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Several coordination patterns necessary for creating a unified European regulatory policy-making strategy comprising diverse policy traditions & interests of different European states are described. According to the "first mover" strategy, the expansion of regulatory policies in Europe can be traced to the initiative of one member state's strong regulatory traditions. When the first mover obtains preliminary approval for its initiative by the European Commission, a pattern of problem solving emerges in which actors concentrate on the joint production of regulations rather than on issues of distribution. When a problem situation is beyond this means of solution, new patterns of negative coordination, bargaining, & compensation step into play, & actors focus primarily on the distribution of specific costs & benefits of the new regulation for their respective countries. 25 References. J. Klimov

В статье представлены основные направления участия кооперации Чувашии в борьбе с голодом 1921 1922 г г. Выявлена роль кооперативных объединений в оказании продовольственной помощи, в организации общественного питания, в обеспечении работой жителей Чувашской области. Отмечена поддержка кооператорами образовательных учреждений. Показано быстрое усвоение областными органами власти практики бесплатного использования кооперации в своих интересах. ; Main directions of participation of the co-operation of Chuvashia in the fight against the famine in 1921 1922 are presented in the article. The role of co-operation societies in food supply, in organizing of public catering, in providing the population of Chuvashia with work is revealed. Co-operators' support of educational institution is noted. The beginning of the practice of co-operation by state government bodies in their own interests is shown.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present a macro view of the evolution of innovation for value creation, from the closed to collaborative, open, and now co‐innovation. It reviews several mega trends that have dramatically changed the dynamic nature of the global market place and also several new forces that have made innovation imperative for organizational value creation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a conceptual overview of co‐innovation through some of its basic elements such as convergence revolution, collaboration, and co‐creation with stakeholders.FindingsCo‐innovation is a new innovation paradigm where new ideas and approaches from various internal and external sources are integrated in a platform to generate new organizational and shared values. The core of co‐innovation includes engagement, co‐creation, and compelling experience for value creation. Thus, the practices of co‐innovative organizations are difficult to imitate by competition.Practical implicationsInnovation is imperative for organizational survival in today's turbulent global market. This conceptual paper presents many real‐world examples of co‐innovative firms' strategies that can provide new insights for follower organizations.Social implicationsInnovation is a universal strategy for every organization, be it a firm, non‐profit organization, or even a government agency. The new innovation approaches suggested in the paper can contribute to social reforms such as creating shared value for all stakeholders.Originality/valueThis is an original paper that presents a broad‐stroke direction and vision for new organizational strategies for innovation.

The field of climate services has arisen rapidly out of a desire to enable climate science to meet the information needs of society to respond to climate variability and change. In order for knowledge to be "usable" for decision-making, in the field of climate adaptation and beyond, it must meet the criteria of credibility, salience, and legitimacy (Cash et al., PNAS 100:8086–8091, 2003). Deliberate "co-production" of knowledge between "producers" and "users" has the potential to increase usability for decision-making and policy in some contexts. While co-production is increasingly advanced as an instrumental approach to facilitate the production of usable climate services, such efforts have paid scant attention to the role of power relations. In this article, we bring together literature on normative approaches to co-production—which treats co-production as an instrumental means to an end—with analytical interpretations of co-production within the field of Science and Technology Studies to examine efforts to develop usable climate services in Tanzania. We show that without reflexive processes that are explicitly attentive to power dynamics, normative co-production within climate services development can serve to reinforce, rather than overcome, power imbalances among actors.

"How does understanding occur in encounters of living beings? What is experienced by the interaction partners and what happens in the 'In-Between'? And how can this be captured? In this paper an enactive approach to interaction is proposed with the focus on reciprocal intercorporeal attunement and co-creation of meaning in a specific environment. As alternative framework this approach is applied to the interaction of d/Deaf persons and animals. In the interaction with an animal, verbal communication - which is challenging for d/Deaf persons - is of secondary importance, so this frame is well suited to focus on intercorporeal attunement. In the interaction discourse regarding d/Deaf persons as well as Human-Animal-Interaction the assessment of the interaction process as such and embodied research methodologies are scarcely to be found. With the enactive approach new perspectives on the mechanisms of interaction and the influencing conditions can be opened as well as new approaches to respective research options.

Keywords: d/Deaf, Human-Animal-Interaction, Intercorporeality, Embodied Cognition, Embodied methodologies, Enactive approach, resonance
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What determines state participation in regulatory regimes? This article argues that if international regulation creates markets for new technologies, innovative companies support the ratification of the relevant regulatory treaties. Consequently, technological innovativeness should have a positive effect on regulatory treaty ratification. From the harmonization of telecommunication technology to pesticide regulation, many regulatory treaties create new product markets, so the argument applies to a variety of regulatory issues. This hypothesis is tested against data on the ratification of two major multilateral treaties for pesticide control: the 1998 Rotterdam Convention and the 2001 Stockholm Convention. Countries that are capable of biotechnology innovation are found to be more likely to ratify each treaty. The findings suggest that (1) technology innovation is key to regulatory treaty ratification and (2) constituency preferences for regulatory treaties are contingent upon expected profits from innovation. More broadly, the article emphasizes the importance of technological factors for international co-operation. Adapted from the source document.

We find evidences of significant volatility co-movements and/ or spillover from different financial markets to forex market for Indian economy. Among a large number of variables examined, volatility spillovers from stock market, government securities market, overnight index swap, Ted spread and international crude oil prices to the foreign exchange market are found to be most important. Empirical findings also indicate that the volatility spillover differed across variables in terms of their influence through shocks and in terms of lagged volatility (persistence) coefficients. There are evidences of asymmetric reactions in the forex market volatility. Comparisons between pre-crisis and post-crisis periods indicate that the reform measures and changes in financial markets microstructure during the crisis period had significant impact on volatility spillover. During the post-crisis period, it is the past volatility (persistent or fundamental) changes, rather than the temporary shocks, that had significant spillover effect on forex volatility. There are evidences of decline in asymmetric response in the forex market during the post-crisis period for the Indian economy.

PurposeThis paper aims to address the crucial interactions that a start-up enacts with actors from the public sphere in a context of medical technologies. The public actor commonly plays multiple roles, ranging from co-developers and financiers to large-scale users, which are all pivotal to the development and survival of the new venture. The paper investigates the possible "dark sides" of a start-up's marriage with a public partner, departing from three specific roles the public sphere can assume in relation to a start-up: as a development partner, as a financer and as a customer.Design/methodology/approachThe study builds on an in-depth empirical case study of a Swedish med-tech startup company.FindingsThe authors find the financing role to be least problematic, whereas the customer role is the most problematic in that it provides numerous barriers to the possible development and growth of a start-up firm striving to get new customers in a public setting. Examples of the most prominent barriers found are regulations, complex decision-making processes and assessment elements of med-tech products that are outside the control of the startup firm, hence issues that cannot be handled within inter-organizational relationships.Originality/valueThe study builds on 27 in-depth interviews, which were undertaken during 2005-2013, thus contributing detailed data about a start-up's many and crucial interactions with different public actors. Departing from three different roles, a public partner can adopt in relation to a start-up, (development, co-financer and customer) provides results with managerial implications for start-up's and policy implications for health-care policy.

A challenge with multiple chemical risk assessment is the need to consider the joint behavior of chemicals in mixtures. To address this need, pharmacologists and toxicologists have developed methods over the years to evaluate and test chemical interaction. In practice, however, testing of chemical interaction more often comprises ad hoc binary combinations and rarely examines higher order combinations. One explanation for this practice is the belief that there are simply too many possible combinations of chemicals to consider. Indeed, under stochastic conditions the possible number of chemical combinations scales geometrically as the pool of chemicals increases. However, the occurrence of chemicals in the environment is determined by factors, economic in part, which favor some chemicals over others. We investigate methods from the field of biogeography, originally developed to study avian species co‐occurrence patterns, and adapt these approaches to examine chemical co‐occurrence. These methods were applied to a national survey of pesticide residues in 168 child care centers from across the country. Our findings show that pesticide co‐occurrence in the child care center was not random but highly structured, leading to the co‐occurrence of specific pesticide combinations. Thus, ecological studies of species co‐occurrence parallel the issue of chemical co‐occurrence at specific locations. Both are driven by processes that introduce structure in the pattern of co‐occurrence. We conclude that the biogeographical tools used to determine when this structure occurs in ecological studies are relevant to evaluations of pesticide mixtures for exposure and risk assessment.

What does artistic resistance look like in the twenty-first century, when disruption and dissent have been co-opted and commodified in ways that reinforce dominant systems? In The Play in the System Anna Watkins Fisher locates the possibility for resistance in artists who embrace parasitism—tactics of complicity that effect subversion from within hegemonic structures. Fisher tracks the ways in which artists on the margins—from hacker collectives like Ubermorgen to feminist writers and performers like Chris Kraus—have willfully abandoned the radical scripts of opposition and refusal long identified with anticapitalism and feminism. Space for resistance is found instead in the mutually, if unevenly, exploitative relations between dominant hosts giving only as much as required to appear generous and parasitical actors taking only as much as they can get away with. The irreverent and often troubling works that result raise necessary and difficult questions about the conditions for resistance and critique under neoliberalism today.

The Spiritual Health Association2 has developed two frameworks for use by spiritual care management across health services in Victoria (Australia), namely, the "Spiritual Care Minimum Data Set Framework" (SHV, 2015) and second, the "Spiritual Care in Victorian Health Services: Towards Best Practice Framework" (SHV, 2016a), hereafter referred to as "the frameworks." For the first time, the frameworks have provided a consistent way of collecting data in Victoria, and of benchmarking spiritual care services in several areas including governance, credentialing, and quality improvement processes. The evaluation was conducted by surveying 36 spiritual care managers/ co-ordinators in Victorian hospitals. The results were used to report to chief executive officers in Victorian health services. The results of the evaluation showed that the frameworks were effective tools for auditing, benchmarking, and improving quality in spiritual care departments within health services in the State of Victoria, Australia. These frameworks were found to support spiritual care departments in undertaking continuous improvement initiatives in their local health services. The results have informed the development of future frameworks and guidelines for the spiritual care sector.

This article examines the empirical relationship between electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology development for India by taking annual time series data from 1981 to 2017. By using the ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration, the study found long-run equilibrium relationship does exist among the variables. The article reports the existence of positive and significant impact of economic growth on electricity consumption, whereas technological development negatively affects electricity consumption in both the long run and short run. The Granger causality results reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from economic growth and technological development to electricity consumption in India. Therefore, the present study suggests policy makers in India to increase investment in electricity infrastructure to support high economic growth in the country. Further, the policy makers and the government should encourage more technological innovation to minimise usage of fossil fuels and support the use of green energy. This action could help the economy achieve a sustainable economic growth with better environmental quality. JEL Codes: C22, O4, O13, Q43, Q48

With its growing dependence on electricity, modern society faces the risk of cascading failureof interconnected societal functions. To protect societal functions during an event of power shortage,Sweden has implemented a multi-level planning process called STYREL, which involves national-, regional—and local-level actors. As part of the Swedish crisis management system, the regional body operatesas a co-ordinator that organises co-operation and interaction between private and public actors. Thisstudy examines the role of the regional hub in STYREL and the collaboration and co-operation betweenplanning levels. It focuses on the co-ordinator's perspective and presents evidence from interviews and asurvey among planners at County Administrative Boards, entrusted with the supervision and executionof STYREL within their regional area of responsibility. This paper indicates that the regional co-ordinatorlacks the awareness, knowledge and resources to fulfil its core function in the national planning for criticalinfrastructure protection.