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Motivated by the dramatic increase in autism diagnoses in recent years, research into risk factors has uncovered substantial variation in autism prevalence by race/ethnicity, SES, and geography. Less studied is the connection between autism diagnosis rates and the social and political context. In this article, we link the temporal pattern of autism diagnosis for Hispanic children in California to state and federal anti‐immigrant policy, particularly ballot initiative Proposition 187, limiting access to public services for undocumented immigrants and their families. Using a population‐level data set of 1992–2003 California births linked to 1992–2006 autism case records, we show that the effects of state and federal policies toward immigrants are visible in the rise and fall of autism risk over time. The common epidemiological practice of estimating risk on pooled samples is thereby shown to obscure patterns and mis‐estimate effect sizes. Finally, we illustrate how spatial variation in Hispanic autism rates reflects differential vulnerability to these policies. This study reveals not only the spillover effects of immigration policy on children's health, but also the hazards of treating individual attributes like ethnicity as risk factors without regard to the social and political environments that give them salience.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Australia, Migration and Empire -- Chapter 2 British Emigrants and the Making of the Anglosphere: Some Observations and a Case Study -- I -- Long Trends in British Emigration Since 1600 -- II -- Maps -- Map 1: The Seventeenth Century -- Map 2: The Eighteenth Century -- Map 3: 1840 -- Map 4: The Year 1880 -- Map 5: The Year 1920 -- Map 6: The Year 1970 -- III -- Observations on Net Emigration Totals from England and Wales -- Net Emigration Totals: England and Wales 1600-1870 -- Net Emigration Totals: England and Wales 1850-2001 -- Net Emigration from Ireland Since 1880 -- Scottish Emigration, 1861-2001 -- More Recent Migration Levels from the UK, 1964-1998 -- IV -- A Corner of the Anglosphere: The Foundation of South Australia -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Emigrant Choices: Following Emigrant Labourers on the Cusp of the Age of Mass Migration -- Select Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Why Single Female Emigration to New South Wales (1832-1837) Was Doomed to Disappoint -- The Scheme and Its Context -- The Tension Between Emigration and Ideal Femininity -- Production and Reproduction -- 'Damned Whores'? -- The Scheme's End and Its Aftermath -- Conclusion -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Squatter-Cum-Pastoralist or Freeholder? How Differences in Nineteenth-Century Colonists' Experiences Affect Their Descendants' Historical Consciousness -- Introduction -- Setting the Scene -- Concrete Workings of Memory and the Significance of Experience -- The Lived Experiences of Nineteenth-Century Colonists: Differences Between Squatters-Cum-Pastoralists -- Squatter-Cum-Pastoralists' Relations with Aboriginal People -- The Arrival of Freeholders -- The Lived Experiences of Current Generations.

Immigration politics / Linda Chavez -- The closing door / Nathan Glazer -- Immigration dilemmas / Richard Rothstein -- Is immigration hurting the U.S.? / Jaclyn Fierman -- Tired, poor, on welfare / George J. Borjas -- Illegal immigration: Would a national ID card help? / Robert Kuttner -- Aging America needs foreign blood / Peter Francese -- Immigration and the environment / Nick Ervin -- On the backs of Blacks / Toni Morrison -- Blacks vs. Browns / Jack Miles -- Closed doors / Richard Rodriguez -- Immigrants and family values / Francis Fukuyama -- The forbidden topic / Lawrence Auster -- Why the world comes here / Peggy Noonan -- The United States of asylum / Ted Conover -- The golden rule in the age of the global village / Gerda Bikales -- Gender-based asylum / Julie Hessler -- Law and asylum / Viet D. Dinh

Citizenship policies are changing rapidly in the face of global migration trends and the inevitable ethnic and racial diversity that follows. The debates are fierce. What should the requirements of citizenship be' How can multi-ethnic states forge a collective identity around a common set of values, beliefs and practices' What are appropriate criteria for admission and rights and duties of citizens' This book includes nine case studies that investigate immigration and citizenship in Australia, the Baltic States, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and the United States. This complete collection of essays scrutinizes the concrete rules and policies by which states administer citizenship, and highlights similarities and differences in their policies. From Migrants to Citizens, the only comprehensive guide to citizenship policies in these liberal-democratic and emerging states, will be an invaluable reference for scholars in law, political science, and citizenship theory. Policymakers and government officials involved in managing citizenship policy in the United States and abroad will find this an excellent, accessible overview of the critical dilemmas that multi-ethnic societies face as a result of migration and global interdependencies at the end of the twentieth century

I. Exodus Teutonicus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Approximate Number and Place of Origin of the Refugees -- 3. Conditions under which the Migration Occurred -- 4. Conditions Found in the Receiving Places -- II. Motives of the Great Flight -- 1. Motives of those Germans who Moved out before the Expulsion -- 2. Motives of those Germans who Stayed at Home -- 3. The Three Phases of the Exodus -- III. The Legal Basis of the Expulsion, the Potsdam Agreement -- 1. The Protocol -- 2. Motives of the Soviets and its Dependencies -- 3. It Was Hitler Who Started It -- 4. The Expulsion, Symptom of Nationalism or Effect of Sovietization ? -- 5. Share and Responsibility of the Western Two -- 6. Motives of the Western Two -- IV. Fundamentals Concerning the Settlement of the Newcomers, Their Socio-Economic Integration in West Germany -- 1. From Chaos to Consolidation -- 2. Socio-Economic Integration -- 3. Permanent 'Political Camps' ? A Second Arab-Israeli Issue ? Spread of Communism ? -- 4. The German Guilt Complex and Revision -- 5. A Curious Impact on the International Economic Plane -- V. The Role of the Expellees in the 'German Miracle' -- 1. An Overlooked Aspect of the 'Miracle' -- 2. Turning a Liability into an Asset -- 3. The New Wave of Industrialization and the Refugees -- VI. The Impact of the Newcomers on West Germany's Socio-Cultural Geography -- 1. Shifts in West Germany's Socio-cultural Structure -- 2. The Newcomers' Place in West Germany's Cultural Life -- 3. Changes in Basic Religious Patterns -- VII. The Expulsion and the Universal Norms of Law -- 1. The Legal Situation -- 2. The Concept of the Major Functions of War -- 3. (National) Self-determination -- 4. Human Rights -- 5. The Right to Homeland and Residence -- VIII. Nation-State, National Minorities and the Expulsion -- 1. The Expulsion, a Factor in the Crisis of the Nation-State ? -- 2. The Expellees and the Problem of National (Ethnic) Minorities -- IX. Solution ? -- 1. Stand of the Beneficiaries of the Potsdam Accord -- 2. Stand of the Western Two -- 3. The Uncommitted States -- 4. German Approaches to a Solution -- 5. Repatriation without Changes in Sovereignties -- 6. Is the Oder-Neisse Territory Now a Ghostland ? -- 7. Who Will Return ? -- X. Conclusions -- 1. The Indispensable Background -- 2. No Single Debit or Credit Sheet -- 3. Summary -- Charter of the German Expellees -- Selective Bibliography -- Maps and Tables.

1. Major Trends in International Migration Over the Last 25 Years -- Part 1. Emigration of Highly Qualified Labor from Developing Countries -- 2. International Migration Trends of Highly Skilled Workers -- 3. Emigration of Highly Qualified Personnel from the PVD, or the "Brain Drain". Good or Bad for Development? -- 4. Emigration of Health Personnel from Developing Countries -- Part 2. Remittances to Developing Countries -- 5. Volume of Remittance Flows and Prevailing Trends -- 6. The Decision to Remit: Determinants And Actors -- 7. Remittances and Household Welfare -- 8. The Impact of Remittances on the Economy of the Countries of Emigration -- 9. Remittances, an Instrument of Development Policy -- Conclusion.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. The Italian Border Management Policy Strategies.-Chapter 3. Humanitarianism, (De)politicization and Migration Control -- Chapter 4. The Implementation of the Hotspot Approach in Italy -- Chapter 5. Mainstream Humanitarian Organizations Politicizing the Increasingly Restrictive Border Management System -- Chapter 6. Mainstream Humanitarian Organizations Depoliticizing the Border Management System -- Chapter 7. Conclusion. .

Upto the end of the nineteenth century Germany was a country of emigrants. Until recently the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century transatlantic migration of more than five million Germans, mostly to North America, has been largely forgotten in contemporary Germany, except by a few historians. That is all the more true for the mass movement of foreign migrant workers into the German labor market in the decades preceding World War I. Of immediate interest in West Germany today is the so-called "guest-worker question" (Gastarbeiterfrage) which is now becoming an immigration issue in contrast to the earlier "foreign-worker question" in pre-World War I Germany. In recent years West Germany witnessed the transition from a country hiring "guest workers" to one possessing a genuine immigrant minority. This ongoing experience has contributed to a new interest in the historical development of transnational migration in both of its manifestations, as emigration and as immigration. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Germany experienced alternating waves of the two forms of transnational mass migration, both of which were dwarfed by the internal migration streams.

Theologies on the Move examines how the experiences of migration and pilgrimage that are created as a result of the pressures of neoliberal capitalism shape theological and religious traditions. Based on these insights, the contributors examine what difference religion can make in a world dominated by the interests of the few rather than the many.

Luxembourg's atypical migration -- Nation state, EU, migration: a systems theory approach -- Luxembourg - Portugal: push-and-pull factors -- Statistical analysis of the 'new' Portuguese -- Europeanisation and renationalisation, restrictions on free movement -- Qualitative interviews with social partners, political parties and NGOs.