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International audience ; The Zero Hunger Strategy is one of Brazil's most internationally recognized experiences and is not only regarded as a relevant model in the fight against hunger and poverty, but also as a tool to promote family farming. Both international and domestic forces have led to the intent of sharing instruments of this framework, especially the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA) and School Feeding Programme (PNAE), with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article aims to discuss the potential and challenges of sharing public policy instruments for family farming between Brazil and SSA countries, with a particular focus on Mozambique. Analyzing with data collected firsthand, the article aims to address questions on the concrete impacts of Brazil's cooperation initiatives in SSA. ; La Stratégie Faim Zéro est l'une des expériences brésiliennes les plus reconnues internationalement et est non seulement considérée comme un modèle pertinent dans la lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté, mais aussi comme un outil de promotion de l'agriculture familiale. Les forces internationales et nationales ont conduit à partager les instruments de ce cadre, en particulier le Programme d'Acquisition d'Aliments (PAA) et le Programme d'Alimentation Scolaire (PNAE), avec l'Afrique Subsaharienne (SSA). Cet article vise à discuter du potentiel et des défis du partage des instruments de politique publique pour l'agriculture familiale entre le Brésil et les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, avec un accent particulier sur le Mozambique. Analysant avec les données recueillies de première main, l'article vise à répondre aux questions sur les impacts concrets des initiatives de coopération du Brésil en Afrique subsaharienne

En este artículo se hace una revisión de las acciones hechas por el movimiento anti-transgénico en el Ecuador desde que la Constitución lo declaró como un país "libre de cultivos y semillas transgénicas", y se contrasta con las acciones del Estado ecuatoriano. Se explica que los movimientos de la sociedad civil escogieron como una de las estrategias para salvaguardar la condición de país libre de transgénicos, llevar a cabo un proceso de monitoreo participativo de cuatro cultivos que potencialmente podrían ser transgénicos y estar contaminados genéticamente, por ser los más cultivados en el mundo: maíz, soya, canola y alfalfa. Se encontraron resultados positivos para soya y alfalfa, lo que alerta de la necesidad de desarrollar políticas públicas de vigilancia para mantener al país sin transgénicos. ; In this article we review the actions made by the anti-GM movement in Ecuador since the Constitution declared the country it a "free of transgenic crops and seeds", and it is contrasted with the actions of the Ecuadorian government. The movements of civil society chose as one of the strategies to safeguard the GM free status, to conduct a participatory monitoring of four crops that could potentially be transgenic and genetically be contaminated, as they are the main GM crops grown in the world: corn, soybeans, canola and alfalfa. Soybeans and alfalfa presented positive results were found, which alerts us to the need to develop public policy of surveillance to keep the country without GMO.

International audience ; The Zero Hunger Strategy is one of Brazil's most internationally recognized experiences and is not only regarded as a relevant model in the fight against hunger and poverty, but also as a tool to promote family farming. Both international and domestic forces have led to the intent of sharing instruments of this framework, especially the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA) and School Feeding Programme (PNAE), with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article aims to discuss the potential and challenges of sharing public policy instruments for family farming between Brazil and SSA countries, with a particular focus on Mozambique. Analyzing with data collected firsthand, the article aims to address questions on the concrete impacts of Brazil's cooperation initiatives in SSA. ; La Stratégie Faim Zéro est l'une des expériences brésiliennes les plus reconnues internationalement et est non seulement considérée comme un modèle pertinent dans la lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté, mais aussi comme un outil de promotion de l'agriculture familiale. Les forces internationales et nationales ont conduit à partager les instruments de ce cadre, en particulier le Programme d'Acquisition d'Aliments (PAA) et le Programme d'Alimentation Scolaire (PNAE), avec l'Afrique Subsaharienne (SSA). Cet article vise à discuter du potentiel et des défis du partage des instruments de politique publique pour l'agriculture familiale entre le Brésil et les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, avec un accent particulier sur le Mozambique. Analysant avec les données recueillies de première main, l'article vise à répondre aux questions sur les impacts concrets des initiatives de coopération du Brésil en Afrique subsaharienne

Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes. ; Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions.

Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes.Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions.

With the increase of migration, the share of the population that needs some form of assistance has increased. Almost everywhere, the number of children who need protection (within the family, away from the family, and even those without family) has increased. The trouble is that often the systems designed to protect children do not intercept migrant children, not even those who are unaccompanied and without documents, who instead come under the jurisdiction of the agencies that deal with immigration. The migratory phenomena put a strain on the welfare systems, mainly because the principles of protection and assistance present in the Welfare system, which are inspired by human rights and social justice, come into conflict with the laws that regulate immigration, which are generally aimed at restricting it. The book Child Welfare Systems and Migrant Children. A Cross Country Study of Policies and Practices, edit by Marit Skivenes, Ravinder Barn, Katrin Kriz and Tarja Poso, and published by Oxford University Press for the School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, addresses these questions by reviewing the welfare systems of a number of countries in a worldwide perspective. It also offers an overview of the current legislation on welfare and immigration in eleven countries, of how welfare systems deal with the problems of families and migrant children, illustrates the training of social workers and provides criteria for assessing the adequacy of their education with regard to the problems of immigrants.

International audience ; The Zero Hunger Strategy is one of Brazil's most internationally recognized experiences and is not only regarded as a relevant model in the fight against hunger and poverty, but also as a tool to promote family farming. Both international and domestic forces have led to the intent of sharing instruments of this framework, especially the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA) and School Feeding Programme (PNAE), with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article aims to discuss the potential and challenges of sharing public policy instruments for family farming between Brazil and SSA countries, with a particular focus on Mozambique. Analyzing with data collected firsthand, the article aims to address questions on the concrete impacts of Brazil's cooperation initiatives in SSA. ; La Stratégie Faim Zéro est l'une des expériences brésiliennes les plus reconnues internationalement et est non seulement considérée comme un modèle pertinent dans la lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté, mais aussi comme un outil de promotion de l'agriculture familiale. Les forces internationales et nationales ont conduit à partager les instruments de ce cadre, en particulier le Programme d'Acquisition d'Aliments (PAA) et le Programme d'Alimentation Scolaire (PNAE), avec l'Afrique Subsaharienne (SSA). Cet article vise à discuter du potentiel et des défis du partage des instruments de politique publique pour l'agriculture familiale entre le Brésil et les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, avec un accent particulier sur le Mozambique. Analysant avec les données recueillies de première main, l'article vise à répondre aux questions sur les impacts concrets des initiatives de coopération du Brésil en Afrique subsaharienne

Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions. ; Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes.

Данная статья посвящена выявлению возможных сценариев развития рынка индивидуального жилищного строительства (ИЖС) на территории России с целью определения наиболее перспективного вектора движения. В процессе рассмотрения данного вопроса определено четыре сценария: инерционный, пессимистический, оптимистический и инновационный. Следует отметить, что первостепенную роль в реализации сценариев играет государство посредством не только формирования благоприятного фона для развития данного рынка, но и становления активным участником в сфере законодательства, обеспечения инфраструктуры и формирования государственной политики. В результате сравнительного анализа установлено, что для достижения цели становления России на инновационный путь посредством развития человеческого потенциала необходимо реализовывать инновационный сценарий развития рынка ИЖС, что невозможно без участия государства. ; The paper is devoted to the identification of possible scenarios of development of the market of individual housing on the territory of Russia, with the aim of identifying the most promising motion vector. In the process of considering this question four scenarios were identified: inertial, pessimistic, optimistic and innovative. It should be noted that a primary role in the implementation of the scenarios is played by the state, by not only creating a favourable background for the development of this market, but becoming an active participant in the field of legislation, the provision of infrastructure and the formation of public policy. The comparative analysis revealed that to achieve the goal of Russia's becoming innovative, through the development of human potential, it is necessary to implement the innovative scenario of the individual housing market, which is impossible without the participation of the state.

International audience ; The Zero Hunger Strategy is one of Brazil's most internationally recognized experiences and is not only regarded as a relevant model in the fight against hunger and poverty, but also as a tool to promote family farming. Both international and domestic forces have led to the intent of sharing instruments of this framework, especially the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA) and School Feeding Programme (PNAE), with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article aims to discuss the potential and challenges of sharing public policy instruments for family farming between Brazil and SSA countries, with a particular focus on Mozambique. Analyzing with data collected firsthand, the article aims to address questions on the concrete impacts of Brazil's cooperation initiatives in SSA. ; La Stratégie Faim Zéro est l'une des expériences brésiliennes les plus reconnues internationalement et est non seulement considérée comme un modèle pertinent dans la lutte contre la faim et la pauvreté, mais aussi comme un outil de promotion de l'agriculture familiale. Les forces internationales et nationales ont conduit à partager les instruments de ce cadre, en particulier le Programme d'Acquisition d'Aliments (PAA) et le Programme d'Alimentation Scolaire (PNAE), avec l'Afrique Subsaharienne (SSA). Cet article vise à discuter du potentiel et des défis du partage des instruments de politique publique pour l'agriculture familiale entre le Brésil et les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, avec un accent particulier sur le Mozambique. Analysant avec les données recueillies de première main, l'article vise à répondre aux questions sur les impacts concrets des initiatives de coopération du Brésil en Afrique subsaharienne

Information and communication technologies have permeated the different sectors of the Nigerian society, like they have done globally, gradually making the dependence on them an imperative for the effective and smooth functioning of the society. Especially, ICTs have contributed to e-governance in Nigeria and created more open spaces for citizen, organisation and interagency interaction with gov- ernment and its representatives. E-governance is increasingly becoming the touchstone and facilitator of the delivery of social goods by national, state and local governments via ICTs to citizens, busi- nesses and governmental agencies today. The increasing diffusion of e-governance practices globally has been underpinned by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory adopted in this study. However, in spite of the role of e-government in enabling the provision of relevant government information in electronic form to the citizens in a timely manner; better service delivery to citizens; empowerment of the people through access to information without red tape; improved productivity and cost savings in doing busi- ness with suppliers and customers of government; and participation in public policy decision-making, e -government practice is still faced with different challenges in Nigeria. Resolving issues such as legis- lative and regulatory barriers, limited budgetary allocations for development, the digital divide between urban and rural areas of the country and lack of basic infrastructure such as power, among others, must be hastened for a robust and effective e-governance practice to happen in Nigeria. In this study, valid recommendations have been made on the way forward.

One of the goals of environmental law is the immediate clean-up, remediation and restoration of environmental damage, the compensation of such damage and to attribute the obligation to pay for the costs of the clean-up to those responsible for the problem. Insolvency law, on the other hand, is designed inter alia for the benefit of the creditors of the insolvent, to protect them in this situation by maximising the proceeds of the insolvent estate, and the equal treatment of creditors in accordance with the prescribed order of priority. In addition, the law of insolvency is designed to give the debtor the opportunity to make a fresh start after the completion of the liquidation process by discharging all his debts that arose before sequestration. It is clear that the objectives of both insolvency law and environmental law may be in conflict in this regard. It is particularly the insolvency law principles of the automatic stay of pending civil proceedings, the equal treatment of creditors and the discharge of all debts that occurred prior to sequestration/liquidation, which must be investigated in the light of their effect on environmental obligations. Which regime will ultimately prevail in a situation where these two come up against one another? This article aims to find a golden mean by a "balancing" of the various policies, to ensure that a healthy balance is pursued between the public policy in environmental legislation and the relief offered by the insolvency law.

DOI : 10.3366/elr.2014.0225 ; Should -and if so, how should -the international surrogacy market be regulated? Is access to cross-border surrogacy a right attaching to the free movement of persons, or a risk for women in developing countries? Is this an issue of personal ethics or of global economics? Arguments pit personal autonomy against public policy; democracy against sovereignty; the right to a child against the protection of women; anthropology against discrimination. The heated moral, religious and political debates which in recent years have followed spectacular revolutions in reproductive technology are naturally reflected in widely divergent national standpoints, of which international surrogacy agreements - that is, between intended parents issuing (usually) from a surrogacy-hostile jurisdiction and a surrogate in a surrogacy-friendly environment -have become the focal point. The ensuing conflicts of laws are all the more complex in that they also take place in the wake of the liberalisation of same-sex marriage in a growing number of jurisdictions, so that the issue of surrogacy arises as one of the right to a child; restricting its benefit to sterile heterosexual couples then appears as inherently discriminatory. But the backdrop of such conflicts is also one of increasing global economic and social inequality. Whereas the cross-border demand for children tends to come from developed Western (often surrogacy-hostile) countries (such as France), some developing states (such as India), when not strictly prohibitive on religious grounds, have encouraged or abetted a growing surrogacy industry which cannot but take its toll on a generation of young women. [First paragraph]

International audience ; This text is based on a series of surveys conducted in an ANR (TerrHab) on the relationship between territorialities and liveabilities. It offers to observe together and analyse the reciprocal influences between: mutations of territorial planning instruments, research of protective conviviality, "arts to do" of the people to combat the unliveable, the compromises that are woven throughout metropolitan areas and their peripheries, even distant. The intended conclusion is to demonstrate that more and more varied "habitantes territorialities" are built everywhere which oblige to rethink interactions between individual actors and public policy. The presentation will attempt to show how territorial science offer the possibility of a new possible formulation for the problem of living in. ; Ce texte s'appuie sur une série d'enquêtes conduites dans le cadre d'une ANR (TerrHab 1) sur le rapport entre territorialités et habitabilités. Il propose d'observer ensemble et d'analyser les influences réciproques entre : les mutations des instruments de la planification territoriale, la recherche de convivialités protectrices, les « arts de faire » des habitants pour lutter contre l'inhabitable, les compromis qui se tissent un peu partout dans les espaces métropolitains et leurs périphéries, même lointaines. La conclusion visée est de démontrer que se construisent partout des territorialités habitantes de plus en plus variées qui obligent à repenser les interactions entre acteurs individuels et politiques publiques. L'exposé tentera de montrer en quoi les sciences territoriales offrent la possibilité d'une nouvelle formulation possible pour le problème de l'habiter.

DOI : 10.3366/elr.2014.0225 ; Should -and if so, how should -the international surrogacy market be regulated? Is access to cross-border surrogacy a right attaching to the free movement of persons, or a risk for women in developing countries? Is this an issue of personal ethics or of global economics? Arguments pit personal autonomy against public policy; democracy against sovereignty; the right to a child against the protection of women; anthropology against discrimination. The heated moral, religious and political debates which in recent years have followed spectacular revolutions in reproductive technology are naturally reflected in widely divergent national standpoints, of which international surrogacy agreements - that is, between intended parents issuing (usually) from a surrogacy-hostile jurisdiction and a surrogate in a surrogacy-friendly environment -have become the focal point. The ensuing conflicts of laws are all the more complex in that they also take place in the wake of the liberalisation of same-sex marriage in a growing number of jurisdictions, so that the issue of surrogacy arises as one of the right to a child; restricting its benefit to sterile heterosexual couples then appears as inherently discriminatory. But the backdrop of such conflicts is also one of increasing global economic and social inequality. Whereas the cross-border demand for children tends to come from developed Western (often surrogacy-hostile) countries (such as France), some developing states (such as India), when not strictly prohibitive on religious grounds, have encouraged or abetted a growing surrogacy industry which cannot but take its toll on a generation of young women. [First paragraph]