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Available online 24 October 2016 ; The pangolin is greatly sought after for its various body parts, largely driven by demand from China. The mammal has been driven to the edge of extinction in Asia, with two Asian species listed as Critically Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. With declining Asian pangolin populations, a shift in trade from Asian to African pangolin species has been suggested. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Trade Database provides a unique opportunity to investigate global trends in pangolin trade at the species level, across a broad temporal scale (1977–2014). We found that CITES trade in Asian pangolin species decreased through time, whilst trade in African species increased post 2000. The total number of incidents involving Asian species declined since 2000, yet they were still being traded in large volumes (more than 17,500 estimated whole Asian pangolins were traded from 2001 to 2014) despite a zero export quota for all wild sourced Asian species, traded for primarily commercial purposes. In 2014 all eight pangolin species were recorded in the CITES trade for the first time. An increasingly complex international network was identified through time, with the United States of America (US) being the dominant player in the global pangolin trade that was reported to CITES. The US was the most frequent trade country throughout the entire period and was the greatest importer of pangolins, and their products; measured both in volume as well as frequency. We hope that identifying these global trade network characteristics, and pangolin trade dynamics will help to inform pangolin conservation efforts, and guide enforcement and legislative changes in the future. ; Sarah Heinrich, Talia A. Wittmann, Thomas A.A. Prowse, Joshua V. Ross, Steven Delean, Chris R. Shepherd, Phillip Cassey

The year 2,019 was declared as the international year of the Indigenous Languages, reason for which the world has turned to the search of strategies and measures that allow to safeguard them. The statistics reveal significant figures of the danger of extinction in which they find themselves and with them the socio-cultural legacy that identifies them as a people would be lost. Venezuela does not escape this reality, UNESCO registers in its Atlas 34 Venezuelan languages at risk of disappearing. Linguists and students of related subjects struggle to provide solutions and preserve them through written works, but it is necessary that government policies are devoted to safeguard and protect the linguistic heritage of our ethnic groups. That is why what Venezuelan anthropologist Esteban Monsonyi (2017) expressed when he said "the planet and our country are in danger . I feel part of that indigenous people and as such I have to protest this humanity, forgotten, oppressed". This corroborates that the indigenous peoples live in the state's helplessness despite knowing that they were included in the 1999 Constitution, where indigenous rights and their contribution to the nation are recognized. ; El 2.019 fue declarado como el año internacional de las Lenguas Indígenas, razón por la cual el mundo se ha volcado en la búsqueda de estrategias y medidas que permitan salvaguardarlas. Las estadísticas revelan cifras significativas del peligro de extinción en que se encuentran y con ellas se perdería el legado socio cultural que las identifica como pueblo. Venezuela no escapa a esa realidad, la UNESCO registra en su Atlas 34 lenguas venezolanas en riesgo de desaparecer. Lingüistas y estudiosos de materias afines luchan por aportar soluciones y preservarlas a través de trabajos escritos, pero es necesario que políticas gubernamentales se aboquen a resguardar y proteger la herencia lingüística de nuestras etnias. De allí que sea válido lo expresado por el antropólogo venezolano Esteban Monsonyi (2017) cuando afirmó "el planeta y nuestro país están en peligro…me siento parte de ese pueblo indígena y como tal tengo que protestar por esta humanidad, olvidada, oprimida". Ello corrobora que los pueblos indígenas, viven al desamparo del Estado a pesar de saber sido incluido en la Constitución de 1999, donde se reconocen los derechos indígenas y su aporte a la nación.

In the post-Cold War world, the competition & restraint of the bipolar Cold War are both gone, giving rise to two opposing forces: the unifying force of globalization & the fragmenting impact of nationalism & geographic conflict. In the current international system, these two forces are confronted in different ways by three types of states, each with its own priorities & place for geography. For high technology, or 21st-century states, the focus is on globalization & disputes cannot be solved by territorial acquisition. For nationalistic, or 19th-century states, nationalist hostilities still predominate & gaining land is often still more important than wealth. Transitional, or 20th-century, states are caught in a vice between their advanced technological potential & their economic & social crises. Any accurate depiction of the current system must include all three types of states, as well as how their interaction affects the goals & behavior of each type. Adapted from the source document.

In the middle of the 1990s the concept of human security is introduced as a reflection of general change of the stress from the military state‑centric issues (assumed by the realist and neo‑realist orthodoxism) towards those non‑military. This new narrative consists in the transformation of the individual into the reference object of security, due to the fact that, under the pressure of globalization, the state is moved away (at least partially) from the epicenter of policy making. So, the concept of security is extended from the security of the nations to the security of the individuals, from the nation to the international system, is extending by supplementing the military perspective with the political, economic and environmental ones and thus, the range of security can basically receive human dimension. By the mechanisms and the normative principles of such a perspective it is possible to identify some important arguments that human security can be fundamental in the justification of the ethics of interventions and by by‑passing the state to offer the ultimate argument for just war theory (used to address the moral and legal aspects linked with the use of military force). ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

Abstract
This article examines the evolution over time of attempts to establish an international law principle that States have a legal responsibility, at least under certain circumstances, to combat irregular emigration, defined as the exit of individuals who would be arriving at their destination in a manner that is not compliant with the destination country's immigration laws. Through examination of contemporaneous statements and the travaux préparatoires relating to six separate negotiations, light is shed on the attempts to develop such a norm since the beginning of the 20th century, along with the evolving set of legal and ethical justifications that were used in these processes. The different practical and principled objections employed by States and civil society actors to oppose the development of such a legal norm are also examined. The article concludes that this historical perspective challenges current perceptions that home State controls are of recent origin, and that in fact international migration law is inherently progressive.