Suchergebnisse

In 1762 and 1763, manifestos were issued by Catherine II, and later were extended further by her son Paul I, inviting foreign artisans and others to settle in far-flung rural areas of the Russian Empire in order to help strengthen the economy. Under a policy somewhat similar to the later US Homestead Act, under the manifestos German and other foreign-national settlers and their descendants were offered Russian citizenship, land ownership after three years, religious tolerance (including, in the case of Germans, German clergy and German-language churches), and exemption from the military draft—although by the end of the nineteenth century the last of these had been rescinded. The call was not restricted to Germans, but Germans comprised the largest group to take advantage of it, settling for the most part in Ukraine, Bessarabia, and the mid-Volga region. Those who participated in the migration, known as theAuswanderung, and their descendants are often referred to in English as "Russian Germans" or "Germans from Russia" (rossiiskie nemtsy). A second wave of German immigration occurred in 1894, when some Germans who had settled in Prussia moved across the border into Russia. By 1897, there were over 2 million German immigrants and descendants in the Russian Empire.

This article analyses the advertising rhetoric used in Israeli daily newspapers during the Second Lebanon War, when advertisements made use of war-related content and symbolism to sell their products. The author reveals how advertisers exploited the war situation to promote sales and, in doing so, demonstrates the values of Israeli society during this unique period in Israeli history. The findings show a wide usage of patriotic expression for marketing products and services. It seems that advertisers preferred to focus most of their attention on the civilian home front, ignoring to a great extent the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and its soldiers (unlike accepted practice during periods of military calm). They also omitted mention of the state and its leaders. Additionally, contrary to former practice, advertisers did not make use of foreign (non-Hebrew) words, thus emphasizing Israeli identity.

The article looks at ways which Latin American social policy works, usually in a backward fashion, widening rather than narrowing the inequalities that face that region. The article also focuses on the design of five main goals designed to combat poverty, examines the social funds implemented to improve social infrastructure and the provision of public goods; opening the door to CCTs conditional cash transfer programs, which assist the war on poverty in a three-fold fashion. Then the author discusses the targeting and direction of these programs, their classification, and support for these mechanisms and measures as a weapon to fight poverty; thereby, setting the stage to explain the adoption of CCTs. The article concludes with a look accountability issues and transparency, before establishing the citizen as the judge and referee in determining the government performance in regard to such economic questions and policies. Adapted from the source document.

The article describes the current state of official relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union (EU). The current legal framework for relations between the two entities is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), signed in 1994, needs to be replaced by a more up-to-date agreement reflecting changes in the territorial status of the European Union. Ongoing talks have focused on improving cooperation across the economic, judicial, cultural, research and education spheres (part of the 'commonspace roadmap' discussed during a 2005 EU-Russia summit). In the fields of education and research negotiators are working towards Russia's inclusion in the Bologna process and the creation of a common European space for higher education. The author notes that the EU and Russia need to reach a firmer agreement on energy security, counter-terrorism initiatives and climate change. Adapted from the source document.

Amorim Neto & Cox established the determinants of the effective number of electoral political parties. However, through a new more reliable database containing twice the number of countries, the author demonstrates that, even though the data that the authors used was robust, they incurred in a selection bias regarding the countries studied. This led to a new approach to the results regarding both the independent variables (including their main contribution: the interaction between cleavage & magnitude of district) & the model's ability to explain variability in the dependent variable. The article assesses the effect of multilevel competition arenas upon the effective number of electoral parties, & demonstrates that the level of decentralization of the States is a powerful explicative factor. This opens the doors to a study of a field in Political Sciences that has been abandoned until the moment, at least empirically. Adapted from the source document.

In Western, industrial nations, there is a high level of gender symmetry in intimate partner abuse. Nevertheless, efforts to reduce domestic violence have been stymied by public policies that favour rigid, feminist models based on flawed theories of patriarchy, and that stereotype males as perpetrators and females as victims. The treatment model advanced in this paper, developed by the author and used in his family violence clinic near San Francisco, California, is based on an accumulated body of research evidence on the etiology and characteristics of intimate partner abuse. Partner abuse cannot be fully understood without considering that the family typically involves mutual dynamics, and requires interventions based on a systemic assessment and understanding of each case. In this model, all modalities may be utilised, and treatment proceeds in a three-phase approach to maximize both treatment effectiveness and victim safety. Adapted from the source document.

The text analyzes the reasons for the emergence and recognition (on the part of the dominant actors) of indigenous movements in Latin America during the nineties and the beginning of the 21st century. To that end the author points out the elements that make it possible to observe the appearance of political actors of an ethnic nature and their impact on the international and internal spheres is observed. This task makes use of two theoretical positions; on one hand, the emergence of the movements is discussed by means of the structure of political opportunities; and, on the other, reference is made to the contributions of the theory of governance. Finally, reflections are made on the emergence of actors that represent historically oppressed groups, and on the degree of inclusion that current polyarchies have in Latin America. Adapted from the source document.

Based on an analysis of the reports of twenty-eight national-level public commission inquiries into events involving ethno-national violence—drawn from five national contexts and arrayed over the course of the twentieth century—this article demonstrates the strikingly transnational character of these investigatory bodies' attempts to authoritatively explain episodes of collective violence and to thereby restore governing legitimacy in the wake of violent crises. One of four distinct "logics," or core explanatory frameworks, each associated with a particular mode of "racial power," characterized a diverse cross-national pool of violence commission reports during defined periods of the twentieth century. In revealing globally encompassing logics to what has often been framed as a national or case-specific phenomenon, the author shows how global ideational currents compose a key dimension of national political dynamics.

Статья посвящена изучению и выявлению необходимости общества принимать участие в отправлении правосудия. В статье рассматривается понятие и значение участия представителей общества в отправлении правосудия. В данной статье автор излагает актуальные вопросы отправления правосудия. Из этой статьи можно получить информацию о значении и роли участия общества в правосудии, а также необходимости в сохранении и совершенствовании в дальнейшем данного института демократии. ; Article is devoted studying and revealing of necessity of a society to take part in justice realization. In article the concept and value of participation of representatives of a society of justice realization is considered. In given article the author states pressing questions of realization of justice. From this article it is possible to receive the information on value and a role of participation of a society in justice, and also necessities for preservation and perfection further the given institute of democracy.

В статье идет речь о вызовах и угрозах третьего тысячелетия, возникающих в рамках ядерной опасности, в связи с появлением новых акторов на международной арене. Рассматриваются предпосылки создания ядерного Клуба, а также условия членства в нем. Анализируется деятельность МАГАТЭ как глобальной межправительственной организации международного сотрудничества в области применения атомной энергии в мирных целях. Кроме того, рассматривается роль «Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия» как основной системы контроля в предотвращении ядерной войны. ; The challenges of the new millennium arising from nuclear risks and new actors on the political arena are discussed. The creation and membership terms of the Nuclear Club are examined. The author reviews the activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a global intergovernmental body striving to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies. The role of the Non-proliferation Treaty as a paramount nuclear risk control programme is being examined.

Based on the study of the constitution of foreign countries the author analyzes limitation methods of the regulation sphere of the delegated legislation. The questions which are exclusively within the competence of Parliament are discussed. The comparative analysis is given to the articles of constitutions of the Republic of Belarus and foreign countries which regulate the above questions. The article suggests methods of differentiation of the subject of legal regulation of laws and decrees issued on the basis of delegated acts in the Republic of Belarus. = На основе изучения текстов конституций зарубежных стран исследуются способы ограничения сферы регламентации делегированных актов, анализируется перечень вопросов, относящихся к исключительной компетенции Парламента. Проводится сравнительный анализ норм конституций зарубежных стран и Конституции Республики Беларусь, регулирующих указанные вопросы. Предлагаются методы разграничения предмета правового регулирования законов и декретов, издаваемых на основе делегированных полномочий, в Республике Беларусь.

The author addresses the issue of diverging national readings of the key Bologna concepts against the backdrop of national traditions of higher education - comparability of degrees, finality of qualifications relevant for the labour market, implementation of the ECTS system, and mobility. The basic proposition of the paper is that, in circumstances of semantic dissonance, the open method of coordination (OMC) is barely effective and may create a number of disparate effects. The OMC, having the form of free discourse and lacking enforcement mechanisms, is likely to encourage states to insist on their traditional concepts. On the other hand, a hard law method and guided discourse applicable within the legal framework of the EU may serve as a corrective force. The same counts even more in the pre-accession period if proper conditionality mechanisms are applied. Adapted from the source document.

A lo largo de la Historia paulatinamente fue imponiéndose el respeto de la vida de los prisioneros por motivos religiosos, estratégicos o, casi siempre, económicos al venderlos como esclavos o cobrar rescates por su libertad. Esta tendencia, sin embargo, en ocasiones no fue respetada y los prisioneros perdieron la vida, fríamente ejecutados por sus captores. El autor reflexiona acerca de los motivos que indujeron a reyes y jefes militares a este proceder.The respect for the lives of prisoners was imposed progressively throughout history by religion reasons, strategic and most of the time economic motives, as prisoners were sold as slaves and ransoms were paid to obtain their freedom. However, this tendency wasn't always followed given that prisoners lost their lives as they were, coldly executed by their captors. The author reflects about the motives that lead kings and military chiefs to behave in a way.

Das schnelle wirtschaftliche Wachstum Japans in der Nachkriegszeit ist vielfach mit der Qualität des Bildungssystems in Verbindung gebracht worden. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Rolle von Privatschulen innerhalb des japanischen Bildungssystems und hebt dabei besonders die Stellung der privatwirtschaftlich organisierten Zusatzschulen (Juku) hervor, deren Erfolg einerseits mit den Selektionsmechanismen im öffentlichen Schulwesen im Zusammenhang steht, andererseits aber auf die zunehmende Verunsicherung japanischer Eltern und Schüler zurückgeht. Ihr Mangel an pädagogischer Innovation steht in Kontrast zu ihrer wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Japan's fast economic growth during the post-war period has often been connected with the quality of its educational system. The author analyzes the role of private schools within the Japanese educational system and, in this, focuses on the additional schools organized as private industries (Juku), the success of which is, on the one hand, related to the selective mechanisms of the state school system, but which is also due to an increasing uncertainty among Japanese parents and students. The schools' lack of pedagogical innovation stands in sharp contrast to their economic significance. (DIPF/Orig.)