Suchergebnisse

Indonesia and Malaysia have emerged as leading producers of palm oil in the past several decades, expanding production through the conversion of tropical forests to industrial plantations. Efforts to produce sustainable palm oil, including certification by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), include guidelines designed to reduce the environmental impact of palm oil production. Fire-driven deforestation is prohibited by law in both countries and a stipulation of RSPO certification, yet the degree of environmental compliance is unclear, especially during El Niño events when drought conditions increase fire risk. Here, we used time series of satellite data to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of fire-driven deforestation on and around oil palm plantations. In Indonesia, fire-driven deforestation accounted for one-quarter of total forest losses on both certified and noncertified plantations. After the first plantations in Indonesia received RSPO certification in 2009, forest loss and fire-driven deforestation declined on certified plantations but did not stop altogether. Oil palm expansion in Malaysia rarely involved fire; only 5 % of forest loss on certified plantations had coincident active fire detections. Interannual variability in fire detections was strongly influenced by El Niño and the timing of certification. Fire activity during the 2002, 2004, and 2006 El Niño events was similar among oil palm plantations in Indonesia that would later become certified, noncertified plantations, and surrounding areas. However, total fire activity was 75 % and 66 % lower on certified plantations than noncertified plantations during the 2009 and 2015 El Niño events, respectively. The decline in fire activity on certified plantations, including during drought periods, highlights the potential for RSPO certification to safeguard carbon stocks in peatlands and remaining forests in accordance with legislation banning fires. However, aligning certification standards with satellite monitoring capabilities will be critical to realize sustainable palm oil production and meet industry commitments to zero deforestation.

Dissertation (Ph.D. (Development Administration))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2018 ; This empirical study is a country-based analysis aiming to investigate how institutional factors (primary economic and social determinants) affect the FDI inflows in six ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam during the period of 1990-2016. This study uses a mixed-methods research approach employing a pooled data multiple regression technique to analyze the significant determinants of FDI in the ASEAN region at the country level from a holistic approach. The findings revealed that, on the one hand, social institutions affected inward FDI in several countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam. On the other hand, economic institutions were seen to have a significant correlation with the flow of FDI in most countries, particularly through the proxies of government effectiveness and control of corruption. However, conventional socio-economic factors, such as GDP growth, GDP per capita, and the labor force can still explain the movement of FDI in some countries, which means that the consideration of FDI with regard to socio-economic determinants is important to some extent. This paper contends that the flow of FDI in most ASEAN countries is not only motivated by economic institutional quality, but also by the robust social institutions (or rich social capital endowment) in a society. This includes sound and effective institutions that govern overall economic activities and implementations. The results of the present study are consistent with previous scholarly works advocating the crucial role of institutions in determining positive economic outcomes and FDI inflows. This paper concludes by suggesting that the concrete improvement of institutional quality among ASEAN economies is vital for sustaining the current flow of FDI, trade attractiveness, and for encouraging further ASEAN market integration or the ASEAN Economic Community ...

This paper presents part of a study that investigates the washback effect of a School-Based Oral Evaluation (SBOE) performance from the teachers' perceptions. It also investigates the causal relationship between students who have passed in the school-based oral evaluation (SBOE) with fear of negative evaluation. The participants are 302 of form four students and four English teachers from the Putrajaya Federal Territory government secondary schools in Malaysia. It is a mixed-method study in which data were collected in sequential, analysed separately, and then explained. The quantitative data were collected by using FLCAS, the School-Based Oral Evaluation (SBOE) results and the qualitative data were collected from the semi-structured interviews with the English teachers and guidelines on SBOE from the Ministry of Education Malaysia. The quantitative method used descriptive statistical analysis, whereas the qualitative method used content analysis. Students' result in the mid-term examination 2017 had shown that they scored high marks in the SBOE. The quantitative results revealed that the students experienced low mean level of fear of negative evaluation. The teachers reported that students had shown positive attitude during the SBOE and English class interaction. They were focused, confident, responsive and not panic. There is a positive washback effect of SBOE on the students' result. High results in SBOE affected the mean level of fear of negative evaluation. The partial eta-squared showed the value of 0.106 which is considered high. This study suggests two broad future tasks. The first task involves the development of national curriculum in English language which dependence upon oral English language. The second task focuses on the development of English language training and skills for the English teachers.Keywords: washback effect, School-Based Oral Evaluation performance, causal relationship, fear of negative evaluation

The purposes of this research were to study the concepts and legal theories of parliamentary privileges and immunities within the ASEAN States as well as to compare the relevant laws and to find for the possible measures to resolve the issues from the use of parliamentary privileges and immunities in ASEAN Community both with common and civil law systems. The results revealed that Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia grant absolute privileges to its parliament members by exemption from prosecution. Malaysia particularly had established the committee of privileges for the Senate and House of Representatives to make a diagnosis, a conclusion and an explanation of any matters that may affect the powers and privileges of the house of parliament. Privileges that granted to members of the parliament in Thailand was found that the members of parliament privilege on the speech freedom of expression during the sessions of the assembly without violating others' individual rights were enjoyed by members of the parliament. As for parliamentary immunity, the member of the parliament were not subjected to any criminal procedures and arrested or prosecuted. The study found that the immunity of the members of the parliament in states with the Common law system against any criminal procedures. In comparison, states with the civil law system provided two exceptions to this rule in the circumstances where permission from the parliament was obtained for the member(s) to be arrested by a warrant or for a temporary release. The house of parliament should have the power to dictate and implement the necessary measures to impose disciplinary actions. The committee should be appointed to overlook and ensure supervise matters regarding parliamentary privileges and immunities of all members of the house in Thailand.

Indonesia and Malaysia have emerged as leading producers of palm oil in the past several decades, expanding production through the conversion of tropical forests to industrial plantations. Efforts to produce sustainable palm oil, including certification by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), include guidelines designed to reduce the environmental impact of palm oil production. Fire-driven deforestation is prohibited by law in both countries and a stipulation of RSPO certification, yet the degree of environmental compliance is unclear, especially during El Niño events when drought conditions increase fire risk. Here, we used time series of satellite data to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of fire-driven deforestation on and around oil palm plantations. In Indonesia, fire-driven deforestation accounted for one-quarter of total forest losses on both certified and noncertified plantations. After the first plantations in Indonesia received RSPO certification in 2009, forest loss and fire-driven deforestation declined on certified plantations but did not stop altogether. Oil palm expansion in Malaysia rarely involved fire; only 5 % of forest loss on certified plantations had coincident active fire detections. Interannual variability in fire detections was strongly influenced by El Niño and the timing of certification. Fire activity during the 2002, 2004, and 2006 El Niño events was similar among oil palm plantations in Indonesia that would later become certified, noncertified plantations, and surrounding areas. However, total fire activity was 75 % and 66 % lower on certified plantations than noncertified plantations during the 2009 and 2015 El Niño events, respectively. The decline in fire activity on certified plantations, including during drought periods, highlights the potential for RSPO certification to safeguard carbon stocks in peatlands and remaining forests in accordance with legislation banning fires. However, aligning certification standards with satellite monitoring capabilities will be critical to realize sustainable palm oil production and meet industry commitments to zero deforestation.

With the unprecedented international migration around the world, policies that restrict immigrants' health care access have become prevailing. In 2014, the amendment to The Fees Act (Medical) for Foreigners 1951 had further hindered the health care access of undocumented pregnant women. This qualitative study aimed to obtain perspectives of health and non-health actors regarding the implications of the amendment to the undocumented pregnant women. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The findings show that Malaysians perceive as a threat when the competition for public health care access rises with the growing number of immigrants. The amendment was used to save the health care budget and to control the immigrant population. Scapegoating immigrants has nonetheless masked the weak governance and poor development of the health care system that has stretched the health care budget. The amendment is likely to show immediate cost saving. However, women are highly prone to various pregnancy complications without adequate maternal care, and may eventually result in increased hospital fees. The high medical cost will increase the difficulty in public health control as any outbreak of infectious disease can cost the government massive amounts of money. Also, provision of family planning services among the immigrants can directly improve maternal and child survival and extend women's work productivity from unwanted pregnancy. Stemming the undocumented immigrant pool not only can reduce job competition for Malaysia's bottom 50%, the collected levy among the newly documented immigrants can in turn subsidies the health care services for immigrant group themselves. The presented findings are based on the perspectives from health and non-health actors in Malaysia. To conclude, this study shows a profound need for health and immigration policy reform. The effort is not just for the health of undocumented pregnant women, but most importantly for the economic and health benefit of Malaysians in general.

Purpose
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of a five-day course for AKEPT – the Malaysian Leadership Academy in the Ministry of Higher Education. The course was held from March 24-28th, 2014, for over 50 lecturers, professors, deputy deans and deans from Malaysian universities.


Design/methodology/approach
Senior lecturers and professors deliberated for the first three days on the futures of higher education in Malaysia. They presented their scenarios and recommendations to the deans. The deans used these findings to articulate their own preferred futures in the last two days. The future-oriented discussions were framed by the "six pillars" futures approach (Inayatullah, 2008; Inayatullah, 2015; Inayatullah and Milojevic, 2015).


Findings
The core of their recommendation consisted of a move by 2025 from the current fragmented university governance structure to a streamlined consortium model. Instead of the factory, a collection of linked longhouses or "rumah panjang" was offered as a way forward. This new model would have two immediate benefits: considerable cost savings and enhanced mobility for students and professors.


Research limitations/implications
This case study presents scenarios and strategies. Limitations include the willingness of the Ministry to act on these recommendations. However, as this course was part of a number of foresight processes in Malaysia, even if these particular recommendations do not realize, they are steps in creating an ecology of foresight and of possible university transformation.


Practical implications
This study links causal layered analysis, scenarios and visions to recommendations in the context of a multi-year foresight process.


Social implications
The study includes valuable discussions by leading Malaysian thinkers and administrators on the futures of the university.


Originality/value
This was one of the few workshop-oriented interventions used the anticipatory action learning "six pillars framework". It is especially valuable as it is the third year of futures intervention in higher education. The study contrasts with traditional expert-based forecasting in Asia.

The recent instability in economy was found to be influencing the situation in Malaysia whether directly or indirectly. Taking that into consideration, the government needs to find the best approach to balance its citizen's socio-economic strata level urgently. Through education platform is among the efforts planned and acted upon for the purpose of balancing the effects of the influence, through the exposure of social entrepreneurial activity towards youth especially those in higher institution level. Armed with knowledge and skills that they gained, with the support by entrepreneurial culture and environment while in campus; indirectly, the students will lean more on making social entrepreneurship as a career option when they graduate. Following the issues of marketability and workability of current graduates that are becoming dire, research involving how far the willingness of student to create social innovation that contribute to the society without focusing solely on personal gain is relevant enough to be conducted. With that, this research is conducted with the purpose of identifying the level of entrepreneurial intention and social entrepreneurship among higher institution students in Malaysia. Stratified random sampling involves 355 undergraduate students from five public universities had been made as research respondents and data were collected through surveys. The data was then analyzed descriptively using min score and standard deviation. The study found that the entrepreneurial intention of higher education students are on moderate level, however it is the contrary for social entrepreneurship activities, where it was shown on a high level. This means that while the students only have moderate level of willingness to be a social entrepreneur, they are very committed to created social innovation through the social entrepreneurship activities conducted. The implication from this study can be contributed towards the higher institution authorities in prediction the tendency of student in becoming social ...

Indo-Pacific region is the most dynamic region in the 21st century with the economic growth that exceeds the rest of the world. Increased prosperity of countries in the region is accompanied by an increase in the defense budget that leads to arms race. The phenomenon is due to the existence of a conflict of interests among countries in the region in various forms. Border dispute is the most sensitive issue that can escalated into armed conflict. Such prominent problem is the border dispute over the territorial waters between some ASEAN countries with China in the South China Sea (SCS). SCS dispute involving China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. This article presents an in-depth review of the foreign policy of the Indonesian government should play in the Global Maritime Nexus vision in dealing with the dynamics of the strategic environment in the Indo-Pacific region in the 21st century. ; Kawasan Indo-Pasifik merupakan kawasan yang paling dinamis di abad ke-21 dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang melebihi kawasan lainnya. Peningkatan kemakmuran negara-negara di kawasan tersebut bersamaan dengan peningkatan anggaran pertahanan yang mengesankan perlombaan senjata. Fenomena ini tidak terlepas dari eksistensi konflik kepentingan dari sejumlah negara kawasan dalam beragam bentuk. Sengketa wilayah perbatasan merupakan isu paling sensitif yang dapat terekskalasi menjadi konflik bersenjata. Masalah yang menonjol adalah sengketa perbatasan wilayah perairan antara beberapa negara ASEAN dengan Cina di Laut Cina Selatan (LCS). Sengketa di LCS melibatkan Cina, Vietnam, Filipina, Malaysia, Brunei, dan Taiwan. Namun jika melihat peta kuno 'sembilan garis putus' Cina, wilayah perairan yang diklaim Cina juga meliputi sebagian perairan Natuna. Artikel ini menyuguhkan kajian mendalam tentang politik luar negeri yang seharusnya dimainkan Pemerintah Indonesia di dalam visi Poros Maritim Dunia dalam menghadapi dinamika lingkungan strategis di kawasan Indo-Pasifik pada abad ke-21.

One task of being a umaro sultan, that he was a religious adviser to the government. The existence of the Sultanate of Palembang is not only the cultural but also the existing political elements. In this study it was found that the process of appointment of kings or sultans who ruled in Palembang no different from those in other sultanates that ever existed on earth this archipelago. Despite having Islamic political unity, but actually still continue what has been there in the past, the concept of Hindu-Buddhism, Islam simply as a shirt while outside. The same is true for aspects of legality. As a maritime empire that is absolute, it seems referrals can be directed only remaining absolute monarchy in Southeast Asia was the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam. However, the origin of the empire was not of royal birth agrarian civilization as a palace, but of an empire in estuaries and the sea like, the kingdoms in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and others. One task of being umaro sultan, that he was a religion adviser to the government. The existence of the Sultanate of Palembang was not only the cultural but also the existing elements of political. In this study it was found that the process of appointment of kings or sultans who ruled in Palembang not different from people of other sultanates that ever existed on this archipelago earth. Despite having Islamic political unity, but actually still continued what had been there in the past, the concept of Hindu-Buddhism, Islam was only as a temporary shirt outside. The same thing was prevail for the aspects of legality. As a maritime empire that was absolute, it seemed directive could be directed only remaining absolute monarchy in Southeast Asia was the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam. However, the origin of the empire was not born the empire of agrarian civilization as a palace, but from an empire in estuaries and the sea like, the Kingdoms in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and others.

The automobile industry plays a leading role in a country's industrialization. Various countries have used different methods to identify a model of industrial development. For developing countries, establishing the automobile industry is crucial for promoting industrialization. After Southeast Asian countries achieved independent, their automobile industries underwent establishment and development stages. The domestic and overseas competiveness of the automobile industries in ASEAN have received global attention.
How can the industrial development of Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, which are ASEAN countries, be understood? Researchers have proposed various views regarding the industrial development of these four ASEAN countries. We researched the political economy of these countries to understand the development of their automobile industries. Thailand's automobile industry was successfully developed because of the government's crucial role in implementing a coordinated market economy and national system of innovation. In Indonesia, government-business relations hampered the government's efforts to meet society and market needs, thereby limiting the country's industrialization. Malaysia must learn how to coordinate its industries with a market economy through liberalization and coordination. The Philippines has positioned its automobile industry on manufacturing automotive parts because of the country's limited industrialization.Theoretically, following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, these ASEAN countries have adopted market economy-oriented policies; however, because of the historical context of political economy, the development of their automobile industries has varied. Under the context of globalization, the economic systems of various countries have exhibited low convergence. In this study, we show that embedded liberalism is the preferred interpretation in ASEAN automobile industry development. In other words, researchers should look beyond convergence theory and consider the political economy characteristics of various countries. Accordingly, further comparative research must be conducted to clarify the differences in the economic systems and policies in ASEAN studies.

Abstract Background To investigate the role of geography (place of residence) as a moderator in the relationship between dental caries disease and treatment experience and dental fear in 16-year-olds living in Malaysia. Methods A multi-stage-stratified sampling method was employed. Five hundred and three, 16-year-olds from 6 government secondary schools participated in this study. The questionnaire examined participants' demographic profile and assessed their dental fear using the Dental Fear Survey (DFS). The clinical examination consisted of the DMFT as the outcome measure of dental caries disease and treatment experience by a single examiner (ICC = 0.98). Structural equation modelling inspected the relationship between dental fear and dental caries disease and treatment experience. Results The mean DMFT was 2.76 (SD 3.25). The DT, MT and FT components were 0.64 (SD 1.25), 0.14 (SD 0.56) and 1.98 (SD 2.43) respectively. Rural compared with urban adolescents had significantly greater mean numbers of decayed and missing teeth. The mean DFS score was 40.8 (SD 12.4). Rural compared with urban adolescents had significantly higher mean scores for physical symptoms of dental fear. The correlation between dental fear (DFS) and dental caries disease and treatment experience (DMFT) was 0.29, p < 0.0001. The structural equation model fitted the raw data well ( χ 2 = 9.20, df = 8, p = 0.34). All components of DMFT were closely associated in equal strength to the unidimensional hypothetical latent variable of dental caries disease and treatment experience. The strength of the relationship between dental fear and dental caries disease and treatment experience varied in accordance with place of residence. Conclusion In conclusion a relationship between dental fear and dental caries disease and treatment experience was shown to exist in 16-year-old adolescents living in Malaysia. This study showed that the rural–urban dichotomy acted as a moderator upon this relationship.

1Malaysia concept is a vision to create a harmonious Malaysian society, which is vital for Malaysia to attain a successful and developed country status. The concept stresses on the acceptance and inclusion of other cultures within the Malaysian realm and unity is vital for a country with plural society like Malaysia. Prime Minister Mohd Najib Tun Razak asserted that the 1Malaysia concept is unique as it celebrates the diversity of cultures grounded within a unique potpourri of living patterns that is steeped in traditions yet able to accommodate and withstand the winds of change without losing her local cultural balance. Siapera (2010) opined that it is without doubt that the media is an important tool which ensures diverse cultures in a country are equally represented without neglecting the universal and common values practised by everyone. The 1Malaysia concept places importance on both celebrating the diversity of cultures and inculcating common values amongst its citizen. This is where mass media, especially television, can play a big role. Syed Hussin (2008: 171) commented that mass communication has not been used to its full effect to promote a better understanding of people of different cultures and values. How true is this notion? This paper will shed some light into these issues: how the culturally diverse society and the concept of 1Malaysia are being represented on television and how audiences make meanings from these representations. The methodology employed in this research is twofold, comprising content analysis and focus group discussion. The objective of content analysis is to analyse how the concept of 1Malaysia is being represented on local television programmes. The focus group discussion, meanwhile, discovers how adolescents negotiate the television text in the process of understanding the 1Malaysia concept.

Recent negotiations between Malaysia and the European Union ("EU"), aimed at establishing a free trade agreement, have come to a standstill, due in part to a policy implemented by the EU known as the Renewable Energy Directive. The Renewable Energy Directive grants a tax credit to renewable fuel sources that emit at least 35% less greenhouse gas than traditional fossil fuels. Malaysian officials have criticized the 35% level included in the EU policy because it grants a tax credit to rapeseed oil biofuel, produced mainly in Europe (which emits 38% less greenhouse gas than traditional fossil fuels), but does not extend the credit to imported Malaysian palm oil biofuel (which emits about 19% less greenhouse gas than traditional fossil fuels). Malaysia asserts that the 35% standard is arbitrary and uses environmental policy to achieve unrelated protectionist ends at the expense of Malaysian producers. Malaysian officials have even gone so far as to threaten a lawsuit against the EU at the World Trade Organization ("WTO"), arguing that the policy's differential treatment of rapeseed oil biofuel and palm oil biofuel violates the WTO's policy of non-discrimination. The WTO policy of non-discrimination stands for the proposition that like products should not be taxed or sanctioned differently simply due to their nation of origin. Traditionally, to determine if two products are alike within the meaning of the non-discrimination principle, the WTO compares the physical characteristics of the products in question as well as their end use in the consumer market. Because both EU- and Malaysian-produced biofuels are used for the same purpose and look almost identical, many commentators have suggested that the two products should be considered alike and that a Malaysian suit challenging their differential taxation under the EU Renewable Energy Directive would be successful. Malaysia's proposed suit, however, raises a number of questions for the international trading arena that cannot effectively be addressed by traditional ...

One of the major efforts taken by the National Library of Malaysia is the establishment of the village libraries in all state constituencies nationwide. So far it has managed to build 1089 village libraries to enable the rural people have access to information resources and services to meet the needs of individuals and groups. One of the village libraries that has been established by the National Library of Malaysia is the Kemensah Library. This library is located at Kemensah Village, which is in the district of Ulu Kelang, under the State Government of Selangor. The Kemensah library due to its location has to serve two main communities, the Malays approximately sixty percent (60%) of the population of the constituency and the Orang Asli or the Aboriginal People comprising forty percent (40%) of the population. Unlike the Malays, the Aborigines' family mostly come from the deprived groups of the community in terms of income, education and employment. Consequently, majority of the Aborigines' family are categorized as illiterate group of the community. The research question that needs to be addressed here is what are the measures to be taken by the Kemensah library in order to encourage the Aborigines' family to start coming to the library. The best approach to ensure that this Aborigines' family do not drift aimlessly in life is for the library to come along and teach lifelong skills needed by the Aborigines' family to identify information needs, locate, and use the information resources accessible in the library effectively and ethically. It is only through applications of information literacy programmes that the Aborigines' family are made aware of the importance of information needed to perform their daily chores and the location to access the needed information. If the right steps are taken to address these challenges, transformation at societal level could be achieved.