Suchergebnisse

AbstractChartered companies provided one solution for the problems posed by long-distance trade in the early modern world. Accordingly, these organisations have been studied exhaustively. Yet the field is by no means depleted, as the books reviewed here attest. These six books cover questions ranging from whether the chartered companies acted as real business organisations or rather as appendages of state power, the relations between companies and states, the institutional development of the corporate form, and the nature of some of these companies as "company-states." In addition, two edited volumes deal with specific aspects of the chartered companies and with noncorporate forms of merchant organisation. The works raise new questions and engage in ongoing debates. The review also raises a number of issues which could be addressed in future research, including the dominance of the East India Companies in our understanding of the corporate form as a whole.

From 1939 to 1968, the Spanish territory in the Gulf of Guinea suffered from a double, imperial and fascist oppression under the Franco regime. While colonialism officially ended in 1968, the promise of independence perished as newly elected Francisco Macías Nguema —inspired by Francoism—became increasingly violent and repressive of political dissent. Colonial Black Beach prison became the site for incarceration, torture, and executions as Macías ruthlessly retaliated against political dissent. I analyze two contemporary novels, Poderes de la tempested (2004) by Donato Ndongo Bidyogo and Autorretrato con un infiel (2007) by José Fernando Siale Djangany, to show the prison—the edifice and its carceral reverberations in society—as the nexus of the double, fascist and imperial violence that persists and is renegotiated in the aftermath colonialism. From the metaphor of the prison, I explore the legacy of Francoist violence in post-colonial Equatorial Guinea that has been variedly characterized as colonialism's residual legacy or the perpetuation of afro-fascism or a self-inflicted colonialism. I wish to complicate the historical cause-and-effect. I reread these texts from a historical and literary perspective focusing on representations of prisons and carceral societies, while engaging with the co-implications of fascism and imperialism in Spanish and Equatorial Guinean history.

Since there is no state structure in the Jahiliyyah Period, political situation is highly uncertain and mysterious. However, the political situation reached its peak with the Umayyad dynasty while still being present during the Jahiliyyah Period. It is a known fact that the civilizations of The Jahiliyyah Period are quite different from the other civilizations in the past times. Due to geographic hardships, it is impossible to survive in the Arabian Peninsula with a nuclear family. Thus, the people of the age were forced to live with groups of people who are gathered by kindred ship. These group created the concept of tribe as a social structure. A tribe is a small state in the desert who has a socio-politic structure more than just kindred ship. Tribe members live in the tribe they are born into and obey to its rules. In addition, the tribe members join battles, get their revenge, and internalize the honour and reputation of their tribe as their own. Each tribe has a leader, and the tribes are governed by their leaders. The term "tribe" also states the political organization inside the tribe. The spirit that leads the members of a tribe to take action against the hazards and act together is called Asabiyyah. The motto of Asabiyyah is "help your brother, tyrant or oppressed". The people of the period were forced to comply with the rules and the politics that are created by the formation of tribes. Tribe life affected the literary works of the period. The poets of the period wrote many political praise poems to help their tribe dominate the politics, and many political satiric poems to criticize their enemies. In this article, political poems written in the Jahiliyyah period will be exemplified.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, their aggressive policies intensified in local territories. During the 20-30s of the past century, the Soviet government carried on the cruel policy, which was intended to make the local population irreligious. This article serves to illuminate those processes via periodical sources.

Résumé L'industrie automobile est l'exemple emblématique des branches industrielles où la production est fragmentée au sein des chaînes de valeur mondiales. En Afrique, c'est l'Afrique du Sud qui toujours à la tête des pays producteurs de l'automobile. Plusieurs acteurs de renommée mondiale sont présents sur son marché, constituant des clusters performants et interconnectés avec des réseaux mondiaux de production. L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner l'intégration de l'industrie automobile sud-africaine dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales de l'automobile. Dans ce cadre, nous avons menée une analyse de certains indicateurs clés de cette intégration à savoir, les performances de la production et les échanges extérieurs en produits automobiles (véhicules et composants), ainsi que le rôle de l'Etat pour promouvoir cette intégration. À l'issu de ces analyses, il apparait que l'automobile sud-africaine est bien intégrée dans ces chaînes, mais elle confronte des défis pour consolider cette intégration. Mots clés : industrie automobile, chaînes de valeur mondiales, Afrique du Sud Abstract The automotive industry is an emblematic example of industries where production is fragmented within global value chains. In Africa, South Africa continues to lead the way in automotive production. Several world-class players are present in its market, forming efficient clusters that are interconnected with global production networks. The objective of this paper is to examine the integration of the South African automotive industry into global automotive value chains. Within this framework, we have conducted an analysis of some key indicators of this integration, namely, production performance and foreign trade in automotive products (vehicles and components), as well as the role of the state in promoting this integration. From these analyses, it appears that the South African automotive industry is well integrated into these chains, but it faces challenges in raising this integration. Keywords: Automotive industry, Global value ...

Abstract: This article presents a brief review of recent work by economists studying the effects of democracy on economic growth. These studies are divided into three groups: the first one supports the general view that democracy has a positive effect on economic growth; democratic regimes increase the level of GDP by creating the climate of trust, guaranteeing the protection of property rights, as well as reducing transaction costs, while dictatorship regimes strongly hinder economic growth. The second group of researchers stipulated that non-democratic regimes would be more favorable to increasing economic growth. For the third research group, there is no significant relationship between the two variables. The common point of these studies, despite the absence of a consensus, is their insistence that the political regime matters for economic growth and development. Keywords: Economic growth - Democracy - Institutions