Suchergebnisse

In many externally oriented policies, the European Union puts itself at the centre, branding as an ideal that it tries to reproduce in its relationship with third countries. The EU's crisis management policy – the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) – is no different: it is amplybased on the premise that crises can only be solved in a stable and long-lasting manner if countries develop liberal democratic institutions based on European standards and models.

In this paper, the research roles, research types, and effectiveness evaluations of official educational research institutes were investigated to understand the positioning of official educational research institutes in the academic community by employing documentary analysis and comparative method. Official education research institutes established with government resources conduct educational research with roles that emphasize the investigation and resolving of various educational problems in response to social change in the academic community. The types of research conducted by official education research institutes indicate specific bases for action in education policy, provide solutions to educational problems, or compile and disseminate information on education throughout their countries by conducting applied research. Assessments of the effectiveness of the research conducted by official educational research institutes should be considered rigorous, relevant, and utility.

Vorspann
Der sowjetische Einmarsch in Afghanistan im Dezember 1979 stellte den Westen vor eine Situation, in der es für ihn nur wenige Reaktionsmöglichkeiten gab. Eine Handhabe schien die Unterstützung der islamischen Gegner der sowjetischen Intervention auf der diplomatischen Ebene wie im Guerillakampf vor Ort zu bieten. Dass auch diese Kräfte keineswegs freiheitlichen Prinzipien verpflichtet waren, nahmen pragmatische "Realpolitiker" in Kauf. Der durch blockpolitische Scheuklappen eingeengt rein instrumentelle Blick auf den politischen Islam sollte sich indes als folgenreiche Fehlperzeption erweisen.

The role of regional economic communities in the development of trade in Africa is widely recognised. Currently, intra-African trade stands at 10 per cent. This is in sharp contrast to other developing regions of the world. In Asia and Latin America, the levels of intra-trade are 50 and 26 per cent, respectively. There are a number of reasons accounting for the low level of intra-African trade, including the weak mandate given to regional economic communities to monitor and enforce the commitments assumed by countries under regional trade agreements. The lack of integration has negatively impacted on African countries and affected their ability to attract foreign direct investment commensurate with their development needs. Had African countries been less exposed to external markets, they would have been minimally affected by the global financial crisis. The importance of boosting intra-African trade was highlighted by Africa's Heads of State and Government when they devoted this year's summit to this theme. In the run-up to the summit, the African Union Commission released a study that underscored the importance of regional economic communities in the process of economic integration in Africa. Currently, SADC member states are in the process of implementing the SADC Trade Protocol, which would create a fully-fledged free trade area and later a customs union, and at the same time engaged in tripartite negotiations aimed at merging the three (SADC, COMESA and the EAC) regional configurations. They are also engaged in the EPA negotiations with the European Union, which would create a free trade area and also the Doha negotiations under the auspices of the WTO. The main objective of this article is to estimate SADC countries' bilateral trade potential, which may result in the improvements in trade facilitation.