Suchergebnisse

L'ARD week est la rencontre annuelle traditionnelle organisée par le Agriculture and Rural Development Département qui est le département avec lequel le Cirad partage le plus de thématiques d'intérêt au sein de la Banque Mondiale. La présente mission avait pour objectif (i) d'interagir avec quelques uns des grands leaders de la recherche et du développement agricole présent à la semaine, de présenter la nouvelle stratégie du Cirad et la dynamique du consortium français de recherche agronomique et (ii) de faire des propositions aux responsables de la Banque Mondiale pour approfondir nos interactions et améliorer notre visibilité. Les principaux thèmes de cette semaine concernaient la réponse globale à la crise alimentaire et l'adaptation des agricultures aux changements climatiques. Juergen Voegele, directeur ARD a présenté le nouveau plan d'action de son département pour les 3 ans (2010-12). Les grand thèmes, qui ont de nombreux points communs avec les axes stratégiques du Cirad sont : (1) Reduce risk and vulnerability, (2) raise agricultural productivity, (3) link farmers to markets and strengthen value chains, (4) facilitate rural non farming income and exit, (5) enhance environmental services and sustainability. La tonalité générale est l'affirmation de l'absolue nécessité d'avoir un impact (des projets de développement) effectif sur les agricultures et pour la recherche de rendre les connaissances scientifiques appropriables par les agriculteurs dans les pays du Sud. Lors d'un entretien avec J. Voegele, E. Hainzelin a proposé, pour remédier à la regrettable discrétion de la recherche française pour le développement dont aucun membres n'était invité comme intervenant à cette rencontre importante, d'organiser à la Banque Mondiale, conjointement avec l 'AFD qui a donné son accord de principe, un atelier de présentation, des 3 ou 4 sujets portés par le Cirad sur des thèmes concernant la question de la sécurité alimentaire et du développement rural (Agrimonde, Ruralstruc et OAM). Cet atelier pourrait être couplé avec la rencontre habituelle BM-AFD, probablement à l'automne 2009. Pour préparer cette atelier il sera nécessaire d'élaborer un dossier de communication résumant les compétences mobilisables au Cirad (et à terme au niveau du consortium) avec des références de publications et de projets. D'autres entretiens ou réunions spécifiques ont concerné les contacts avec des équipes préparant des projets qui associent des équipes du Cirad : notamment (i) sur les mécanismes REDD dans le bassin du Congo" (avec les UR 37 et 80) et (ii) le projet Peru Sierra Irrigation (UMR Innovation) qui ont exprimé le souhait d'une association plus forte et plus à long terme du Cirad. Une rencontre avec le Commodity Risk Management Group a permis de présenter l'étude sur la volatilité des prix agricoles coordonnée par le Cirad au sein de ECART. Ce thème qui est un des priorités de la Banque pourrait permettre de construire un partenariat fort dans le cadre de projets plus importants cofinancés par l'AFD et/ou la CE. La délégation CIRAD était conduite par E. Hainzelin, DRS, accompagné de C. Hoste, P. Vernier et J. Barr, correspondante Cirad à Washington. B. Losch a également apporté son appui à cette mission. Rapport mission.

The ubiquitous presence of Galactic cirri in deep optical images represents a major obstacle to study the low surface brightness features of extragalactic sources. To address this issue, we have explored the optical properties of cirri using g, r, i, and z bands in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe82 region. Using state-of-the-art, custom made, image processing techniques, including the modeling and removal of the instrumental scattered light produced by the stars, we managed to isolate the optical diffuse emission by the cirri, allowing their photometric characterization. We find that their optical colors are driven by the dust column density: The cirri become redder as their 100 μm emission increases. Remarkably, the optical colors of the Galactic cirri differ significantly from those of extragalactic sources, with a characteristic bluer r-i color for a given g-r, allowing one to detect these by using a simple color relation. Our results show the high potential of deep multi-band optical photometry, on its own, identifying the presence of cirri at a higher spatial resolution than those provided by far-infrared observations. The combination of very deep data and multi-band photometry (as the one produced by LSST and Euclid) would make it possible to build dust maps of unprecedented quality. © 2020 ESO. ; The authors of this paper also acknowledge support from grant AYA2016-77 237-C3-1-P from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and from IAC project P/300624, financed by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, through the State Budget and by the Canary Islands Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment, through the Regional Budget of the Autonomous Community. We acknowledge support from the Fundación BBVA under its 2017 program of assistance to scientific research groups, for the project "Using machine-learning techniques to drag galaxies from the noise in deep imaging". JR acknowledge financial support from the grants AYA2015-65973-C3-1-R and RTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MINECO/FEDER, UE), as well as from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). I.T. acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721463 to the SUNDIAL ITN network. We thank Timothy Brandt for sharing the spectrum of the diffuse galactic light with us. We thank Adolf Witt for interesting suggestions about our work. We thank Jorge Sánchez Almeida and David Valls-Gabaud for interesting discussions about the results. We thank Aaron Watkins for complementary analysis about the galactic dust colors and Juergen Fliri for his excellent work on the construction of the IAC Stripe82 Legacy Survey. We thank Lee Kelvin for sharing his code to compute beautiful color composed images. JR thanks Anastasia Khamatullina for interesting discussions. We thank the participants of the workshop "Exploring the Ultra-Low Surface Brightness Universe" hosted in the ISSI headquarters, Bern, Switzerland on January 2017, in which preliminary result were shown. We also thank the participants of the meeting "The low surface brightness Universe as seen by LSST" hosted in Sesto, Italy on January 2020 for interesting discussions ; Peer reviewed

Este dossiê reúne trabalhos inéditos que abordam situações contemporâneas de conflito e cooperação entre povos indígenas, Estados nacionais e grupos econômicos nas Américas. A abordagem teórico-metodológica privilegiada é a interdisciplinar, principalmente convergências analíticas entre antropologia, sociologia, ciência política, história e relações internacionais. Também foi destacada a perspectiva comparada de processos, políticas e práticas com abrangência em diferentes países do continente Americano.
Este dossiê buscou destacar a necessidade de avançar na reflexão sobre os desdobramentos de situações coloniais assimétricas no continente e questionar, em qual medida, esses fenômenos de longa duração explicariam o aniquilamento, transformação ou subordinação de sociedades que passaram a ser definidas como nativas, minoritárias, marginais, étnicas, indígenas, dentre outras, sempre por oposição e comparação às identidades brancas ou mestiças tidas como hegemônicas para a construção das identidades nacionais modernas.
Os artigos deste dossiê exploram teórica e empiricamente, interdisciplinar e comparativamente, a interseção entre pluralidade étnica, processos de desenvolvimento e sistemas políticos nacionais contemporâneos, com ênfase nos movimentos e protestos indígenas em contextos regionais, nacionais e globais e nas reações dos governos, Estados nacionais e grupos econômicos diante das reivindicações indígenas e seus processos organizativos nas Américas. Esses trabalhos resultantes de pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado foram apresentados no 2º Colóquio do Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Movimentos Indígenas, Políticas Indígenas e Indigenismo (LAEPI), ocorrido em 2016 nas dependências do Departamento de Estudos Latino-Americanos da Universidade de Brasília (ELA/UnB). O colóquio, cujo título é replicado neste dossiê, teve vários eixos temáticos[1] em consonância com as diretrizes do LAEPI, quais sejam promover a produção científica e intercultural a partir das Américas para potenciar a compreensão das dinâmicas interétnicas no continente.
A seguir uma introdução aos trabalhos que compõem este dossiê. O artigo Organização política Ashaninka na Amazônia Central Peruana: um olhar sobre a Central Asháninka Del Rio Ene, de Lia Mendes Cruz, discute o processo de criação e desenvolvimento das associações indígenas da região frente às demandas das comunidades e dos agentes colonizadores, notadamente em relação à luta pelo domínio territorial indígena. O artigo de Estêvão Fernandes, intitulado Dos índios gays ao Queer caboclo: uma agenda para uma antropologia combativa, faz uma reflexão crítica sobre a homossexualidade indígena, propondo o conceito de "Queer caboclo" e situando a reflexão em uma perspectiva decolonial e periférica.
Por fim, o artigo Fazer-se ouvir, fazer-se entender – atuação política interétnica da COICA nas negociações sobre o clima, de Isabel Rodrigues de Mesquita, discute a proposta REDD+ apresentada pela Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica (COICA) nas negociações internacionais sobre o clima (Conferências das Partes – COP). A autora busca destacar o lugar das as vozes indígenas neste contexto predominantemente não indígena, e de que forma as assimetrias se desdobram na busca das organizações indígenas por espaços de representação e legitimação.
Mediante essas reflexões este dossiê busca aproximar a quem lê a Interethnic@ de fenômenos emergentes no panorama étnico-político-racial nas Américas focalizando trajetórias e dilemas de povos indígenas no Brasil e no Peru. Boa leitura!
Líliam Cristina Barros Cohen
Organizadora

[1] i) Interculturalidade, decolonialidade e Povos Indígenas; ii) Decolonizando sexualidades, artes e saberes indígenas; iii) Revisitando territorialidades indígenas entre campos, cidades e fronteiras; iv) Paraísos neocoloniais em espaços indígenas: O desenvolvimento entre o turismo e a sustentabilidade e, v) Judiciário revisitado: Quando a justiça é o Outro.

Met het referendum over de Europese Grondwet in 2005 ontwaakte het parlement uit de Europese droom. Dat de Nederlandse bevolking daarin 'nee' zei tegen de grondwet was voor de voorstanders van Europese integratie een tegenslag, maar wel één die onvermijdelijk en noodzakelijk was. Dat concludeert historica Jieskje Hollander op basis van haar proefschrift The incoming tide. Dutch reactions to the Constitutionalisation of Europe (1948-2005) waarop zij op 4 juli promoveert aan de Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid van de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Hollander sprak onder meer met een aantal betrokken ministers. Na oprichting van de Europese Gemeenschap van Kolen en Staal (EGKS) in 1952 streefden tot 2005 alle Nederlandse kabinetten naar steeds verdergaande Europese integratie. Door een grondwetswijziging in 1953 kwam fundamenteel parlementair debat daar nauwelijks aan te pas, ook niet toen het parlement zelf steeds meer vraagtekens zette bij de noodzaak en wenselijkheid van al deze stappen. Hollander: 'Het besluit om in 2005 een referendum te organiseren kwam voort uit oprechte bezorgdheid over de steun voor Europa bij de bevolking, die decennia lang buiten dit proces gehouden was. Maar het was ook een uiterst redmiddel van de Tweede Kamer zelf om grip te krijgen op een proces dat zich steeds meer los van haar controle leek te ontwikkelen. Het was een bittere pil dat de meerderheid tegen stemde, want het parlement was in meerderheid vóór en had nou juist zijn best gedaan om Europa toegankelijker te maken voor de burger.' Doctrine Als een van de grondleggers van de EGKS en voorvechter van verdere eenwording, bouwde Nederland aan een reputatie van trouwe bondgenoot in het proces van Europese integratie. Hollander: 'Die houding komt voort uit de oeroude Nederlandse doctrine dat wij te klein zijn om ons alleen te redden, en dus bondgenootschappen nodig hebben. Die overtuiging ging zo diep dat in 1953 een grondwetswijziging werd ingevoerd die de regering een vergaand mandaat gaf om Europese verdragen te sluiten, zelfs als die op gespannen voet stonden met onze eigen Grondwet. Sindsdien ging de regering voort onder het motto: "Wie A zegt moet ook B zeggen". Het point of no return was dus eigenlijk al in 1953 gepasseerd.' Sceptisch Hollander stelt vast dat een aantal partijen, zoals de CPN en de kleine christelijke partijen, altijd al sceptisch stond tegenover dat mandaat en dat vanaf 1986 de kritiek steeds breder gedragen werd in het parlement. Maar het besluitvormingsproces ten aanzien van Europese verdragen was op die kritische houding niet ingericht. Hollander: 'De moeite die de Kamers met het Europese beleid hadden groeide in de jaren daarna alleen maar. Vanuit dat perspectief was het niet vreemd dat het Nederlandse besluitvormingsproces over Europese verdragen steeds meer omstreden werd en uitmondde in een referendum.' Tunnelvisie Het 'nee' tegen de Europese Grondwet mag dan door velen als politieke tegenslag zijn beleefd, volgens Hollander was het per saldo een blessing in disguise. 'Het is goed geweest dat in Nederland de boel werd opgefrist. Het heeft de politiek uit die tunnelvisie gehaald waarin discussieloos voortschrijden in Europa als iets vanzelfsprekends werd beschouwd. Eindelijk kunnen wetenschap en politiek weer vragen opwerpen over bijvoorbeeld onze soevereiniteit en of en hoe deze af te bakenen. Vragen die passen bij een volwassen relatie tussen de Europese Unie en haar lidstaten. Overigens: het referendum heeft er nog steeds niet toe geleid dat de bewuste grondwetswijziging uit 1953 is terug gedraaid en dat zie ik voorlopig ook niet gebeuren.' Primaire bronnen Hollander onderzocht als eerste vele primaire bronnen over de Europese besluitvorming, zoals de handelingen van de Eerste en Tweede Kamer, aangevuld met interviews met onder meer direct betrokken ministers. 'De meeste geschiedschrijving hierover is uitgegaan van het perspectief van belangrijke mannen die onderhandelden over verdragen, dus het perspectief van de regering en haar diplomatieke dienst. Maar ik heb juist gekeken naar de reacties daarop in het parlement.'

The widespread decline of anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations makes it imperative to research the underlying cause and to develop mitigation measures. One of the most vulnerable phases in the life-cycle of salmon is the fry stage in early spring. Survival rates of juveniles emerging from the gravel of riverbeds are related to the three-dimensional complexity of bottom morphology and hence the variety of microhabitats within the nursery area. However, anthropogenically increased sediment supply due to changes in agricultural land-use reduces complexity, especially the roughness of the streambed. This study used a series of controlled manipulative field experiments conducted in a purpose built raceway system, to provide quantitative data on the impact of sediment pollution on salmon production in freshwaters. The comparison of in-stream habitat with an increased sediment load and control (i.e. simulated natural) situations revealed that increased sedimentation drastically reduced the salmon fry carrying capacity of a stream. A modest increase in sand bed load (15%) in semi-natural streams reduced the fry density by 50% ten days after stocking with unfed fry. Emigration patterns of fry from sedimented habitat and control habitat were significantly different. Fry from both habitat types showed unusual active upstream migration which compensated for densities exceeding the carrying capacity. Riverine habitat was optimised on a reach scale to complement the raceway results and to provide a temporary mitigation measure. The in-stream habitat of a mill leat was manipulated to build the first Eco-Hatchery for salmon in the UK based, on results from the raceway and on an extensive literature review. The hatchery achieved high survival rates of salmon juveniles throughout their freshwater life stages. Furthermore, in-stream sediment traps were developed to offer effective protection for key fry nursery habitat from excess sand bed load. The data provided by the raceway system and the Eco-Hatchery inform riparian management plans. However, addressing sedimentation related issues in salmon rivers is a politically sensitive issue and will take time. Stocking with unfed fry is being used in the interim to temporarily enhance or restore populations. But stocking programmes based on conventional hatchery methodology as a response to declining stocks have frequently failed in both respects. A semi-natural incubator for salmon eggs, the Bamberger-box, was developed to address extremely low survival of newly stocked fry from conventional hatcheries. The new incubator mimics a natural salmon redd and aims in essence to produce wild fish in a hatchery environment. The results of five years field experiments using genetically different broodstock were encouraging. There was a significant increase in the average length and body mass of fry emerging from Bamberger-boxes and the mean eyed-egg-to-fry survival was 93% - greatly exceeding published data for egg-to-fry survival in the wild. Fry from Bamberger-boxes showed a significantly different and more natural rheotactic behaviour, and fewer fry had deformities when compared with fry incubated in conventional hatchery troughs. Seasonal and diurnal emergence patterns from Bamberger-boxes correlated with natural emergence patterns. A potentially crucial advantage of this new semi-natural incubation system was to ensure larvae survival during environmental extremes when all juveniles incubated in conventional hatchery troughs did not survive. Large-scale commercial incubators based on the same principles as the Bamberger-Box were developed and proved equally effective in producing ecologically viable fry. Low costs of production and operation render the new incubators an economically viable alternative to traditional incubation systems. Exploratory research on the influence of hyporheic invertebrates abundance on fry size at emergence was carried out as a next step in continuously improving semi-natural incubation technology.

The Pacific mid-coast region of British Columbia has a mild, hypermaritime climate that places its biological productivity in the range of tropical rainforests. The low elevation river valleys are characterized by rich alluvial soils, further enriched annually by upstream nutrients flooding over the stream banks of the floodplains and distributing rich silt to the roots of giant Sitka spruce and Western hemlock forests. Unique to Canada's rivers flowing into the Pacific (but not north into the Mackenzie River, for example) are the massive contributions of nutrients from the bodies of 5 species of anadromous salmonids. This flux of organic matter has long been recognized as essential to the production of young salmon but the additional fertility increment to riparian and upland forests is currently under intense investigation (Bilby et al. 1996, Cederholm et al. 1999, Willson et al. 1998). The crucial role of migratory salmon in supporting dense populations of grizzly bears has recently been demonstrated for a large sample of coastal bears in Alaska (Miller et al. 1997). A strong statistical correlation between the per cent of meat, mainly salmon, in the diet and bear density (Hilderbrand et al. 1999) confirmed earlier speculation by Miller et al. (1997) that Alaskan's most dense bear populations also had high salmon diets and were among the most dense on a worldwide basis. Grizzly or brown bears on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska are the same species as the grizzly bears of the Rocky Mountains. However they are much bigger and have higher population densities because of abundant salmon (Hilderbrand et al. 1999). Alaskan population densities vary from a maximum of 550 bears /1000 km2 in Katmai National Park where salmon are seasonally available to less than 5 bears /1000 km2 for mountain bears of the eastern Brooks Range on a marginal food base (Miller et al. 1997). Coastal Alaskan bears forage widely for fish. At Brooks River in Katmai National Park & Preserve bears feed on sockeye salmon starting in late June as soon as they enter rivers to spawn (Gilbert 1995). At this time, when the salmon are rich in fat, a fuel used to ascend rivers, build redds, mate and defend their nests against others, hundreds of bears have daily access to the fish. Bears feed on these salmon which have 50% of their caloric value in fat. From Katmai's Brooks falls bears migrate with the fish to their spawning beds and, later, back to the stream mouths where the dying fish are again consumed in prodigious numbers. The end result of this movement is a pattern of deposition of fish pieces and feces over the landscape. Studies of the fate of salmon carcasses in the state of Washington showed that 22 species of mammals and birds carried salmon pieces into the forest (Cederholm et al. 1989). The nitrogen in the fish parts and bear feces and urine is incorporated into plants and animals in the forest and in the streams thereby enriching the ecosystems there. Bears are one of the largest contributors because of the massive amount of material that they consume and the great distances that they move. Many of the Alaskan sites with the highest bear densities have become popular, and profitable, tourist destinations. More recently a bear viewing/eco-tourist industry has begun to develop in British Columbia. In March 1998 bear viewing policy and guidelines were presented in which the government expressed support for the use of bears for viewing. This study addresses the impacts of viewing on bears and presents recommendations for further research and the sustainable development of bear viewing in the province.

The Pacific mid-coast region of British Columbia has a mild, hypermaritime climate that places its biological productivity in the range of tropical rainforests. The low elevation river valleys are characterized by rich alluvial soils, further enriched annually by upstream nutrients flooding over the stream banks of the floodplains and distributing rich silt to the roots of giant Sitka spruce and Western hemlock forests. Unique to Canada's rivers flowing into the Pacific (but not north into the Mackenzie River, for example) are the massive contributions of nutrients from the bodies of 5 species of anadromous salmonids. This flux of organic matter has long been recognized as essential to the production of young salmon but the additional fertility increment to riparian and upland forests is currently under intense investigation (Bilby et al. 1996; Cederholm et al. 1989; Willson et al. 1998). The role of migratory salmon in supporting dense populations of grizzly bears has recently been demonstrated for a large sample of coastal bears in Alaska (Miller et al 1997). A strong statistical correlation between the per cent of meat, mainly salmon, in the diet and bear density (Hilderbrand et al 1999) confirmed earlier speculation by Miller et al. (1997) that Alaskan's most dense bear populations also had high salmon diets and were among the most dense on a world-wide basis. Grizzly or brown bears on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska are the same species as the grizzly bears of the Rocky Mountains. However they are much bigger and have higher population densities because of abundant of salmon (Hilderbrand et al. 1999). Alaska population densities vary from a maximum of 550 bears /1000 sq. km in Katmai National Park where salmon are seasonally available to less than 5 for mountain bears of the eastern Brooks Range on a marginal food base (Miller et al. 1997). Coastal Alaskan bears forage widely for fish. At Brooks River in Katmai National Park & Preserve bears feed on sockeye salmon starting in late June as soon as they enter rivers to spawn. Hundreds of bears have daily access to salmon when the salmon are rich in fat, a fuel used to ascend rivers, build redds, mate and defend their nests against others. Bears feed on these fish which have 50% of their caloric value in fat. From Katmai's Brooks falls bears migrate with the fish to their spawning beds and, later, back to the stream mouths where the dying fish are again consumed in prodigious numbers. The end result of this movement is a pattern of deposition of fish pieces and feces over the landscape. Studies in the state of Washington of the fate of salmon carcasses showed that 22 species of mammals and birds carried salmon pieces into the forest (Cederholm and Houston 1992). The nitrogen in the fish parts and bear feces is incorporated into plants and animals in the forest and in the streams therefor enriching the ecosystems there. Bears are one of the largest contributors because of the massive amount of material that they consume and the great distances that they move. Many of the Alaskan sites with the highest bear densities have become popular, and profitable, tourist destinations. More recently a bear viewing/eco-tourist industry has begun to develop in British Columbia. In March 1998 bear viewing policy and guidelines were presented in which the government expressed support for the use of bears for tourism. This study addresses the impacts of viewing on bears and presents recommendations for further research and the sustainable development of bear viewing in the province.

Introduction : justice in the era of climate change / Tahseen Jafry, Michael Mikulewicz and Karin Helwig -- On the evolution and continuing development of the climate justice movement / Brian Tokar -- On inquiry into climate justice / Idil Boran -- Fact-insensitive thought experiments in climate ethics : exemplified by Parfit's non-identity problem / Jörg Tremmel -- A narrative account of temporality in climate justice / Nejma Tamoudi and Michael Reder -- Global political processes and the Paris agreement : a case of advancement or retreat of climate justice? / Susan P. Murphy -- Statehood in an era of sinking islands / Tom Sparks -- Reimagining development practice : mainstreaming justice into planning frameworks / Ritwika Basu and Amir Bezaz -- Climate justice in the UK : reconciling climate change and equity issues in policy and practice in a developed country context / Katharine Knox -- Equity and justice in climate change law and policy : a role for benefit-sharing / Annalisa Savaresi and Kim Bouwer -- Leading from the bench : the role of judges in advancing climate justice, and lessons from South Asia / Emeline Pluchon -- Climate finance : moral theory and political practice / Alexandre Gajevic Sayegh -- The inter-relationship between climate finance and climate justice in the UNFCCC / Tessa Sheridan and Tahseen Jafry -- Carbon pricing and climate justice : design elements for effective, efficient and equitable greenhouse gas emissions reductions / Edward Cameron -- Sharing the burden of climate change via climate finance and business models / Emilie Prattico -- From the dirty past to the clean future : addressing historic energy injustices with a just transition to a low-carbon future / J. Mijin Cha -- Just energy? Structures of energy (in)justice and the Indonesian coal sector / Anna Fünfgeld -- Climate technology and climate justice : energy transitions in Germany, India and Australia / James Goodman, Devleena Ghosh and Tom Morton -- Big oil's duty of disgorging funds in the context of climate change / Marco Grasso -- Climate justice and REDD+ : a multiscalar examination of the Norwegian-Ethiopian partnership / David Brown -- The climate-just city / Wendy Steele, Jean Hillier, Donna Houston, Jason Byrne and Diana MacCallum -- Configuring climate responsibility in the city : carbon footprints and climate justice in Hong Kong / Sara Fuller -- The shifting geographies of climate change justice : mobile vulnerabilities in and across Indian cities / Eric Chu and Kavya Michael -- Fair for whom? How residents and municipalities evaluate sea-level rise policies in Botany Bay, Australia / Anne Maree Kreller and Sonia Graham -- Thermal inequity : the relationship between urban structure and social disparities in an era of climate change / Bruce C. Mitchell and Jayajit Chakraborty -- Climate justice, gender and intersectionality / Patricia E. Perkins -- "No climate justice without gender justice" : explorations of the intersections between gender and climate injustices in climate adaptation actions in the Philippines / Roa Petra Crease, Meg Parsons and Karen Toni Fisher -- Achieving climate justice through gender mainstreaming climate change adaptation? A multiscale analysis from the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi / Jane Maher -- Inclusive climate governance in Southeast Asia : lessons learned from gender-responsive climate mitigation / So-Young Lee and Eric Zusman -- "Climate change is about us" : the NAACP, fence-line communities, and the grounding of climate justice / Brandon Derman -- Mother Earth and climate justice : indigenous peoples' perspectives of an alternative development paradigm / Alan Jarandilla Nuñez -- Negotiating climate justice at the subnational scale : challenges and collaborations between indigenous peoples and governments / Colleen Scanlan Lyons, Maria DiGiano, Jason Gray, Javier Kinney, Magaly Medeiros, Francisca Oliveira de Lima Costa and Francisca Arará -- Understanding the crises, uncovering the root causes, and envisioning the world(s) we want : conversations with the anti-pipeline movements in Canada / Jen Gobby and Kristian Gareau -- Beyond the academy : reflecting on public engagement about climate justice / Sonja Klinsky -- Climate migration : the emerging need for a human centred approach / Sennan Mattar and Enyinnaya Mbakwem -- Climate justice education : from social movement learning to schooling / Callum McGregor, Eurig Scandrett, Beth Christie and Jim Crowther -- Transformative approaches to address climate change and achieve climate justice / Dunja Krause -- Conclusion / Tahseen Jafry.

<p class="Default">El estudio cuantifica las áreas deforestadas en una de las zonas más impactadas por el hombre, al suroeste de la ciudad de Puerto Maldonado (Puerto Maldonado – Inambari), las imágenes Landsat TM 5 y 8 OLI fueron procesados utilizando una clasificación semiautomática denominada "Random Forest" propuesto por la <a href="http://reddcommunity.org/link/mesa-de-servicios-ambientales-y-redd-de-madre-de-dios">Mesa de Servicios Ambientales y Reducción de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Causadas por la Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques de la Región Madre de Dios</a>, Perú. La metodología incluyo procedimientos de documentación, verificación y validación que permitieron evaluar la calidad de la información generada y los datos reportados. Los resultados de la investigación reportan; una superficie deforestada para los años 1999-2013 de 55426 ha, que representa una tasa anual de cambio de cobertura de – 0,22% y una deforestación anual promedio de 3 246 ha/año. De ello se deducen para los años 1999-2008, 2008-2011 y 2011-2013 tasas anuales de cambio de – 0,18%, -0,30% y -0,31%, con una deforestación anual promedio de 2 594 ha/año, 4 427 ha/año y 4 410 ha/año respectivamente. Los cambios producidos en el área de estudio, muestran la sistemática conversión de bosque a deforestación para el año 2008-2011 con 29 478 ha, siendo la mayor responsable el avance de la minería aurífera aluvial influenciada por la pavimentación de la vía interoceánica y por el alza del precio del oro como el agente principal de la deforestación, y en menor orden, la ampliación de la frontera agrícola, la ganadería y la actividad forestal.</p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The study quantifies the deforested areas in one of the areas most affected by humans, southwest in the city of Puerto Maldonado (Puerto Maldonado - Inambari), the Landsat images TM 5 and 8 OLI were processed using a semiautomatic classification called "Random Forest" proposed by Mesa de Servicios Ambientales y Reducción de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero Causadas por la Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques in the region of Madre de Dios, Peru. The methodology included documentation procedures, verification and validation to assess the quality of information generated and the data reported. The results of the investigation report; a deforested for years 1999-2013 of 55426 ha, which represents an annual rate of change of coverage of -0,22% and an average annual deforestation of 3246 ha/year. It deducted for the years 1999-2008, 2008-2011 and 2011-2013 annual rates of change of -0,18%, -0,30% and -0,31%, with an average annual deforestation of 2594 ha/year, 4427 ha/year and 4,410 ha/year respectively. Changes in the study area, show the systematic conversion of forest to deforestation for the year 2008-2011 with 29 478 ha, being most responsible advancing of alluvial gold mining influenced by the paving of the interoceanic highway and the gold price rises as the main agent of deforestation, and lower order, expanding the agricultural frontier, cattle rising and forestry.</p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong>Cover change, Annual change rate, Random Forest, alluvial Gold Mining.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p>

Kamerun - die am Golf von Guinea gelegene ehemals deutsche Kolonie - ist ein geostrategisch relevantes, zentralafrikanisches Land reich an natürlichen Ressourcen. Das Werk befasst sich mit Regelungsoptionen von Umweltinteressen im afrikanischen Kontext, welche auch im Rahmen der internationalen Entwicklungszu-sammenarbeit und des Wirtschaftsaustauschs relevant sind.

The earliest Africans in North America / Peter H. Wood -- Black pioneers : the Spanish-speaking Afroamericans of the Southwest / Jack D. Forbes -- Slave and free women of color in the Spanish ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola / Virginia Meacham Gould -- Afro-Cubans in Tampa / Susan D. Greenbaum -- Excerpt from Pulling the muse from the drum / Adriìn Castro -- Excerpt from Racial integrity : a plea for the establishment of a chair of Negro history in our schools and colleges / Arturo Alfonso Schomburg -- The world of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg / Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof -- Invoking Arturo Schomburg's legacy in Philadelphia / Evelyne Laurent-Perrault -- Black Cuban, Black American / Evelio Grillo -- A Puerto Rican in New York and other sketches / Jesús Colón -- Melba Alvarado, El Club Cubano Inter-Americano, and the creation of Afro-Cubanidades in New York City / Nancy Raquel Mirabal -- An uneven playing field : Afro-Latinos in major league baseball / Adrian Burgos Jr -- Changing identities : an Afro-latino family portrait / Gabriel Haslip-Viera -- Eso era tremendo! an Afro-cuban musician remembers / Graciela Pérez Gutiérrez -- From "indianola" to "ño colá": the strange career of the Afro-Puerto Rican musician / Ruth Glasser -- Excerpt from cu/bop / Louis Reyes Rivera -- Bauzá-Gillespie-Latin/jazz : difference, modernity, and the black Caribbean / Jairo Moreno -- Contesting that damned mambo : Arsenio Rodríguez and the people of El Barrio and the Bronx in the 1950s / David F. García -- Boogaloo and Latin Soul / Juan Flores -- Excerpt from the salsa of Bethesda Fountain / Tato Laviera -- Hair conking; buy black / Carlos Cooks -- Carlos A. Cooks : Dominican Garveyite in Harlem / Pedro R. Rivera -- Down these mean streets / Piri Thomas -- African things / Victor Hernández Cruz -- Black notes and "you do something to me" / Sandra María Esteves -- Before people called me a spic, they called me a nigger / Pablo "Yoruba" Guzmìn -- Excerpt from Jíbaro, my pretty nigger / Felipe Luciano -- The Yoruba Orisha tradition comes to New York City / Marta Moreno Vega -- Reflections and lived experiences of Afro-Latin@ religiosity / Luis Barrios -- Discovering myself : un testimonio / Sherezada "Chiqui" Vicioso -- Excerpt from Dominicanish / Josefina Báez -- The Black Puerto Rican woman in contemporary American society / Angela Jorge -- Something Latino was up with us / Spring Redd -- Excerpt from Poem for my Grifa-rican sistah, or broken ends broken promises -- Mariposa (María Teresa Fernández) -- Latinegras : desired women--undesirable mothers, daughters, sisters, and wives / Marta I. Cruz-Janzen -- Letter to a friend / Nilaja Sun -- Uncovering mirrors : Afro-Latina lesbian subjects / Ana M. Lara -- The black bellybutton of a bongo / Marianela Medrano -- Notes on Eusebia Cosme and Juano Hernández / Miriam Jiménez Román -- Desde el mero medio : race discrimination within the Latino community / Carlos Flores -- Displaying identity : Dominicans in the Black mosaic of Washington, D.C. / Ginetta E. B. Candelario -- Bringing the soul : afros, black empowerment, and Lucecita Benítez / Yeidy M. Rivero -- Can BET make you Black? : remixing and reshaping Latin@s on Black Entertainment Television / Ejima Baker -- The Afro-Latino connection : can this group be the bridge to a broadbased Black-Hispanic alliance? / Alan Hughes and Milca Esdaille -- Ghettocentricity, blackness, and pan-latinidad / Raquel Z. Rivera -- Chicano rap roots : Afro-Mexico and black-brown cultural exchange / Pancho McFarland -- The rise and fall of reggaeton : from Daddy Yankee to Tego Calderón and beyond / Wayne Marshall -- Do plátanos go wit' collard greens? / David Lamb -- Divas don't yield / Sofia Quintero -- An Afro-Latina's quest for inclusion / Yvette Modestin -- Retracing migration : from Samaná to New York and back again / Ryan Mann-Hamilton -- Negotiating among invisibilities : tales of Afro-latinidades in the United States / Vielka Cecilia Hoy -- We are black too : experiences of a Honduran garifuna / Aida Lambert -- Profile of an Afro-latina : Black, Mexican, both / Mar"a Rosario Jackson -- Enrique Patterson : Black Cuban intellectual in Cuban Miami / Antonio Lyenpez -- Reflections about race by a negrito acomplejao / Eduardo Bonilla-Silva -- Divisible blackness : reflections on heterogeneity and racial identity / Silvio Torres-Saillant -- Nigger-Reecan blues / Willie Perdomo -- How race counts for Hispanic Americans / John R. Logan -- Bleach in the rainbow : Latino ethnicity and preference for whiteness / William A. Darity Jr., Jason Dietrich, and Darrick Hamilton -- Brown like me? / Ed Morales -- Against the myth of racial harmony in Puerto Rico / Afro-Puerto Rican Testimonies Project -- Mexican ways, African roots / Lisa Hoppenjans and Ted Richardson -- Afro-Latin@s and the Latino workplace / Tanya Katerí Hernández -- Racial politics in multiethnic America : Black and Latina/o identities and coalitions / Mark Sawyer -- Afro-Latinism in United States society : a commentary / James Jennings

Nouvelle version mise à jour en avril 2020. Titre de la première version : Forest spirits. What we know - and don't know - about the effectiveness of policies against deforestation [Mars 2019] ; Studies addressing the effectiveness of policies aiming at combatting deforestation have produced mixed results, showing no obvious and undebated correlations between a certain type of forest policy instrument and its success in preventing or deterring deforestation. Hence, why anti-deforestation policies succeed or not still remains unclear. This paper proposes a new reading grid of the effectiveness of anti-deforestation policies, by mapping the causal mechanisms at stake from its design to its objective of avoiding deforestation. 264 empirical evaluations are collected and reviewed in order to reveal the theory of change (ToC) that emerges from the current practice of forest policy evaluation. This mapping sheds light on the different causal steps necessary for anti-deforestation policies to be effective, and on the conditions at stake at the various stages of the causal chain, according to the existing literature. Doing so, it allows visualising the reasons for the success of anti-deforestation policies -or lack of, as per the literature corpus analysed. It also provides guidelines with regard to the elements of context to look at when designing and implementing such anti-deforestation policies. Finally, it exposes what is most researched by evaluators, as well as observes the main apparent evaluation blind spots.Our results highlight that the effectiveness of anti-deforestation policies is context-specific on political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and structural dimensions: The political willingness, the nature of available funding, the governance structure, the existence of forest-related traditions, the social and economic situation of local populations, and the nature and spatial scale of the deforestation drivers are elements that influence the success of the policy. They may play this role at ...

Nouvelle version mise à jour en avril 2020. Titre de la première version : Forest spirits. What we know - and don't know - about the effectiveness of policies against deforestation [Mars 2019] ; Studies addressing the effectiveness of policies aiming at combatting deforestation have produced mixed results, showing no obvious and undebated correlations between a certain type of forest policy instrument and its success in preventing or deterring deforestation. Hence, why anti-deforestation policies succeed or not still remains unclear. This paper proposes a new reading grid of the effectiveness of anti-deforestation policies, by mapping the causal mechanisms at stake from its design to its objective of avoiding deforestation. 264 empirical evaluations are collected and reviewed in order to reveal the theory of change (ToC) that emerges from the current practice of forest policy evaluation. This mapping sheds light on the different causal steps necessary for anti-deforestation policies to be effective, and on the conditions at stake at the various stages of the causal chain, according to the existing literature. Doing so, it allows visualising the reasons for the success of anti-deforestation policies -or lack of, as per the literature corpus analysed. It also provides guidelines with regard to the elements of context to look at when designing and implementing such anti-deforestation policies. Finally, it exposes what is most researched by evaluators, as well as observes the main apparent evaluation blind spots.Our results highlight that the effectiveness of anti-deforestation policies is context-specific on political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and structural dimensions: The political willingness, the nature of available funding, the governance structure, the existence of forest-related traditions, the social and economic situation of local populations, and the nature and spatial scale of the deforestation drivers are elements that influence the success of the policy. They may play this role at different stages of the policy design and implementation: at decision-making stage, during its implementation, or when evaluating its results and outcomes. The majority of conditions reported from the literature concern the implementation phase, at the local level. In other words, according to evaluators, the success or failure of anti-deforestation policies mostly lies in its effective implementation in the field, i.e. in its ability to generate a social acceptance of and compliance to the policy rules. However, some studies also show that a successfully implemented policy does not avoid deforestation if the actual deforestation driver is not properly addressed, thus resulting in deforestation being displaced or unchanged. This underlines the importance of prior risk assessments and field studies to design an adapted policy instrument to combat deforestation.

International audience Highlights(3-5 bullets max 85 char each) Abstract (should be 250 words) The current dominance of " ecosystem services " as a guiding concept for environmental management – where it appears as a neutral, obvious, taken-for-granted concept – hides the fact that there are choices implicit in its framing and in its application. In other words, it is a highly political concept.Following a political ecology framework, we investigate the origin and agency of the ecosystem services idea, its relationship to multi-scale power structures that constrain or facilitate certain outcomes, the practical difficulties of applying the idea, and its impacts for different parts of society and the environment.Building on the literature, on an analysis of theMillennium Ecosystem Assessment, and onbrief examples from tropical rain forest contexts such as Brazil and Madagascar, we investigate four moments or processes in the construction and application of the ecosystem services idea:discursive (the emergence of the term), ontological (what knowledge does the concept allow?), scientific (debates and difficulties in its practical application), and political (who wins, who loses?).All four components have ecological and political consequences. First, choices are made during the framing and institutionalization of the concept that mobilize, for example, a human-nature dichotomy and the pre-eminence of ecological and economic perspectives. Second, choices are made in the application of the concept, in terms of the type of service, the scale of analysis, and the kind of market rationality, that create winners and losers.The concept is a boundary object with widespread appeal, used in diverse ways by different interests to justify different kinds of interventions that at times might be totally opposed.

The world food and non-food needs are expected to increase from 2005/2007 to 2050 by 60 percent, raising concerns on how this demand will be fulfilled sustainably (Le Mouël and Forslund, 2017). To cope with this increase in demand, the agricultural sector faces an essential decision between land sparing and land sharing, a debate particularly active in the last decade (Alexandratos et al., 2012; Harrison, 2002; Le Mouël and Forslund, 2017; TheRoyal Society (London), 2009). On the one hand, central elements of the debate concern the effects of agricultural intensity (or yield) on biodiversity, while land-sharing integrates nature conservation approaches into agricultural production across a region but characterized by low-yielding farmland with higher biodiversity, but with less land available for the sole purpose of nature conservation. The increase of agricultural land is of particular attention because it expands through the alteration of forests, swamplands, and other pristine habitats (Barbier, 2004). On the other hand, land-use change to expand agriculture increases Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and is accountable for 12-17% of the total global GHG emissions, negatively impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services (Hamilton et al., 2015; Pradhan et al., 2015). On the other hand, an increase of yields requires an increase in production which will be constrained by the finite resources provided by Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere (Godfray et al., 2010); therefore, producing more food from the same area of land while reducing negative environmental externalities, can be accomplished by the use of existing sustainable practices (FAO, 2011; Godfray et al., 2010; Jordan, 2015; Tubiello et al., 2014). Farmers' decisions regarding adopting agricultural practices are based on pre-existing networks, organizations, and other relationships among individuals (Ostrom and Ahn, 2003). Although adoption has been widely studied, it shows a disciplinary fragmentation (Pannell et al., 2006). Social capital is a concept that helps integrate with the economic analysis of communities' cultural, social, and institutional dynamics. Social capital is a mechanism that helps to overcome market imperfections and promotes collective action, generating positive externalities that facilitate cooperation to achieve goals. Still, it can also have a negative side (Ostrom, 2007). This dissertation aims to analyze the role of social capital through two case studies; one, which analyses how social capital and its interaction with psychological constructs affects the decision to adopt pressurized irrigation systems using a cross-sectional survey. The second case study focuses on social capital and incentives effects on pro-social behavior, especially looking at land allocated for the cultivation of rubber agroforestry in Indonesia under individual and collective Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes applying a framed-field experiment. Results show that social capital plays an important role in adopting sustainable practices in the agricultural sector. On the one hand, we provide empirical evidence about the significant and positive influence of social capital variables on the level of perceived control and intention to perform the adoption of pressurized irrigation. On the other, we show that social capital, in the form of a network, could negatively influence conservation behavior when the social norm is to cultivate the more profitable crop, as in Indonesia's oil palm under PES schemes. We find that individuals were more susceptible to social capital variables under collective schemes than in the individual scheme. Social capital in the form of a network shows a negative and significant influence on the share of land allocated to rubber agroforestry. In contrast, membership and environmental awareness of the network have a positive influence. Individual characteristics such as individual environmental perception, land tenure, and if the participant cultivates rubber agroforestry were more relevant in the individual scheme. When comparing both case studies, the differences in the sign of the effect of social capital, precisely the effect of a social network, reaffirm the need to design context-specific strategies and consider each site's social dynamics. In addition, the results show that land heterogeneity matters; collective schemes may be especially suitable to engage large landowners, who may feel the moral pressure to contribute their share under such institutional arrangements. In contrast, smaller farmers respond to individual and collective incentives. However, it should be kept in mind that the effectiveness of PES is highly place-specific and depends on the social norms prevalent in the communities. Our empirical results have important policy implications. In the case study from Chile, we identified that attitude campaigns are not enough to influence intentions. The government could target and change the norm of superficial irrigation by convincing people of core beliefs associated with water conservation awareness and boost farmers' trust in water organizations that could foster cooperation to adopt pressurized irrigation systems as a norm. In the case study in Indonesia regarding Payment for Environmental Services, our findings have important implications for REDD focus countries, which is the most crucial arena for collective PES nowadays. Policymakers can build upon existing social norms; provide economic incentives for conservation, and complement informal institutions. Future PES should focus and be tailored to the participants' characteristics in terms of endowment and should have a better understanding of the social norms of the context. ; 2021-07-09