity efficiency.The result of this research are, strategic planning is the guideline to do activity and function for each part of food and drug agent in Padang for five years. Achievement of activity performance for 2015 is 84,05 %, 2016 is 90,24% and 2017 is 91,17%. Activity efficiency of food and drug agent in Padang for 2015 until 2017 are already efficient.

Master's thesis Innovative governance and public management ME523 - University of Agder 2019 ; This Master thesis explores the relationship between Cohesion policies of the EU and European identity. After first describing the history and context of Cohesion policies of the EU, the literature on European identity studies is reviewed. This discussion develops an economic utilitarian argument, that citizens in Europe develop their identification with the EU partly on rational considerations, and that the added quality of life provided by investments of the EU would positively influence their European identity. This effect is expected to be different throughout European regions.The hypothesesare tested in a quantitative analysis of Eurobarometer data and economic indicators of gross domestic products and Cohesion policy spending on a regional level. In a multilevel model, the effect of Cohesion policy on European identity is investigated through the period of 2000 –2014 on a regional and national level. The results suggest that Cohesion policy investments have a positive impact on the share of citizens, that identify both with their nation state and the European Union. At the same time, a negative effect of Cohesion policy investments on citizens who identify only with their national statecan be shown. This effect is very different between the member states of the EU, which suggest that in some countries,European identity underlies stronger economic utilitarian considerations thanin others.While the results are promising, the rigid quantitative method applied in this study creates some conceptual andmethodological problems with the findings.By looking at some separatist regions, the problem of third variables such as political ideologies or education is discussed,which relativizes the research results.Keywords:European Identity; Cohesion policy; European Union; Regional Policy, quantitativeMethods; Multilevel Modelling

This Master thesis explores the relationship between Cohesion policies of the EU and European identity. After first describing the history and context of Cohesion policies of the EU, the literature on European identity studies is reviewed. This discussion develops an economic utilitarian argument, that citizens in Europe develop their identification with the EU partly on rational considerations, and that the added quality of life provided by investments of the EU would positively influence their European identity. This effect is expected to be different throughout European regions. The hypotheses are tested in a quantitative analysis of Eurobarometer data and economic indicators of gross domestic products and Cohesion policy spending on a regional level. In a multilevel model, the effect of Cohesion policy on European identity is investigated through the period of 2000 – 2014 on a regional and national level. The results suggest that Cohesion policy investments have a positive impact on the share of citizens, that identify both with their nation state and the European Union. At the same time, a negative effect of Cohesion policy investments on citizens who identify only with their national state can be shown. This effect is very different between the member states of the EU, which suggest that in some countries, European identity underlies stronger economic utilitarian considerations than in others. While the results are promising, the rigid quantitative method applied in this study creates some conceptual and methodological problems with the findings. By looking at some separatist regions, the problem of third variables such as political ideologies or education is discussed, which relativizes the research results.

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The current copyright system is intended to provide an incentive for authors to invest more time and effort in the creation of literary and artistic works (utilitarian argument), recognize the acquisition of a property right as a result of creative labour (natural law argument) and enhance authors' freedom of expression by offering a source of income that is independent of patronage and sponsorship (free expression argument). These arguments may be combined with considerations of industry policy, such as the growth of the creative and telecommunication industries, and the creation of jobs in these industries. The basis of all these lines of reasoning, however, is the individual creator. Without the constant efforts of creators, there would be no new literature and art to fuel the publication and dissemination machinery of the industry. A focus on the income situation of the individual creator also ensures the acceptance of copyright law in society. It adds social legitimacy. Who would be against remunerating authors for the time and effort spent on the creation of a new work? There is thus substantial reason to explore legislative measures seeking to ensure that copyright law generates not only a sufficient return on investment for the creative industries but also a decent income for individual creators. With specific copyright contract rules that guarantee a right to fair remuneration, the legislation in Germany and the Netherlands is particularly advanced in this respect. Hence, the question arises: what lessons can be learned from German and Dutch experiences? After a short introduction that refers to recent E.U. initiatives in this area, the following analysis will show that the issue of a fair remuneration for creators has a worldwide dimension. In light of the rationales of copyright protection in continental-European and Anglo-American copyright systems, it becomes clear that the high level of protection that has been reached in both legal traditions and at the international level only appears legitimate if individual creators receive an adequate remuneration for their work. Fair remuneration is a universal, worldwide concern (Section I). Against this background, the analysis sheds light on the practical effects of the legislation in Germany and the Netherlands (Section II) and leads to general guidelines for the improvement of the income situation of creators (Section III).

AbstractMinorities seeking majority legislations need to communicate the increased option set and limit the downside risk for the system. Social movements urging for change require institutional support including enabling legislation. Public policy support may require associating with similar movements or other stakeholders. Loss aversion, downside risk, crisis, and real options may be reasons for majorities to approve minority legislation.