Suchergebnisse

Direct legislation has returned to excite considerable interest after a quiet period of a few years in which the traditional legislative processes were allowed to operate undisturbed in the states and cities. Old age pension plans put before the voters by initiative petitions in Colorado, California, and Ohio have excited more inspection of direct legislation procedures than at any time in their history. Several studies have been made of the laws governing the initiative and referendum, and also of their operation in the states. No less significant than state-wide initiatives and referenda have been the anti-picketing and labor regulating initiatives in Los Angeles; ordinances in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Oakland, California, requiring two operators on street cars; attacks upon proportional representation in New York by petitions; attempts by labor organizations in Detroit to set policies regarding working conditions on the city's street railways by initiative ordinances; or the attempts by firemen and police in many cities to obtain civil service and pension systems through the same device. Several of these cities now have approximately thirty-five years of experience with municipal direct legislation.Numerous factors in American municipal politics have combined within the past fifty years to develop a sentiment for laying upon the electorate a portion of the responsibility for determining local policy. The idea that the voters of the municipality should be allowed, to decide certain policies was developed chiefly by the home rule movement.

A review essay on books by (1) Jeffrey Cole, The New Racism in Europe: A Sicilian Ethnography (Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1997); (2) Juan Jose Lahuerta, Le Corbusier y Espana ([Le Corbusier and Spain] Barcelona: Centre Cultura Contemporania Barcelona, 1997); (3) Donald McNeill, Urban Change and the European Left: Tales from the New Barcelona (London & New York, Routledge, 1999); (4) Jean-Luc Pinol, Atlas historico de ciudades europeas: Francia ([Historical Atlas of European Cities: France] Barcelona: Centre Cultura Contemporania Barcelona/Salvat, 1999); (5) Joan Pujola, De que vas, tio? ([What's Happening, Dude?] Barcelona: Empuries, 1997); & (6) Rosemary Wakeman, Modernizing the Provincial City, Toulouse 1945-47 (Cambridge: Harvard U Press, 1997). These works address the status of European Mediterranean cities as new types of global cities, highlighting their potential as models of sustainable development & environmental planning. They cover a broad base of perspectives from architects, historians, anthropologists, & linguists on issues of urban planning, policy, & social change. Cole offers ethnographic evidence collected 1988-1990 to document the persistence of classist & racist stereotypes regarding immigrants among the working & middle classes of Palermo, Italy, centered around new immigrants arriving in Sicily from the South. The politicization of immigration issues is noted. Lahuerta's edited collection of essays chronicles the contributions of urban architect Le Corbusier to the development of Barcelona, Spain, in the early 20th century, bringing to light new political influences on his work. McNeill moves ahead to the period following Francisco Franco's dictatorship to examine political factors in the urban discourses of Barcelona. He critiques the New Left & its urban reforms under socialist mayor Pasqual Maragall, extending the analysis to other socialist urban discourses throughout Europe. In another analysis of Barcelona, Pujolar examines language use & identity among working-class adolescents, focusing on changes to the Catalan language & its conflicts with Castilian as examples of the politics of language & national identity. Pinol's collection provides a comprehensive, illustrated guide to France & makes an excellent reference atlas that also manages to link various urban architectures to political & economic factors. Wakeman focuses on the city of Toulouse & its development as both an aerospace & cultural center in Europe in the immediate post-WWII era, placing this path of urban modernization within the context of political & economic changes across different decades in the city & in France as a whole. 21 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

"Though sanctuary cities have recently become a significant aspect of the immigration debate as a result of the Trump administration's stricter immigration policies, sanctuary cities have existed in the US since the 1980s and for centuries in countries around the world. However, the precise definition and legal standing of sanctuary cities in today's context is often foggy. The viewpoints in this volume discuss the timely issue of sanctuary cities from a variety of angles while also exploring the economic, cultural, political, and moral aspects of asylum and immigration"--

"This book explores different theories of justice and explains how these connect to broader geographical questions and inform our understanding of urban problems. Part 1 explores and assesses theories of justice including Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, Liberalism, Marxism, Communitarianism, Conservativism, considering how these theories shape our view of the concept of a city. An emphasis on disconnection, particularly, and discontinuities now pushes us to think about urbanization (as a process) and cities (as objects in the landscape) in new ways. Recent urban theory debates raise questions around the issue of urban justice: do we draw on abstract, universally applicable moral theories to assess cities, or shift to culturally-embedded moral judgement? In Part 2, these theories of justice are then applied to modern urban situations such as gentrification, urban segregation and affordability. This textbook will be an important resource for undergraduates and postgraduates studying human geography, urban and municipal planning, urban theory and urban politics, sociology, and politics and government"--

Chapter One: Questions about cities -- Chapter Two: What is a city and why do they matter? -- Chapter Three: How and by whom are cities governed? -- Chapter Four: What policies and strategies arise? -- Chapter Five: What happens at different scales? -- Chapter Six: What are citizens doing? -- Chapter Seven: Futures for governing cities.

ABSTRACTUsing case studies of city halls in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Oslo, this article contributes towards the creation of an iconographic reading of this building type. This article argues that the symbolic aim of the city hall was to express the burgher's pride and values, and to symbolize the local and national history. To understand the multifaceted architecture of a city hall in a capital city, one must also understand the ideas behind nation-building in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The second part of the article analyses how European, national and local narratives were used in the city halls.

AbstractSmall‐town local governments face unique challenges when it comes to policy making. This essay reviews some of those barriers and considers why they occur and why they are unique to small towns. In addition, it includes some examples of how to overcome these challenges from the perspective of a former mayor, local legislator, and member of the academic community. The essay also explores why traditional theories of public policy implementation often fail to describe policy making at the local level because of the unique environment that exists in small‐town governments.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction -- Translator'S Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter I. The Mediterranean -- Chapter II. The Ninth Century -- Chapter III. City Origins -- Chapter IV. The Revival of Commerce -- Chapter V. The Merchant Class -- Chapter VI. The Middle Class -- Chapter VII. Municipal Institutions -- Chapter VIII. Cities and European Civilization -- Bibliography -- Index

AbstractWhile there is much data to back up the boasts of new towns as a triumph of British planning and an example of the basic sagacity of the government, there are problems of unemployment, transporation, population density, location and finances.