Suchergebnisse

Orta Doğu coğrafyasının önemli ve büyük devletlerinden olan Türkiye ve İran'ın binlerce yıllık geçmişe sahip siyasî ve kültürel ilişkileri vardır. Bu uzun ve zengin tarihi arka plan iki ülke arasında zaman zaman dostane zaman zaman gergin ilişkiler örüntüsünü oluştururken, kaçınılmaz olarak karşılıklı etkileşimi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Geçmişte siyasî/ideolojik çatışma, jeostratejik rekabet, ekonomik hâkimiyet ve dinî ihtilaflar nedeniyle karşı karşıya gelen iki ülke; Türkiye'de cumhuriyetin kurulması İran'da Kaçar Hanedanlığına son verilmesiyle birbirine yakınlaşmaya başlamışlardır. Bu yakınlaşmada her iki ülkede söz konusu değişimleri gerçekleştiren ve ülkelerinde batılılaşma politikaları uygulayan milliyetçi karizmatik liderlerin büyük etkisi olmuştur. Bu sayede iki ülke arasında süregelen ihtilafların halli ve ilişkilerin sağlam hukukî zemine oturtulması mümkün olabilmiş, iki ülkenin ilişkilerini gölgeleyen kuşku ve önyargı bulutları dağıtılmıştır. Ortak güvenlik kaygılarını taşımaları ekonomik ve toplumsal gelişmeyi arzulamaları ve milliyetçi, modernist yaklaşımları iki ülkeyi yekdiğeriyle işbirliğine daha çok itmiştir. Yine iki ülkeyi tehdit eden ayrılıkçı/Kürtçü akımlarla ortaklaşa mücadele zarureti de iki ülke ilişkilerini etkileyen bir diğer faktör olmuştur. Yabancı aktörlerin de müdahil olduğu bu süreçte iki devlet birbirleriyle rekabet ve çatışma yerine uzlaşma ve işbirliği siyasetini takip ettikleri sürece kârlı çıkacaklarının farkında olarak ilişkilerini bu doğrultuda sürdürmeye gayret etmişlerdir. Ancak içsel ve dışsal bir dizi faktörün izin verdiği ölçüde bu politika sürdürülebilmiş ve bölgesel işbirliği çabalarında da ortak hareket ederek birlikte yer almışlardır. ; The relations of Turkey and Iran, which are important and strong states in the Middle-East, date back to thousands years ago. The relations which characterised sometimes with tension sometimes with friendship have caused an inevitable interaction between the two countries throughout history. The two states, which confronted with each other due to the reasons such as political/ideological tension, geo-strategical rivalry, economic hegemony and religious contraversy in the past, have started to get closer to each other since the foundation of Turkish Republic in Turkey and since the owerthrown of the Kaçar dynasty in Iran. In improving the relations of the two states the nationalist charismatic leaders who have been the main actors in change and Westernisation policies, have played very important roles. Thus, the contraversies between the two countries have been solved and the relations have been placed a solid legal ground, ending the suspicion and prejudice characterised the relationships between the two states for a long time. The common security concerns, aspiration for economic and social development and nationalist modernist aprroaches have forced each country to cooperate with the other one. Moreover, the necessity for common combat against seperatist Kurdish movement which thretaens both states is another factor which affect the two countries' relations. In the process which foreign (outsider) actors have also involved, the two states recognised that if they develop peaceful agreement and cooperation instead of rivalry and conflict, it would be more in favour of them, and they shape their relations accordingly. They have sustained this policy as long as internal and external factors let to do so and they have taken place in regional cooperations, acting together.

The author, who was the U.K.'s charge d'affaires in Iran between 1953 and 1955 and his country's ambassador to Iran between 1963 and 1975, reminisces about the more interesting events of his ten years in this country. Breaking off diplomatic relations between the U.K. and Iran by Dr. Moussadeq, the then Iranian Prime Minister, and the resumption of these relations after his fall are narrated. D. Wright looks at the background of the riots in Iran in June 1963 and the U.K.'s decision to withdraw from the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971. (DÜI-Sen)

Dieses Buch ist tatsächlich der Versuch, die geographischen Grenzen zwischen dem heutigen Iran, seinen Nachbarn und dem Persischen als eines der historischen Kulturleistungen, zu präzisieren. Es möchte interdisziplinär mit der Beteiligung von internationalen Wissenschaftlern und Künstlern ein neues Format bedienen. Wenn Kenner des Forschungsfeldes bestehend aus Neu- und Alt-Iranisten, Musik-Ethnologen, Filmemachern, Historikern, Dichtern/Liedermachern, Philologen, Islamwissenschaftlern, Soziologen und Politikwissenschaftlern beitragen, dann wird das Ergebnis dieses vorliegende Buch. Der Herausgeber versucht ebenso mit einigen Beiträgen sich in Felder und Räume zu begeben, die zwar existieren mögen, aber niemals als Ganzes zusammengetragen wurden. Mit Beiträgen von Safar Abdullah, Homayun Alam, Ali M. Ansari, John Baily, Reza Deghati, Bert Fragner, Gabriele Dold Ghadar, Ahmad Karimi Hakkak, Philipp Gerrit Kreyenbroek, Sardar Kohistani, Makhmalbaf Film House, Nahid Morshedlou, Richard Stoneman, Hamid Reza Yousefi und Farid Zoland.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Arbitration treaty — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article 11(2) — Ordinary meaning — Article VII(2) — Iran-United States General Declaration, 1981, GeneralPrinciple B — Scope of — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims TribunalDisputes — Arbitration — The award — Scope and binding force of — Precedence over decisions by national courts — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims TribunalDisputes — Arbitration — Miscellaneous — Powers of arbitral tribunal — Inherent power to order interim measures of protection — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims TribunalDisputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Interpretation of arbitration agreement — Whether tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over any counterclaim within its competence — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article II(1) — Ordinary meaning — Article VIII(2) — Iran-United States General Declaration, 1981, General Principle B — Scope of — Theories of precedence of arbitration awards over decisions by national courts — Whether applicable — Scope and binding force of award — Inherent powers of tribunal to order interim measures of protection — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claim Tribunal

The Lur people are one of the most Iranian original peoples living in the central (middle) Zagros Mountains. The Lurs' geographic area includes large areas of south-western and southern Iran. They occupy 16 provinces of Iran. The purpose of this study is to introduce the Lur people, their geographical distribution and their social and cultural characteristics. Archaeological evidences suggest that the regions of Lurs residence were populated tens of thousands of years before their arrival. Cultural remnants of Lorestan prehistoric societies show the gradual process of passing cultural evolution of many Paleolithic era and urbanisation. Most researchers believe that Lur ethnic groups are of Aryan origin and Iranian descent. The Lori language is derived from the old Persian language and they are closely related. The Lur people speak the Lori and Laki languages, and they converted to Islam after the arrival of Islam in Iran. Political and social structure of the Lurs were tribal, based on kinship but the social status of individuals today depends on their level of education, wealth and occupation. The research method is descriptive, analytical and data collection is done in librarian method.

Special dilemmas for Israel. Concerned with the handling of international terrorism, Israel-American bilateral relations, and evaluating the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on the future of the Middle East.

Die iranische Regierung unter ihrem gemäßigten Präsidenten Sayed Ali Mohammed Khatami Ardakani beachtet bei ihren gegenwärtigen Nuklearaktivitäten zwar die Vorgaben des Atomwaffensperrvertrages, aber die iranischen Techniker wären in drei oder vier Jahren in der Lage, eine Atomwaffe zu bauen. Der Autor skizziert einige Indizien für ein Atombombenprojekt im Iran sowie die möglichen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Motive. Er gibt ferner einen Überblick über die iranische Nuklearindustrie mit ihren Produktionsstätten von biologischen und chemischen Waffen, über das iranische Flugkörperprogramm und über amerikanische Militäroptionen in der Krisenregion. Er thematisiert vor diesem Hintergrund die weltweiten Befürchtungen vor einem vierten Golfkrieg und erörtert die iranischen Abwehrchancen für den Fall eines Militärangriffs der USA, der trotz europäischer Verhandlungsalternativen in naher Zukunft erfolgen könnte. Ein Angriff auf den Iran wäre jedoch auch für die USA mit Risiken verbunden und würde zu einer Eskalation der Spannungen im Nahen Osten führen, wie der Autor abschließend zeigt. Auch die US-Nachrichtendienste raten gegenwärtig von einem Angriff auf die Nuklearanlagen ab und hoffen stattdessen, einen politischen Umsturz im Iran provozieren zu können. Ein solcher angestrebter "regime change" hat allerdings schon im Irak nicht funktioniert. (ICI)

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For revocation of, or interference with, concessions or concessionary contracts — Purported nullification of contract by Iran — Whether engaging State responsbility — lran — United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Contractual claim — Purported annulment of contract — Whether affecting jurisdiction — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article II(1) — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

This article presents a timeline from the constitutional revolution of 1905 to 10 October 2009, when the first death sentences were handed out for alleged members of monarchist or terrorist associations. Adapted from the source document.