Suchergebnisse

State political institutions are established by the decisions of Constituent Assemblies, but also based on legal norms with constitutional force. Is Congress of Lushnjë legitimated for the reestablishment of institutions in Albania and on which legal and constitutional norms and rules it established them? Did we have an institutional tradition? National Assembly of Vlorë declared Albania separately, but it could not create a state with political and legal institutions, neither was internationally known. Albania gained its status from the Great Powers on July 29, 1913. International Commission of Control prepared Albania's Organic Statute on April 10, 1914, which is also the first constitution of Albania's Principality. This document with legal and constitutional values was not repealed. According to the chronological criteria of the constitutional right "Lex posterior derogate priori", the Organic Statute was in force and could be serving on the creation of new political institutions. But it was not used by the Congress of Lushnjë because after the First World War, many historical events had occurred and many political circumstances had changed. The International Institution which gave Albania the status did not exist anymore. Great Forces did not exist anymore; moreover, some of those states had made a pact for its crush. The assembly's delegates unanimously created a package with six legal norms named "Fundamentals of the Kanun of the High Council" known as the Statute of Lushnjë, used as legal norms of constitutional power to fix the relations between powers which had been created through political compromise. On December 22, 1922, pursuant to Article 45 of the "Internal Regulation" the Assembly found the remedy to make legal changes and approve the "Extended Statute of Lushnjë", which had legal norms with constitutional power to fix the relations among the state's powers. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p519

Abstract. This research aims to test the influence of such independent variables as the organizational commitment, Accounting Internal Control, The Role Of Internal Audit, Education, and the quality of training to such dependent variables as the reliability of the financial report of local government. This research uses a quantitative approach, using primary data through questionnaires. The respondents in this study were the employees who processes the financial administration and those who make financial report at the Local Working Unit (SKPD) in North Halmahera Regency Government. The population used for this research is a group of financial staff which is about 298 people in each of the SKPD, and the samples taken are 75 respondents. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and the data were tested by using SPSS program version 22. The results of a multiple linear regression analysis shows that partially, the organizational commitment, accounting internal control, the role of internal audit, education, and the quality of training give positive impacts and significant effects to the reliability of the financial report of local government. The result of the test also shows that simultaneously, the good organizational commitment, accounting internal control, the role of internal audit, education, and quality of training give positive impacts and significant effects to the reliability of financial report of local government. The value of the coefficient of determination indicates that the organizational commitment, accounting internal control, the role of internal audit, education, and quality of training is 49.70%, and the remaining 50.30% is affected by other factors which are not included in this model of research. Keywords : Organizational Commitment, Internal Control Of Accounting, The Role Of Internal Audit, Education, Quality Of Training, The Reliability Of Financial Report.

Abstract :In accordance with the Research Problem Formulation So The Purpose of This Research Is To Know How Career Development ASN / PNS done On Transportation Department, Communications and Informatics BolaangMongondowDistrict.Research Methods Used In This Research Is Qualitative Method.Moleong (2006) Said, qualitative research is research that intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by research subjects (eg behavior, perception, actions, and others), holistically, and with The way descriptions are in the form of words and languages, in a particular context that is natural and by utilizing various natural methods (Moleong, 2009). Qualitative research aims to dig up and build a preposition or explain the meaning behind reality.According to the real results and the facts for his performance has been very good and trained from superiors to subordinates, and to about the potential for career development of the ASN in the communications service kominfo this is very good ,,, the level of ability and willingness it can be guaranteed pertained Good, but for the level of career development is relatively low, in because by some factors that may not be adequate . while ASN has the right to have Development. The capacity of the apparatus is a right for ASN to gain useful expertise in supporting an organization as set forth in article 22 of Law Number. 5 Year 2014 on State Civil Apparatus. In the article it is mandated that every apparatus has the right to be developed by the government, both central government and local government.Based on the conclusions and the results of the study as described and discussed in it can be drawn conclusion as follows: ASN Competence (civil state apparatus) in career development and implementation of performance in view of the workings and the willingness to develop a career is very good but because Insufficient funds and the right to the right to development of ASN careers have not been obtained so ASN most of his career has not developed.Keywords: Development, Career.

Malnutrition is one of leading problem which affect children well-being and growth in the study area as well as in Ethiopia. However, insufficient scientific knowledge limits to understand the factors of nutritional status at community level for adequate intervention. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the determinants of nutritional status of under-five children in Anlemo Woreda to tackle the malnutrition problems. A Purposive sampling followed by random sampling procedure was employed to draw 330 sample households from four Kebeles. A household survey was undertaken using structured questionnaires. Different characteristics of the households were investigated; anthropometric measurement of children was also measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS.v.22, for descriptive statistics, STATA14 for multivariate probit regression analysis and WHO anthrop v.3.2.2 software to convert raw nutritional data into Z-scores. The result of multivariate probit analyses revealed that age of household head, water source, land size, complementary feeding, antenatal care, toilet, time elapse to fetch water and livestock ownership were significant and associated with child stunting. Sex of child, toilet, income, and source water was found to be significant and associated with child wasting, and child age, family size, livestock ownership, income and water source were significant and associated with underweight. The findings of this study revealed that the prevalence of stunting of children is 42.4%, underweight 16.1% and wasting 9.7% respectively. The Prevalence of stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months is relatively high but underweight is lower than national and regional prevalence. Malnutrition puts substantial burden on under five children in AnlemoWoreda. Local government of the Hadiya Zone and AnlemoWoreda Health Institution should design effective nutritional implementation on child stunting and wasting is a vital task for the community to reduce malnutrition.

Le 22 octobre 2014, le Parlement européen et le Conseil ont publié un règlement relatif à la prévention et à la gestion de l'introduction et de la propagation des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE). Ce règlement prévoit, en particulier àson article 19, que les États membres mettent en place des mesures efficaces de gestion vis-à-vis d'une liste d'EEE dites préoccupantes pour l'Union Européenne (UE) qui, selon l'article 4, doit être adoptée, par voie d'actes d'exécution, par la Commission européenne début 2016. Cette liste sera régulièrement révisée. Ainsi l'inscription d'une espèce dans cette liste se traduira par la mise en place d'actions de prévention et de lutte coordonnées entre les différents États membres de l'Union européenne, visant à réduire les impacts négatifs de ces espèces en premier lieu sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques ainsi que d'autres impacts négatifs éventuels dans le cas de certaines EEE pouvant entraîner des impacts sur la santé humaine et/ou des impacts économiques. Pour toutes les espèces qui seront proposées pour la future liste susmentionnée, la Commission européenne doit disposer d'une analyse de risques respectant 14 normes qu'eIle a fixées dans le rapport « invasive alien species -framework forthe identification of invasive alien species of EU concern. ENV.B.2/ETU/2013/0026 ››, ainsi que 5 critères définis à l'articIe 4 du règlement. Pour un certain nombre d'espèces listées dans le rapport suscité, des analyses de risques sont déjà disponibles. Pour celles n'y figurant pas et qu'un État membre souhaiterait voir proposer dans le cadre de la révision régulière de la liste (cf. Article 4), une analyse de risque est à fournir à la Commission européenne.Parmi les espèces végétales du genre Ambrosiaprésentes en France, plusieurs constituent des espèces exotiques envahissantes à impact potentiel pour la santé puisqu'elles émettent un pollen hautement allergisant pour l'homme. C'est le cas en particulier de l'ambroisie à feuilles d'armoise (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), de ...

Ce numéro comprend les articles issus du colloque de restitution Ecophyto Recherche « Des outils et des dispositifs pour éclairer les décisions, explorer les possibles et accompagner la transition vers des systèmes économes et multi-performants », qui s'est tenu à Saint-Malo, du 22 au 24 mars 2017 ; The Prunus project has explored the issue of sustainable orchards (re)design, through an integrative approach articulating the different dimensions of varietal choice, pest management strategies, and larger evolutions within the agrifood system (including not only the economic actors but also extension, research, public policies and consumers). It brought together sociologists, economists, agronomists and geneticists, as well as diverse stakeholders in a socio-historical analysis, farm surveys, and multi-actors workshops for the co-construction of varietal ideotypes. Our analyses show the impact of the constraints set by retailers and intermediaries, in a context of production calendar extension, on the innovation model (fruit ability to be transported and stored and fruit visual aspect), to the expense of environmental and farm viability criteria. Farm surveys show a large variability of practices observed in orchards producing similar levels of yield and suggest that a substantive reduction in pesticide use can be achieved in apricot production. New techniques but also references and exchange arenas should be developed to achieve this. Regarding varietal innovation and cultivars conception, we show that we need to develop multi-criteria approaches. Finally we how how multi-actors approaches help discussing the constraints and criteria of the diverse components of the agrifood system in an ecolologisation perspective ; Le projet « Prunus » a exploré la question de la (re)conception de vergers « durables » au travers d'une approche intégrée prenant en compte à la fois le choix variétal, les conduites de cultures et les évolutions plus larges du système « agri-alimentaire » (filières, politiques publiques, recherche, ...

Ce numéro comprend les articles issus du colloque de restitution Ecophyto Recherche « Des outils et des dispositifs pour éclairer les décisions, explorer les possibles et accompagner la transition vers des systèmes économes et multi-performants », qui s'est tenu à Saint-Malo, du 22 au 24 mars 2017 ; National audience ; Global assessment indicators used to measure the efficiency of the national action plan Ecophyto might hide processes which occur at intermediary level (supply chains, locality, farm). To highlight such processes, we analyse how public policy instruments are used by various AKIS players in relation to the logic supporting their respective collective action. Our results described: (i) the diversity of existing frames related to such logics and their prescriptive dimension regarding intermediary activities; (ii) the way various intermediary players built their relation to technical knowledge and act to legitimise their position and their technical discourse in order to initiate, support and develop the negotiated changes related to less pesticide use; (iii) the objects which are produced and mobilised to support intermediation, their structuring role, and the need to pay attention to the knowledge embedded in these objects as well as to their transformation during the collective action process ; Les indicateurs globaux d'évaluation pour mesurer l'efficacité du plan Ecophyto peuvent masquer des dynamiques aux niveaux intermédiaires (territoire, filières, exploitation). Pour éclairer celles-ci, nous analysons la façon dont les instruments de politique publique liés au plan sont mobilisés dans des logiques d'action collective portées par divers acteurs au sein du développement agricole. Nos résultats portent sur : (i) la diversité des cadrages liés à ces logiques et la façon dont ils orientent les activités d'intermédiation ; (ii) la façon dont des acteurs intermédiaires construisent un rapport à la technique et une légitimité de leur position et de leur discours sur la technique afin d'initier, ...

41 Pags.- 3 Tabls.- 11 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://link.springer.com/journal/271 ; More than one million hectares have undergone irrigation modernization in Spain during this century. Irrigation modernization to pressurized systems is currently facing challenges derived from increasing electricity prices and decreasing public subsidies. The economic viability of such projects is compromised, and the number of projects is decreasing. Pressurized collective networks are commonly designed and managed using hydraulic simulation tools and probabilistic hypotheses on hydrant use. In this paper, a simulation tool is presented that widens the scope of the analysis by combining hydraulics with agronomy, agrometeorology, solid-set sprinkler irrigation and economics. The CINTEGRAL software simulates the net benefit of the seasonal operation of a collective pressurized irrigation network. The software incorporates an optimization module for the electricity contract associated with the pumping station. CINTEGRAL runs on a time step of a half-hour, and simulates the irrigation season of a variety of crops. The software was applied to analyze the economic benefit of a Water User Association (WUA) under different design and management scenarios (on-demand, network sectoring and dividing the irrigated area in separate networks). In the studied WUA, the network sectoring scenario provided important energy savings (22%) but negatively affected yield by a similar economic magnitude. The division of the area in two independent networks was the most cost-effective scenario. Network topologies, cropping patterns, market prices, irrigation infrastructure, soil conditions and management rules determine the optimum WUA management options. CINTEGRAL is a comprehensive simulation tool designed to help designers and managers guarantee the economic viability of their projects. ; Research was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government (Plan Estatal de I + D+i) through Grant AGL2013-48728-C2-1-R. The International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Zaragoza (CIHEAM-Zaragoza) provided an M. Sc. scholarship to Mr. El Habib El Malki. ; Peer reviewed

Malnutrition is one of leading problem which affect children well-being and growth in the study area as well as in Ethiopia. However, insufficient scientific knowledge limits to understand the factors of nutritional status at community level for adequate intervention. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the determinants of nutritional status of under-five children in Anlemo Woreda to tackle the malnutrition problems. A Purposive sampling followed by random sampling procedure was employed to draw 330 sample households from four Kebeles. A household survey was undertaken using structured questionnaires. Different characteristics of the households were investigated; anthropometric measurement of children was also measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS.v.22, for descriptive statistics, STATA14 for multivariate probit regression analysis and WHO anthrop v.3.2.2 software to convert raw nutritional data into Z-scores. The result of multivariate probit analyses revealed that age of household head, water source, land size, complementary feeding, antenatal care, toilet, time elapse to fetch water and livestock ownership were significant and associated with child stunting. Sex of child, toilet, income, and source water was found to be significant and associated with child wasting, and child age, family size, livestock ownership, income and water source were significant and associated with underweight. The findings of this study revealed that the prevalence of stunting of children is 42.4%, underweight 16.1% and wasting 9.7% respectively. The Prevalence of stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months is relatively high but underweight is lower than national and regional prevalence. Malnutrition puts substantial burden on under five children in AnlemoWoreda. Local government of the Hadiya Zone and AnlemoWoreda Health Institution should design effective nutritional implementation on child stunting and wasting is a vital task for the community to reduce malnutrition.

11 páginas, 4 tablas, 5 figuras.-- Paula Méndez Fernández . et al. ; Concentrations of thirty two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the blubber of five sympatric species of odontocetes stranded or by-caught along the Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula: common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Multivariate analyses were applied to evaluate the ability of PCB patterns to discriminate these sympatric species and to determine which eco-biological factors influence these patterns, thus evaluating the relevance of PCB concentrations as biogeochemical tracers of feeding ecology. The five species could be separated according to their PCB patterns. Different exposure to these contaminants, a consequence of their different dietary preferences or habitats, together with potentially dissimilar metabolic capacities, likely explain these results; sex, age, habitat and the type of prey eaten were the most important eco-biological parameters of those tested. Although, no single congener has been specifically identified as a tracer of feeding ecology, 4 congeners from the 22 analysed seemed to be the most useful and around 12 congeners appear to be enough to achieve good discrimination of the cetaceans studied. Therefore, this study suggests that PCB patterns can be used as tracers for studying the feeding ecology, sources of contamination or even population structure of cetacean species from the Northwest Iberian Peninsula ; P. Méndez- Fernandez was supported during the research period through a PhD grant from the Fundação do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia de Portugal and ANIMATE project (SFRH/BD/36766/2007) and through a Science Without Borders (CSF) young talent postdoctoral grant of the Brazilian government. G. J. Pierce acknowledges support from the EU ANIMATE project (MEXC-CT-2006-042337), University of Aveiro and Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Portugal). ; Peer reviewed

Presented at the 9th international wildlife ranching symposium: wildlife - the key to prosperity for rural communities, held on 12-16 September 2016 at Hotel Safari & the Safari Court, Windhoek, Namibia. ; Conservation of biodiversity has become a priority matter due to its excellent boost to socioeconomic development through ecotourism. The Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency is responsible for the management of the provincial protected area network in South Africa. The Protected Area Expansion Strategy for the Agency is currently looking to improve biodiversity conservation using different mechanisms such as the Game Industry Transformation Strategy. The study elucidates how Game Industry Transformation Initiative as part of the national biodiversity economy strategy has a potential to promote biodiversity conservation whilst also addressing the socio-economic issues in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. An invitation for Expression of Interest for Game Farming Transformation Initiative - GFTI (REP No: 03/15/16) was published widely on media over a period of one month as per South African government protocol. A total of 20 (N) applications were received comprising 90% of the targeted previously disadvantaged individuals (PDIs), and 10% were the institutions supporting the initiative. An estimated total area greater than 5000 hectares may benefit protection for biodiversity through GFTI. Out of the total PDIs (n = 18), 44% had landownership with verifiable title deeds, 12%relied on communal land while 44% relied on land leased from the government. There were significantly few participants (22%) with full capacity (i.e. game infrastructure) to roll out the incubation phase of the initiative within one year. A few lessons learnt include: 1. land ownership will remain a major challenge in the future; 2. infrastructural capital is limiting factor; and 3. a few people were interested thereby suggesting a need for more campaign for wildlife economy in the PDIs in South Africa.

Note on transcription and names . ix Acknowledgments. x Introduction . 1 State of the art . 8 Theoretical approach. 23 Sources . 33 1 Forced migration, settlement, and the emergence of "abandoned property" in Ottoman times . 41 1.1 Property and forced migration . 42 1.2 Migration and refugee settlement in the 19th century . 55 1.3 Migrations from the North Caucasus. 58 1.4 The Balkan Wars . 67 1.5 The expulsions of 1913–14 . 74 1.6 The Armenian Genocide and abandoned property . 83 1.7 The regulation for Greek property . 104 1.8 Custodian accounts . 109 1.9 The deportees' return: 1918–20 . 112 1.10 Conclusion: From empty land to "national" property . 118 2 Making sense of ethnic cleansing and genocide: Parliamentary debates concerning "abandoned property", 1921–22 . 123 2.1 Historical background: The War of Independence . 124 2.2 Abandoned property in parliament . 139 2.3 The legal background . 145 2.4 The first draft: Who were "the disappeared"? . 147 2.5 The question of proxies . 154 2.6 The question of legality . 161 2.7 "Fugitive", "Disappeared" or "Deported"? . 169 2.8 The state as universal custodian? . 173 2.9 Conclusion . 177 vi 3 Self-help, corruption, or theft? Debating practices of property appropriation in İzmir and western Anatolia, 1922–24 . 181 3.1 İzmir, September 1922: destruction, death and exile . 181 3.2 The fate of "abandoned property" in Smyrna/İzmir . 188 3.3 İzmir's looted wealth in parliament . 195 3.4 Who took part in the looting? . 201 3.5 The identity of squatters . 204 3.6 Conclusion . 208 4 International agreements, national legislation, and the implemention in Turkey, 1923–45 . 211 4.1 Negotiations in Lausanne . 211 4.2 The Mixed Commission and follow-up negotiations . 219 4.3 Preparations in Turkey, 1923-1924 . 224 4.4 Squatting and resistance to exchangee settlement . 231 4.5 Transport and settlement . 238 4.6 Laws for property compensation: 1924 – 45 . 239 5 The politics of property compensation in İzmir: 1924–34 . 249 5.1 Property allocation (tefviz) from 1924 onwards . 252 5.2 ...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2017.09.006. Paper history: Received 24 March 2017, Revised 20 July 2017, Accepted 2 September 2017, Available online 22 September 2017 ; There is an increasing awareness amongst developing regions on the importance of localizing Internet traffic in the quest for fast, affordable, and available Internet access. In this paper, we focus on Africa, where 37 IXPs are currently interconnecting local ISPs, but mostly at the country level. An option to enrich connectivity on the continent and incentivize content providers to establish presence in the region is to interconnect ISPs present at isolated IXPs by creating a distributed IXP layout spanning the continent. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether such IXP interconnection would be possible, and if successful, to estimate the best-case benefits that could be realized in terms of traffic localization and performance. Our hope is that quantitatively demonstrating the benefits will provide incentives for ISPs to intensify their peering relationships in the region. However, it is challenging to estimate this best-case scenario, due to numerous economic, political, and geographical factors influencing the region. Towards this end, we begin with a thorough analysis of the environment in Africa. We then investigate a naive approach to IXP interconnection, which shows that a theoretically optimal solution would be infeasible in practice due to the prevailing socio-economic conditions in the region. We, therefore, provide an innovative, realistic four-step interconnection scheme to achieve the distributed IXP layout that considers and parameterizes external socio-economic factors using publicly available datasets. We demonstrate that our constrained solution doubles the percentage of continental intra-African paths, reduces their lengths, and drastically decreases the median of their RTTs as well as RTTs to ASes hosting the top 10 global and top 10 regional Alexa websites. Our approach highlights how, given real-world constraints, a solution requires careful considerations in order to be practically realizable. ; pub

Le 22 octobre 2014, le Parlement européen et le Conseil ont publié un règlement relatif à la prévention et à la gestion de l'introduction et de la propagation des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE). Ce règlement prévoit, en particulier àson article 19, que les États membres mettent en place des mesures efficaces de gestion vis-à-vis d'une liste d'EEE dites préoccupantes pour l'Union Européenne (UE) qui, selon l'article 4, doit être adoptée, par voie d'actes d'exécution, par la Commission européenne début 2016. Cette liste sera régulièrement révisée. Ainsi l'inscription d'une espèce dans cette liste se traduira par la mise en place d'actions de prévention et de lutte coordonnées entre les différents États membres de l'Union européenne, visant à réduire les impacts négatifs de ces espèces en premier lieu sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques ainsi que d'autres impacts négatifs éventuels dans le cas de certaines EEE pouvant entraîner des impacts sur la santé humaine et/ou des impacts économiques. Pour toutes les espèces qui seront proposées pour la future liste susmentionnée, la Commission européenne doit disposer d'une analyse de risques respectant 14 normes qu'eIle a fixées dans le rapport « invasive alien species -framework forthe identification of invasive alien species of EU concern. ENV.B.2/ETU/2013/0026 ››, ainsi que 5 critères définis à l'articIe 4 du règlement. Pour un certain nombre d'espèces listées dans le rapport suscité, des analyses de risques sont déjà disponibles. Pour celles n'y figurant pas et qu'un État membre souhaiterait voir proposer dans le cadre de la révision régulière de la liste (cf. Article 4), une analyse de risque est à fournir à la Commission européenne.Parmi les espèces végétales du genre Ambrosiaprésentes en France, plusieurs constituent des espèces exotiques envahissantes à impact potentiel pour la santé puisqu'elles émettent un pollen hautement allergisant pour l'homme. C'est le cas en particulier de l'ambroisie à feuilles d'armoise (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), de ...

Rural livelihoods in Nepal are generally based on ecosystem resources. Despite a large number of studies on the Himalayan livelihoods, representation of the Trans-Himalaya, particularly Upper-Mustang, are rare. Such a scarcity could be associated with the fact that the place was isolated from the rest of the world and mainstream Nepali societies for a long time and also used to be known as 'forbidden kingdom.' This paper documents livelihood situation of Upper-Mustang in reference to the data collected in 66 households, in-depth interviews taken with 22 key informants, and focus group discussions conducted in 6 locations. Household livelihood system was studied with reference to five livelihood capitals, which were transformed into Livelihood Capital Index (LCI) at first and Livelihood Sustainability Index (LSI) later. Households in the Trans-Himalaya fulfill their livelihood requirement from multiple sources such as farming and livestock ranching together with small-scale enterprises, remittance and labouring. Overall status of livelihood capital is weak that cannot satisfy households' food and livelihood requirements. There exists inter-household variation in the status of livelihood capitals.The households with diversified livelihood options have relatively secured livelihood, although such security is relative to the households of Upper-Mustang. Considering the weak status of agro-livestock system, which is mostly associated with unfavorable geographic conditions and lack of agro-livestock service provision, the region has sound scope for tourism industries and production as well as marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants, and fruits. Therefore, there is a plenty of possibility of diversifying livelihoods, however, neither the communities are eager to do so nor the state policies are encouraging. Therefore, together with expansion and advancement of physical infrastructure, effective service delivery and provision for social welfare, government programs should be facilitative for optimum and sustainable utilization of ecosystem resources for the sustainability of household livelihood system.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 24-59