Suchergebnisse

На тлі оптимістичних даних про зростання числа вакансій і відносної стабілізації ринку праці в 2017 році українських роботодавців і уряд чекає новий виклик: трудова міграція українців досягає загрозливих масштабів. Сьогодні ринок праці збалансований. Незважаючи на позитивну динаміку, кількість привабливих вакансій обмежена. Рівень заробітних плат ще довго не досягне показників 2013 року в доларовому еквіваленті. І оскільки на ринку все ще можна знайти фахівців однакової кваліфікації, але з різними фінансовими запитами, роботодавці користуються можливістю не підвищувати зарплати. Досліджено сутність та сучасний стан трудової міграції в Україні, зокрема динаміку еміграції та імміграції. Визначено структуру трудових мігрантів за гендерною ознакою, за віковими групами, рівнем освіти та сферою зайнятості. Досліджена географічна спрямованість та рівень участі різних регіонів України у трудовій міграції, виявлено причини такого розподілу. Проведено аналіз ситуації на ринку праці та відтворення робочої сили в Україні та світі, динаміки рівня безробіття та розміру заробітної плати. Проаналізовано динаміку грошових переказів з-за кордону та їх розподіл за країнами. Доведено вплив цих переказів на добробут сімей мігрантів та економіку країни в цілому. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз міграційної політики України із світовою практикою, в тому числі. щодо репатріації трудових мігрантів. Запропоновані заходи щодо покращення міграційної політики в Україні. Визначено фактори впливу на трудову міграцію та її наслідки. Сформульовано особливості міграції українців до країн ЄС в сучасних економічних і політичних умовах. Зроблено прогноз щодо динаміки кількості емігрантів до країн Євросоюзу. Встановлено, що особливістю розвитку світової економіки нашої епохи є її глобалізація, що проявляється у вільному переливанні капіталів, матеріальних і трудових ресурсів. Міжнародна трудова міграція, масштаби та інтенсивність якої у цих умовах є значною, здійснює перерозподіл робочої сили між країнами, що впливає на ситуацію на ринках праці кожної з країн, рівень зайнятості, безробіття, розмір заробітної плати, розподіл доходів. Враховуючи несприятливу демографічну ситуацію, старіння населення, збільшення тривалості життя і, як наслідок, збільшення витрат на пенсії, що негативно впливає на бюджети промислово-розвинутих країн, вони будуть стимулювати залучення іммігрантів, в т. ч. і з України. В той же час, чисельність українців також зменшується, а соціально-економічні умови змушують шукати роботу за кордоном. Таким чином виникає проблема забезпеченості ринку праці України висококваліфікованими працівниками, що здатні розвивати бізнес і сприяти економічному зростанню України. ; Against the backdrop of optimistic data on the growth in the number of vacancies and the relative stabilization of the labor market in 2017 by Ukrainian employers, the government awaits a new challenge: Ukrainian labor migration reaches a threatening scale. Today, the labor market is balanced. Despite the positive dynamics, the number of attractive vacancies is limited. The level of wages for a long time will not reach the 2013 indicators in dollar terms. And since it is still possible to find specialists of the same qualification in the market, but with different financial demands, employers take the opportunity not to raise their salaries. Тhe article considers the essence and current state of labor migration in Ukraine, the dynamics of emigration and immigration. The structure of migrant workers by gender, age group, level of education and employment were described. The geographic focus and level of participation of different regions of Ukraine in labor migration, revealed the reasons for this distribution were investigated. The article analyzed the current situation on the labor market and the reproduction of the labor force in Ukraine and abroad, the dynamics of unemployment and wage rates. The article analyzed dynamics of remittances from abroad and their distribution by country. The influence of remittances on the welfare of families and the economy was investigated. The article considers the comparative analysis of migration policy in Ukraine with international practice, including on repatriation of migrant workers. The measures for improving migration policy in Ukraine were proposed. The factors of influence on labor migration and its consequences were revealed. The features Ukrainian migration to the EU were disclosed in the current economic and political conditions. Made forecast of dynamics of the number of immigrants to the EU. It is established that the peculiarity of the development of the world economy of our era is its globalization, which manifests itself in the free transfer of capital, material and labor resources. International labor migration, the scale and intensity of which in these conditions is significant, carries out a redistribution of labor between countries, affecting the situation in the labor markets of each country, employment rate, unemployment, wages, income distribution. Given the adverse demographic situation, aging of the population, increasing life expectancy, and as a consequence of rising retirement spending, which negatively affects the budgets of industrialized countries, they will stimulate the attraction of immigrants, including from Ukraine. At the same time, the number of Ukrainians is also decreasing, and socio-economic conditions are forced to seek employment abroad. Thus, there is a problem of ensuring the Ukrainian labor market by highly skilled workers capable of developing business and promoting economic growth in Ukraine.

The onset of menstruation, or menarche, during puberty signals girls' transition into young adulthood and is associated with a range of physical, emotional and social changes. Although the physiological changes during menarche are experienced by all girls, the processes are understood in terms of the beliefs, values and practices embedded within the gender orders of societies girls are members of. For girls in Pakistan, their cultural context, which includes elements from the country's predominantly Islamic faith along with local traditions, imposes a number of dietary and behavioral restrictions. A considerable body of literature describes the ways reproductive health in Pakistan is influenced by cultural and religious values. Studies suggest that girls typically are not given information about menstruation until after menarche and their knowledge about menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices may be inadequate, which has consequences for girls' physical and emotional health. A growing body of literature indicates a need for adequate WASH facilities for girls in schools, as well as improved menstrual health and hygiene education in order to improve health and education-related outcomes of adolescent females. The work of Dr. Marni Sommer at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, in Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia and Cambodia has aimed to develop girls' puberty books that provide essential, culturally sensitive information on puberty and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for 10-14 year-old girls. Her project is now working on developing a culturally contextualized puberty book for girls in Pakistan. Qualitative research has been conducted to support the development of the Pakistan puberty book. The data include information on girls' experiences of menarche, aspects of the cultural values, beliefs and practices surrounding menstruation, and how the available WASH facilities impact girls' MHM during school. Earlier components of this research were conducted in Punjab and Baluchistan provinces in 2015-2016. To ensure Sindh's cultural beliefs and values are also represented in this national book, the study was repeated in Sindh in 2016-2017. This report focuses only on the findings from Sindh. Methods This study consisted of a comparative case study (rural vs. urban) in Sindh province from December 2016 to March 2017. Urban data were collected from a neighborhood in Hyderabad, District Hyderabad and rural data from village Babarloe, in Khairpur District. Both sites were selected by UNICEF, Pakistan. In each site, data were collected from both in-school and out-of-school girls. Data collection involved three methods: 1) Participatory activities with groups of adolescent girls (n= 137); 2) observations of school water, sanitation and disposal facilities; and 3) in-depth interviews with key informants such as parents, teachers, and health workers. Preliminary Results The Sindh data revealed six key themes: 1) Menarche is generally experienced by girls as a traumatic event characterized by fear, distress and worry. 2) Menarche is associated with possibility of immediate marriage. Mothers and girls actively hide onset of menstrual periods from fathers and other male family members in order to avoid very early marriages. 3) Having prior knowledge about menarche normalized the process for some girls, leading to more positive experiences of the first menstrual period. 4) Girls' knowledge of puberty and menstrual practices was rooted in local, cultural epistemology. However, some were skeptical of this knowledge and questioned it. 5) There are significant information needs, specifically around physiology of puberty and menstruation; recognition and relief of menstrual symptoms; appropriate menstrual hygiene and management practices; and social, physical, religious and dietary restrictions. 6) Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools are inadequate to meet menstruating girls' needs. 7) Participants identified a range of WASH and menstrual management resources to develop Girl-Friendly school facilities. Recommendations Based on the research findings, we recommend: 1) Development of an information resource, such as a book, pamphlet, animated video or web-based resource, to provide girls with knowledge of puberty, menarche and menstrual hygiene management. However, there is a need to remain sensitive to a desire for secrecy regarding onset of menarche, which appears to be based on protecting girls from very early marriages. 2) Development of a MHM health education module to be taught as part of girls' school curriculum. 3) Training for teachers in sensitive and objective delivery of MHM information. 4) Development of school WASH facilities to make available clean washrooms, running water and disposal facilities located in safe spaces. 5) Advocacy with provincial governments to create positions for cleaners to maintain girls' washroom facilities. 6) Development of menstruation support facilities, such as making available sanitary supplies in schools. 7) Conduct further research to understand factors impeding the improvement of MHM support and WASH facilities, such as why is there a reluctance to clean and a blindness toward dirty toilet facilities, what are appropriate mechanisms for menstrual waste disposal, teachers' reluctance to engage students around MHM issues.

Die vorliegende Sammlung von Texten, die aus Vorträgen des 12. Kongresses der Gesellschaft für Theaterwissenschaft an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum im September 2014 hervorgegangen sind, beeindruckt zu allererst durch die enorme Vielfalt an thematischen Zugängen. Dies lässt zugleich erkennen, dass einheitliche Definitionen des Gegenstands und der Methoden nicht länger angebracht scheinen und die Verzweigungen und Ausdifferenzierungen der kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschung in der Theaterwissenschaft entsprechende Resonanz finden. Das historisch gewachsene Profil des Faches ist längst in vielfältige, auch an den Rändern der Disziplin angesiedelte Diskurse und Forschungsfelder aufgefächert. Ob dies zur Stringenz der Begriffsbestimmung und notwendigen Selbstdefinition der Theaterwissenschaft (und Film- und Medienwissenschaft) beiträgt, wird sich weisen. Jedenfalls kann der Tagungsband als Orientierungshilfe dienen, um die in mehr als siebzig ausgewählten Beiträgen zur Diskussion gestellten Fachdiskurse in den größeren Zusammenhang der einzelnen Forschungsgebiete zu stellen. Die Herausgeber_innen betonen die grundsätzliche Frage nach dem Theater, die weit über Wissensvermittlung hinausgeht und eine "Verhältnisnahme" (S.16) intendiert. Das bedeutet, Position zu beziehen, ganz im Sinne Brechts und Benjamins die eigene Geschichtlichkeit zu reflektieren, kurz "situiertes Wissen" herzustellen und die Praxis des "forschenden Findens" (ebd.) zu forcieren. An der grundlegenden thematischen Setzung und der Frage nach den Epistemen des Theaters wird die offensichtliche Notwendigkeit deutlich, sich mit der Geschichte der Theaterwissenschaft und der mittlerweile methodisch verankerten kritischen Reflexion ihres Geworden-Seins in den veränderten gesellschaftlichen, politischen und ästhetischen Kontexten auseinanderzusetzen. Daraus ergeben sich für die gegenwärtige Theorie, Ästhetik und insgesamt für das Denkens des Theaters Erkenntnisse, die die Forschung nicht nur generieren und strukturieren, sondern auch deren Strategien bestimmen. Es geht also um "aktuelle Kontexte von Wissenschaft, Kunst und Öffentlichkeit", wie es im Untertitel heißt. Neben einem einleitenden Block von drei unterschiedlich gewichteten Beiträgen ist das Buch in vier größere Abschnitte gegliedert: Theatertheorie, Modelle, Konstellationen – Historiographie, Gedächtnis, Zeit des Theaters – Kritik, Kunst, Forschung – Theaterarbeit, Kontexte, Recherchen. Nach einer die Intention, thematischen Felder und methodischen Fragestellungen des Buches vorstellenden Einleitung der Herausgeber_innen eröffnet der Wissenschaftshistoriker Hans-Jörg Rheinberger die Debatte mit dem Vortrag Episteme zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst, indem er auf die Praktiken von Wissenschaft und Kunst, die techné, das Wie des Tuns, das jeweilige Handwerk verweist, auf das sich unser Augenmerk richten sollte. Der Theaterwissenschaftler Hans-Thies Lehmann kommt im zweiten Eröffnungsvortrag auf das Theater als Bühne des Denkens zu sprechen und setzt damit die Theoriebildung und -genese prominent ins Zentrum des Fachdiskurses. Und zwar sowohl in ihrer geschichtlichen, politischen als auch ästhetischen Dimension. Dieser Forschungszugang, den Lehmann in beeindruckender Weise seit Jahrzehnten beharrlich und in immer neuen Wendungen praktiziert, stellt die selbstreflexive Praxis der Theorie und die Theorie der Praxis des Theaters dar. Aus der Erforschung der Denkmodelle und Konstruktionsstrategien des Theaters in seinen kulturgeschichtlichen Kontexten sind für die vielgestaltigen gegenwärtigen Formen des Theaters Analyseinstrumente und Begriffswerkzeuge zu gewinnen, die Erkenntnisse über die Strukturen der szenischen Ausdrucksformen zu generieren vermögen. Im Rahmen des Nachwuchsförderungsformats der Gesellschaft für Theaterwissenschaft werden in der Keynote Sieben Positionen zu Epistemen von Doktorand_innen vorgestellt, die um historische und politische "Setzungen" angeordnet sind und die Herstellung und Distribution von Wissen umkreisen. Prinzipiell stellt die vorliegende Sammlung von Texten die Frage: Was heißt Episteme? Und wie konfigurieren sich die "Episteme des Theaters" im Kontext der theaterwissenschaftlichen Forschung? Von Michel Foucault ausgehend, der Begriff und Dispositiv der Episteme vor Jahrzehnten neu in die Wissenschaftscommunity einführte, bedeutet Episteme das historische a priori, welches das Wissen und dessen Diskurse begründet. Es geht mithin um die Bedingung der Möglichkeit von Wissen in geschichtlichen Formationen. Wie diese erkenntnistheoretische Voraussetzung in der Theaterwissenschaft neue Forschungsfragen zu generieren vermochte und weiterhin vermag und damit grundsätzliche kritische Positionen zur Geschichte des Faches evozierte, ist in diesem Band in vielfachen Ansätzen und Darstellungen nachzulesen. Den avancierten Forschungsansätzen auf dem Feld der ästhetischen Diskurse des Theaters in historischen wie gegenwärtigen Kontexten gilt das Interesse, um zu erkennen, wie sich epistemische Konstellation zum Material der Künste des Theater in Konnex setzen und in ihren vielfachen differenzierten Ausformungen zu analysieren sind. Dass innerhalb dessen den Leerstellen, den geschichtlichen Formationen mitsamt den Auslassungen hohes Augenmerk zukommt, lässt die mögliche gesellschaftspolitische Relevanz theaterwissenschaftlicher Forschung erkennen. Ein Terrain, sich dieser Frage anzunähern, stellt die Theorie des Theaters dar, in diesem Buch in einem Kapitel zusammengestellt, in welchem grundlegende Themen zur Kennzeichnung der Arbeitsfelder der Theaterwissenschaft verhandelt werden: das Theater als Dispositiv (Lorenz Aggermann, Gerald Siegmund, Eva Holling, Georg Döcker), gleichsam ein Buchstabieren der Elemente des Theaters; ein kollektiver Beitrag zu den Bühnen des Nicht-Menschlichen, in denen Naturszenen, Tiere, Roboter betrachtet werden; sodann wird die Theorie als Archiv des Wissens und Erkennens analysiert; steht das Theater im dramatischen Text zur Diskussion und damit kommt zugleich Kritik am Prä- und Postdramatischen in den Blick; der Begriff der Mimesis wird als eine Form der Wiederholung postuliert und Liveness auf die epistemologischen Bedingungen und im Kontext der Avantgarde befragt. Nikolaus Müller-Schöll setzt das Singuläre, aus dem sich der Individualismus generierte (Samuel Weber), als wiedergefundene theoretische Kategorie ein, der sich bestimmte gegenwärtige Theaterpraktiken stellen. Wissenschaftstheorie und Theaterpraxis arbeiten gleichsam am durchgestrichenen Ursprung im Bewusstsein der prinzipiellen Brüchigkeit. André Eiermann rückt die Aufführung als Dispositiv ins Zentrum seines Textes, eng am Vokabular Foucaults argumentierend, und findet – und dies durchaus nachvollziehbar –, dass die Kategorie der Illusion im gegenwärtigen Diskurs neu zu denken ist. Marita Tatari fragt nach dem "Theater im dramatischen Text" und unterzieht die Kategorie des Postdramatischen einer Relektüre, indem sie die Differenz von dramatischen und postdramatischen Theaterformen in den unterschiedlichen sinnlichen Bezugsetzungen sieht. Im Textkonvolut der Gießener angewandten Theaterwissenschaft "Theater als Dispositiv" werden theatrale Kategorien in Hinblick auf ihren Status als Dispositiv analysiert und in den Kontext konkreter Theateraufführungen gesetzt. Der Abschnitt Historiographie, Gedächtnis, Zeit des Theaters setzt sich mit der Wissensgeschichte des Theaters und deren Transformationen in der Theaterwissenschaft beziehungsweise den Lücken und Leerstellen historiographischer Dispositive auseinander. Die Leipziger Theaterhistoriographie-Forschung bildet ein kollektives Unterkapitel, in welchem nach konkreten Positionen von Theater und Wissen gefragt wird und die Methoden der Historisierung diskutiert werden. Geschichte als Genealogie im Sinne Foucaults steht auch im Mittelpunkt der Texte "Praktiken der Wiederholung. Episteme der Historiographie". Ein weiteres Kapitel widmet sich dem Tanz, der Bewegung, dem Körperwissen und untersucht Theaterarbeiten, die sich als Forschungslabors darstellen. Im letzten Teil sind Texte zur Theateranthropologie versammelt: Gabriele Pfeiffers Recherchen zu Grotowski, Mnouchkine und Bene als Quelle anthropologischen Wissens und Friedemann Kreuders Vorschlag, den ethnographischen Blick auf den Körper als Ort der Wissensproduktion für die Theaterwissenschaft fruchtbar zu machen; es folgen Texte zu Epistemen der Dramaturgie, zu theatralen Formen, in denen das Dispositiv des Dilettantischen verhandelt wird, sowie die Kategorien des Regietheaters, des "Gender Trouble" (Jenny Schrödl). Auch werden im vorliegenden Band Verweise auf die Lücken in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Faches angeführt; so beispielsweise stellen die Schweizer Kolleg_innen ihre Überlegungen unter dem Titel "Disziplinierung der Disziplin. Konstitutionsprozesse der Theater- und Tanzwissenschaft" zur Diskussion. "Gründungsgesten" (Beate Hochholdinger-Reiterer), die Forschungsgeschichte und Theatergeschichtsforschung sowie daraus resultierende "Episteme der Theatergeschichtsschreibung" (Constanze Schellow, Maria-Elisabeth Heinzer und Andreas Kotte) stehen im Fokus der Beiträge. Einige Texte thematisieren die erkenntnishistorischen und -theoretischen Voraussetzungen mit Blick auf ideologische Zusammenhänge und schließlich fragt im letzten Text des Bandes – mit dem doch einigermaßen befremdlichen Titel Wollt ihr die totale Theaterwissenschaft? – Evelyn Annuß nach den Gründungsmythen und -narrativen. Diese werden näher untersucht und der Forschungsstand gekennzeichnet, Annuß weist aber auch darauf hin, dass die sogenannte Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit nicht genügt. Selbstredend entsprechen diese Auseinandersetzungen der in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den Wissenschaften insgesamt stattfindenden kritischen Erörterung und Rekonstruktion der nationalsozialistischen Verstrickungen, die die Theaterwissenschaft nachhaltig bestimmten. Interessant und aufschlussreich – und nicht zuletzt durch diese Publikation angeregt – wäre eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit dem Dispositiv des Archivs und der Archive, anhand deren der Begriff von Geschichte zu denken ist. Und zwar derart, dass die jeweils gegenwärtige Position vermittels einer In-Bezug-Setzung zur Geschichte in den Blick kommt und das Theater in seiner "Vergänglichkeit" als Dispositiv des Archivs die Theorie der Archive zu bestimmen vermag. Dieses Ins-Verhältnis-Setzen von Gegenwart und Geschichte ist der virulente Punkt, der erkenntnistheoretische Potentiale eröffnet. Die vielfältigen Forschungsfragen und methodischen Zugriffe, die in diesem Band präsentiert werden, ermöglichen einen differenzierten Blick auf die Theaterwissenschaft als Kulturwissenschaft. Zugleich ist zu beobachten, dass sich die Tendenz zu mikroanalytischen Betrachtungen des Gegenstandes verstärkt und die Frage nach dem Grundsätzlichen des Theaters weiterhin brisant bleibt.

Andrea Luka Zimmerman's first UK solo exhibition + curated events Common Ground catalogue entry: The work of Andrea Luka Zimmerman explores the impact of globalisation, power structures, militarism and denied histories. Common Ground, Zimmerman's first UK solo exhibition, celebrates strategies of social and cultural resistance and proposes new ways of living together in the face of a threatened idea of the 'common good'. Central to the exhibition, Zimmerman's essay film Estate, a Reverie (2015) tracks the long drawn out closure of the Haggerston Estate in East London and the utopian promise of social housing it once offered. Filmed over seven years, Estate, a Reverie reveals the spirited everyday humanity and resilience of residents who, in circumstances like these, are habitually overlooked by media representations and wider social responses. The film portrays the complex relationships between people and the conditions in which they find themselves; asking how we might resist stereotypes of class, gender, ability, disability and geography. The themes of Estate, a Reverie resonate in further films, images, documents and events brought together for Common Ground. Taskafa - Stories of the Street (2013), is a film about survival and co-existence told through the lives of the street dogs of Istanbul and the citizens who care for them. It is voiced by the late writer and storyteller John Berger from his own novel King: A Street Story (1988). Zimmerman's Merzschmerz (2014) is a series of short videos in which children retell (from memory) fairy tales written by the German artist Kurt Schwitters to an adult neighbour or friend. These short scenes draw attention to the process of remembering and forgetting – as well as addition and subtraction – that is essential to the handing on of stories from one person to another. They are tender portraits which show the role of a listener to be as important as that of a narrator in the telling of a tale. Common Ground provides an environment for open discussion, research and debate about the issues at the heart of these films and the other work in the exhibition. A series of talks, discussions, readings and screenings are organised over three weekends during the exhibition. There is a library area within the gallery with books and archival material related to the projects, where visitors are welcome to sit and look, listen or read. --- ADDITIONAL EVENTS: (Un) Common Saturday 29 April 2017, 2–5pm Andrea Luka Zimmerman hosts a drop in event with collaborators on her film Estate, a Reverie; David Roberts, Elam Forrester and Lorna Forrester. Elam Forrester Born in London, Elam Forrester is a young filmmaker and photographer who has worked on a number of film projects and exhibitions both in the UK and in Central America, focusing on social issues such as housing, London's vanishing markets, issues affecting young Londoners and Women's Rights in El Salvador. In 2015 she produced her own film and photographic exhibition called Stories of El Salvador, which included her short films and photographs that she made while volunteering there. Elam is also a graduate of University of the Arts, London College of Communication. Lorna Forrester Lorna was born in Jamaica, and came to Bristol in the late 70s to join her family. After leaving school she moved to London where she's lived ever since and now works in Education. She lived on Haggerston Estate for nearly 20 years until its demolition. Discussion: Common Wealth Saturday 20 May 2017, 12–5pm This afternoon open discussion about housing and redevelopment addresses how these issues affect people in and around Bristol today. Andrea Luka Zimmerman invites guest campaigners, activists and others who are involved in related projects or research to take part. Before this event at Spike Island, join us at Knowle West Media Centre at 10am for a local walking tour and introduction to their project We can make…homes, exploring how communities can lead and influence the development of housing in their area. This is also an opportunity to see the exhibition We can make…, which includes work by artists Caitlin Shepherd and Charlotte Biszewski made with Knowle West residents. Caitlin and Charlotte are joining the afternoon discussion at Spike Island. This local walking tour is led by Melissa Mean, Head of Arts Programme at KWMC. In Common Saturday 17 June 2017, 2–8pm Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on Google + Join us to celebrate the work of John Berger, a prolific writer of powerful art criticism, poetry and fiction. This event combines talks, screenings and an audio recording of Berger reading Andrey Platonov's short story A Sparrow's Journey, heard by candlelight.

The subject is aimed at the quality of the traumatology service at the Armed Forces Specialties Hospital No1. The subject is aimed at the quality of the traumatology service at the Armed Forces Specialties Hospital No1. The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador in the seventh Section Health Art 32 states that: "The State shall guarantee this right through economic, social, cultural, educational and environmental policies; And permanent, timely and non-exclusive access to programs, actions and services for the promotion and integral care of health, sexual health and reproductive health. The provision of health services will be governed by the principles of equity, universality, solidarity, interculturality, quality, efficiency, efficacy, precaution and bioethics, with a gender and generational approach "(Ecuador, 2008). The Armed Forces Specialties Hospital No1 is located in the city of Quito, in the province of Pichincha. It covers the national territory because it is the only one of specialties in the Armed Forces where patients referred by units from first level and second level of complexity refer; Here actions of preventive medicine, emergency medical treatment, hospitalization and reference of others of health of the same level are executed. The hospital has its name given in the homologation of: Hospital of specialties and maintains 39 active services of attention of medical spaces. The outpatient care in the last two years was 235,587 patients and 262,775 patients in 2015 and 2016 respectively, in the care of the benefits in the area of traumatology had 19,882 in 2015 and 24,385 in 2016. The methodology used is of research type with a qualitative and quantitative analysis, descriptive of non-experimental type, with technique of obtaining data through surveys and interviews with experts. The problem is oriented to identify the causes that influenced the attention to civilian personnel, military personnel in active service, passive and dependent, in the hospital in the area of traumatology in the years 2015 and 2016. The same as with the elaboration of a plan strategic of the area of traumatology is oriented to give solution with strategic objectives; and, through strategic actions and indicators, for the monitoring and evaluation of patient care by our health professionals, including a basic clinical guide for patients, which will lead us to raise awareness about a quality service. The management of internal processes of a health establishment is linked to the subjects taught in the Specialization of Administration in Health Institutions. ; El tema va encaminado a identificar cuáles son las causas que afectan la calidad del servicio en el área de traumatología, en el Hospital de Especialidades No1 de Fuerzas Armadas. La Constitución de la República del Ecuador en la Sección séptima Salud Art. 32 indica que: "El Estado garantizará este derecho mediante políticas económicas, sociales, culturales, educativas y ambientales; y el acceso permanente, oportuno y sin exclusión a programas, acciones y servicios de promoción y atención integral de salud, salud sexual y salud reproductiva. La prestación de los servicios de salud se regirá por los principios de equidad, universalidad, solidaridad, interculturalidad, calidad, eficiencia, eficacia, precaución y bioética, con enfoque de género y generacional" (Ecuador, 2008) El HOSPITAL DE ESPECIALIDADES No 1 de FUERZAS ARMADAS, se encuentra en la ciudad de Quito, en la provincia de Pichincha. Abarca al territorio nacional por ser el único de especialidades en las Fuerzas Armadas en donde se refieren los pacientes atendidos por unidades del primer nivel y segundo nivel de complejidad; aquí se ejecutan acciones de medicina preventiva, tratamiento médico de emergencia, hospitalización y referencia, contando con 39 servicios activos de atención de espacialidades médicas. Las atenciones en consulta externa los dos últimos años fueron de 235.587 pacientes y 262.775 pacientes en el año 2015 y 2016 respectivamente, en la atención de las prestaciones en el área de traumatología se tiene 19.882 en el año 2015 y 24.385 en el 2016. La metodología utilizada es de tipo investigación con un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo, descriptiva de tipo no experimental, con técnica de obtención de datos mediante encuestas y entrevistas a expertos. El problema está orientado a identificar las causas que influyeron en la atención a personal civil, militares en servicio activo, pasivo y dependientes, en el HOSPITAL en el área de TRAUMATOLOGÍA en los años 2015 y 2016. El mismo que con la elaboración de un plan estratégico del área de traumatología, se orienta a dar solución con objetivos estratégicos; y, mediante acciones estratégicas e indicadores, para el seguimiento y evaluación de la atención al paciente por parte de nuestros profesionales de la salud, acotando además una guía clínica básica para los pacientes, que va a llevarnos a concientizar sobre un servicio de calidad. La gestión de procesos internos de un establecimiento de salud se encuentra ligada a las asignaturas impartidas en la Especialización de Administración en Instituciones de Salud.

На тлі оптимістичних даних про зростання числа вакансій і відносної стабілізації ринку праці в 2017 році українських роботодавців і уряд чекає новий виклик: трудова міграція українців досягає загрозливих масштабів. Сьогодні ринок праці збалансований. Незважаючи на позитивну динаміку, кількість привабливих вакансій обмежена. Рівень заробітних плат ще довго не досягне показників 2013 року в доларовому еквіваленті. І оскільки на ринку все ще можна знайти фахівців однакової кваліфікації, але з різними фінансовими запитами, роботодавці користуються можливістю не підвищувати зарплати. Досліджено сутність та сучасний стан трудової міграції в Україні, зокрема динаміку еміграції та імміграції. Визначено структуру трудових мігрантів за гендерною ознакою, за віковими групами, рівнем освіти та сферою зайнятості. Досліджена географічна спрямованість та рівень участі різних регіонів України у трудовій міграції, виявлено причини такого розподілу. Проведено аналіз ситуації на ринку праці та відтворення робочої сили в Україні та світі, динаміки рівня безробіття та розміру заробітної плати. Проаналізовано динаміку грошових переказів з-за кордону та їх розподіл за країнами. Доведено вплив цих переказів на добробут сімей мігрантів та економіку країни в цілому. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз міграційної політики України із світовою практикою, в тому числі. щодо репатріації трудових мігрантів. Запропоновані заходи щодо покращення міграційної політики в Україні. Визначено фактори впливу на трудову міграцію та її наслідки. Сформульовано особливості міграції українців до країн ЄС в сучасних економічних і політичних умовах. Зроблено прогноз щодо динаміки кількості емігрантів до країн Євросоюзу. Встановлено, що особливістю розвитку світової економіки нашої епохи є її глобалізація, що проявляється у вільному переливанні капіталів, матеріальних і трудових ресурсів. Міжнародна трудова міграція, масштаби та інтенсивність якої у цих умовах є значною, здійснює перерозподіл робочої сили між країнами, що впливає на ситуацію на ринках праці кожної з країн, рівень зайнятості, безробіття, розмір заробітної плати, розподіл доходів. Враховуючи несприятливу демографічну ситуацію, старіння населення, збільшення тривалості життя і, як наслідок, збільшення витрат на пенсії, що негативно впливає на бюджети промислово-розвинутих країн, вони будуть стимулювати залучення іммігрантів, в т. ч. і з України. В той же час, чисельність українців також зменшується, а соціально-економічні умови змушують шукати роботу за кордоном. Таким чином виникає проблема забезпеченості ринку праці України висококваліфікованими працівниками, що здатні розвивати бізнес і сприяти економічному зростанню України. ; Against the backdrop of optimistic data on the growth in the number of vacancies and the relative stabilization of the labor market in 2017 by Ukrainian employers, the government awaits a new challenge: Ukrainian labor migration reaches a threatening scale. Today, the labor market is balanced. Despite the positive dynamics, the number of attractive vacancies is limited. The level of wages for a long time will not reach the 2013 indicators in dollar terms. And since it is still possible to find specialists of the same qualification in the market, but with different financial demands, employers take the opportunity not to raise their salaries. Тhe article considers the essence and current state of labor migration in Ukraine, the dynamics of emigration and immigration. The structure of migrant workers by gender, age group, level of education and employment were described. The geographic focus and level of participation of different regions of Ukraine in labor migration, revealed the reasons for this distribution were investigated. The article analyzed the current situation on the labor market and the reproduction of the labor force in Ukraine and abroad, the dynamics of unemployment and wage rates. The article analyzed dynamics of remittances from abroad and their distribution by country. The influence of remittances on the welfare of families and the economy was investigated. The article considers the comparative analysis of migration policy in Ukraine with international practice, including on repatriation of migrant workers. The measures for improving migration policy in Ukraine were proposed. The factors of influence on labor migration and its consequences were revealed. The features Ukrainian migration to the EU were disclosed in the current economic and political conditions. Made forecast of dynamics of the number of immigrants to the EU. It is established that the peculiarity of the development of the world economy of our era is its globalization, which manifests itself in the free transfer of capital, material and labor resources. International labor migration, the scale and intensity of which in these conditions is significant, carries out a redistribution of labor between countries, affecting the situation in the labor markets of each country, employment rate, unemployment, wages, income distribution. Given the adverse demographic situation, aging of the population, increasing life expectancy, and as a consequence of rising retirement spending, which negatively affects the budgets of industrialized countries, they will stimulate the attraction of immigrants, including from Ukraine. At the same time, the number of Ukrainians is also decreasing, and socio-economic conditions are forced to seek employment abroad. Thus, there is a problem of ensuring the Ukrainian labor market by highly skilled workers capable of developing business and promoting economic growth in Ukraine.

В статье рассматривается проблема повседневной жизни перемещенных лиц (ДиПи), находящихся в лагерях на территории оккупированной Германии (американская зона, Бавария). Проанализированы особенности условий жизни и быта перемещенных лиц, их практики коммуникации с администрацией лагерей и местным немецким населением. Раскрыты основные повседневные жизненные приоритеты ДиПи, показан характер и способы их занятости. Обозначены наиболее типичные ситуации в повседневной жизни ДиПи, которые раскрывают сложные обстоятельства послевоенного мироустройства. Сложный мир взаимоотношений ДиПи показан в контексте общей исторической ситуации. В основу исследования положены материалы архива харьковского инженера и поэта В. Эллиса, в центре которого журнал «ДиПиниада». Журнал издавался в течении 1946-1947 гг. в лагере Пазинг-Мюнхен (американская зона оккупации Германии). Проанализирована графика журнала (художника В. Одинокова), как комплекс исторических визуальных источников, а также поэзия В. Эллиса 1944-1947 гг. как литературный источник. Обозначены наиболее типичные ситуации в повседневной жизни ДиПи, которые раскрывают сложные обстоятельства послевоенного мироустройства. Сложный мир взаимоотношений ДиПи показан в контексте общей исторической ситуации как на территории оккупированной Германии, так и в целом в послевоенной Европе.Отмечено, что исследование имеет перспективу как в методологическом, так и в предметном аспектах. ; The article deals with the important scientific problem of everyday life stories of displaced persons (DPs) in camps in occupied Germany (US zone of occupation, Bavaria).The peculiarities of life and living conditions of displaced persons, their communication practices with the camp administration, the local German population, UNRRA officials and representatives of the Soviet occupation authorities have been analyzed. Main everyday life priorities of DPs have been outlined, character and methods of their employment has been shown. Basic everyday life tactics of DPs in camps has been set using historical sources 1945-1947 (press materials, reports UNRRA officials, reports of non-governmental organizations professionals).It has been proved that life of DPs was based on a few key priorities, among which were the main problems of housing quality, food, clothing, nature of activities and employment. The dynamics of change in the daily life of displaced persons from the primitive forms of survival in 1945-1946, to the «well-fed apathy» 1947-1948 has been described.The difference in politics UNRRA in relation to the two main groups of displaced people: immigrants, who wanted to return to their homeland and potential emigrants who wanted to find a new life outside the sphere of influence of the USSR has been considered and illustrated.Special attention was devoted to gender communication. It has been shown that DPs contacts with the local German population had been an important communication component, which played a key role in the consolidation of the post-war society. The effect of domestic economic cooperation of DPs on the development of «black markets» systems the most popular products: cigarettes, coffee, food delicacies has been elicited.The research is based on the materials of the archive of Kharkov engineer and poet V. Ellis. The main point of which was the magazine «DiPiniada». The magazine was published during the years 1946-1947 in the camp Munich-Pasing (US zone of occupation in Germany). The schedule log (artist V. Odinokov) has been analyzed being a set of historical visual sources, as well as the poetry of W. Ellis 1944-1947 being a literary source. The most common situations in everyday life DPs that had appeared due the difficult circumstances of post-war world order had been described. The complex world of DPs relationship has been shown in the context of the overall historical situation on the territory of occupied Germany and in the whole post-war Europe. It has been proved that the investigation has prospects both in methodological and objective aspects. Particular interesting are the artistic solutions of the magazine, which are interesting not only for historians but also for art critics. ; Стаття присвячена проблематиці повсякденного життя у таборах переміщених осіб (т.зв. ДіПі) упродовж 1946-1947 рр. в американській зоні окупації Німеччини. Визначено головні особливості устрою післявоєнного соціального середовища окупованої Німеччини, що були пов'язані із цілим комплексом соціально-економічних та політичних обставин. Використовуючи історичні джерела 1945-1947 рр. (матеріали преси, звіти чиновників ЮНРРА, рапорти фахівців громадських організацій) встановлені основні побутові тактики життя переміщених осіб в таборах ДіПі. Практика табірного повсякдення розглянута на прикладі матеріалів із приватного архіву родини В. Елліса – харківського інженера та поета, що упродовж зазначеного періоду часу разом із своїм другом, художником В. Одіноковим випускав самвидавний альманах «ДіПІніада». Встановлено, що альманах як візуальне джерело має надзвичайно цінну контекстуальність. Коло тем, що показані у «ДіПініаді», дозволяють істотно якісніше описати побутові та повсякденні практики взаємовідносин місцевого німецького населення із біженцями, американської окупаційної адміністрації із колишніми в'язнями німецьких концтаборів тощо та проаналізувати увесь складний вузол протиріч та взаємин, який становить основний зміст подій 1945-1947 рр. в американській зоні окупації Німеччини. Зауважено, що дослідження має подальшу перспективу щодо аналізу історії повсякдення у контексті візуальної антропології джерел, які є водночас мистецьким та літературним явищем свого часу.

ANTECEDENTES: Los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos DME son una de las alteraciones más frecuentes y una de las principales causas de ausentismo laboral en el continente americano, y Unión Europea, generando graves repercusiones económicas a nivel empresarial, de la salud pública, y del empleado. Esto es debido a una sobrecarga laboral causada por los trabajos repetitivos, posturas mantenidas, y requerimientos de fuerza muscular, por lo que se hace importante identificarlos a través de distintos métodos ergonómicos con el objeto de generar programas de prevención que permitan la mitigación de los mismos. OBJETIVO: Determinar los síntomas músculo-esqueléticos y su relación con las condiciones de trabajo de los docentes de instituciones educativas distritales de la localidad de Usme, Bogotá, D. C. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Estudio de corte transversal, efectuado en 192 docentes que se evaluaran con el cuestionario Nórdico estandarizado de síntomas musculo esqueléticos y preguntas sociodemográficas de la encuesta de condiciones de trabajo y salud (ECTS) para caracterizar la población estudio. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó distribución de frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. La evaluación de las posibles asociaciones se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con intervalos de confianza del 95%, la prevalencia fue ajustada por género con los intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: El 57,8% de los participantes era de sexo femenino, el 41,7% tenían edades entre los 30 y 39 años de edad, el 82,8% de los encuestados manejaban grupos de estudiantes que oscilan entre los 20 a 60 estudiantes, del total de los encuestados el 42,7% (IC95%: 35.9-49.5) presentan un DME ya diagnosticado por un médico o servicio de salud. El 77,1% respondieron afirmativamente a la presencia de esta variable con un IC95%: de 70,3-82,8. En cuanto a la localización del dolor, se observó que la región del cuello con el 51.6% (IC 44.3-58.9) y región lumbar con el 49% (IC95%: 42.2-56.3) fueron las dos regiones anatómicas valoradas con mayor presencia de dolor. Se encontró asociación entre la edad y el dolor (chi-cuadrado: 6,858), el sexo y dolor (chi-cuadrado: 0.250) y el número de estudiantes con el dolor (chi-cuadrado: 2,179) CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio confirman la relación existente entre la presencia de desórdenes músculo-esqueléticos (DME) y la actividad docente, pero se hace pertinente la realización de más estudios que permitan valorar los DME con el riesgo psicosocial, jornada laboral y tipo de asignatura que imparten los docentes en sus cátedras para este tipo de población. ; ABSTTRAC INTRODUCTION: DME musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most frequent alterations and one of the main causes of work absenteeism in the American continent, and the European Union, generating serious economic repercussions at the corporate, public health and employee levels. This is due to a work overload caused by repetitive work, maintained postures, and muscular strength requirements, so it is important to identify them through different ergonomic methods in order to generate prevention programs that allow the mitigation of them. OBJECTIVE: To determine the musculoskeletal symptoms and their relation to the working conditions of the teachers of the district educational institutions of Usme, Bogotá, D.C MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 192 teachers who were evaluated with the Standardized Nordic questionnaire on musculoskeletal symptoms and sociodemographic questions from the Health and Working Conditions Survey (ECTS) to characterize the population study. For the statistical analysis frequency distribution and measures of central tendency and dispersion were performed. The assessment of possible associations was performed using the Pearson chi-square test, with 95% confidence intervals, prevalence was adjusted by gender and confidence intervals. RESULTS: 57.8% of the participants were female, 41.7% of the participants were between 30 and 39 years of age, 82.8% of the respondents handled groups of students ranging from 20 to 60 students, 42.7% (95% CI: 35.9-49.5) of the total of the respondents present an SMD already diagnosed by a doctor or health service. 77.1% of the participants answered affirmatively to the presence of this variable with a 95% CI: 70.3-82.8. Regarding the localization of pain, the region of the neck with 51.6% (IC 44.3-58.9) and lumbar region with 49% (IC95%: 42.2-56.3) were the two anatomical regions valued with greater presence of pain. We found association between age and pain (chi-square: 6,858), sex and pain (chi-square: 0.250) and number of students with pain (chi-square: 2.179). CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the relationship between the presence of musculoskeletal disorders (DME) and teaching activity, but it is pertinent to carry out more studies that allow the assessment of MSD with psychosocial risk, working day and type of subject taught by the Professors in their chairs for this type of population. ; Fajardo Rodríguez, Albert Nayid

Rural indigenous communities (Adivasi) represent some of the most marginalized and poorest people in India. Their socio-economic and cultural livelihoods are subject to rapid change. Introduction of commercial agriculture and new cash crops as well as the establishment of Protected Areas (PAs) in the forests that are traditionally used by indigenous communities are important drivers for change. The development-oriented work of NGOs, the introduction of formal education and the establishment of new infrastructure (e.g. roads) are other factors in this regard. Agricultural transformation impacts massively on the socio-economic as well as cultural conditions of the indigenous communities, especially on those living in remote montane forest areas. In most cases, the transition goes from low input low output subsistence farming and agro-forestry practices to commercial farming. The transformation goes together with a shift from, and loss of, traditional knowledge systems towards induced agricultural practices based on modern science-based knowledge. The main objective of this study was to understand how agricultural transformation and designation of Protected Areas impact on the land uses and livelihoods of the Soliga communities living in and around the Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, in the Karnataka State, and the Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, in Tamil Nadu State. This research applied a multi-faceted methodological approach. A pre-study has been conducted in February/March 2013 to select the case studies and to collect first hand local information that allowed the scholar to narrow down the research approach. The Soliga communities, their village heads, State Forest Department officials and NGO representatives in the areas have been interviewed. A three-tier methodology has been carried out during the main field research period in India (June 2013 until February 2014). Firstly, a literature review has been used for developing a suitable, place-case specific, and gender-sensitive analytical framework for assessing local knowledge of agricultural management. Secondly, GIS mapping has been resorted to map land use and land cover of the study areas for the past 10 years and finally qualitative participatory appraisals have been used to derive narratives of the past and existing situations using semi-structured interviews, oral histories and participant observations. The outcome of the research helps to understand the underlying agricultural transformation processes and the drivers of land use changes of the indigenous communities in this part of India and to recommend for sustainable land use policies and its implementation that better reflects the needs and concerns of the indigenous communities. The comparative study was done to bring out the positive and negative practical outcomes of the various policies adopted by the two different states with regard to tribal rights of use of forest land for crop cultivation. The pros and cons of both the state policies have been recorded according to the local people's perceptions and used to evaluate the functioning of the Wildlife Sanctuaries with regard to environmental protection and conservation. ; Die ländlichen, indigenen Gemeinschaften (Adivasi) gehören zu den am meisten benachteiligten und ärmsten Bevölkerungsgruppen in Indien. Ihr sozio-ökonomischer und kultureller Zustand unterliegt einem schnellen Wandel. Die Einführung der kommerziellen Landwirtschaft sowie die Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten (Protected Areas, PAs) in den Wäldern welche traditionell von indigenen Gemeinschaften genutzt werden, sind wichtige Triebkräfte der Veränderung. Die entwicklungsorientierte Arbeit von Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs), die Einführung von Schulbildung und der Auf- und Ausbau der technischen Infrastruktur (zum Beispiel Straßen) sind ebensolche Faktoren. Der landwirtschaftliche Wandel hat massiven Einfluss auf die sozio-ökonomische und kulturelle Situation von indigenen Gemeinschaften, vor allem in den bislang noch weitgehend autonom lebenden indigenen Gruppen in den Bergregenwäldern Süd-Indiens. In den meisten Fällen findet ein Wandel von extensiver Subsistenzwirtschaft und agroforstwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten hin zur kommerziellen Landwirtschaft statt. Der Wandel geht mit dem Verlust traditioneller Kenntnisse einher, welche durch "modernes", wissenschaftlich fundiertes Wissen über landwirtschaftliche Praktiken ersetzt werden. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit konzentriert sich auf die Frage wie sich der landwirtschaftliche Wandel und die Ausweisung von Naturschutzgebieten in den Bergregenwäldern Süd-Indiens auf die Landnutzung und den Lebensunterhalt der dort lebenden indigenen Soliga -Gemeinschaften auswirkt. Als Fallbeispiele dienen das Male Mahadeshwara-Wildschutzgebiet im Bundesstaat Karnataka und das Sathyamangalam-Wildschutzgebiet im Bundesstaat Tamil Nadu. Hierbei wurde ein vielschichtiger methodischer Ansatz gewählt. In einer Vorstudie im Februar/März 2013 wurden die beiden Fallbeispiele ausgewählt und erste Informationen vor Ort gesammelt, um den Forschungsansatz einzugrenzen. Es wurden Menschen aus den Soliga- und Lingayat-Gemeinschaften, ihre Dorfältesten, Angestellte der staatlichen Forstbehörden und Vertreter von NGOs, die in den Gebieten aktiv sind, befragt. In der Hauptphase der Feldforschung (Juni 2013 bis Februar 2014) in Indien wurde ein ein dreistufiger Ansatz genutzt. Zuerst wurde eine Literaturanalyse durchgeführt, um daraus einen geschlechterspezifischen, geeigneten und angepassten analytischen Ansatz zu entwickeln, womit das lokale Wissen über die Bewirtschaftung der landwirtschaftlichen Flächen beurteilt werden konnte. Im nächsten Schritt wurde eine GIS-basierte Kartierung durchgeführt, um die Flächennutzung und Bodenbedeckung der letzten 10 Jahre in den Forschungsgebieten zu erfassen. Anschließend wurden qualitative, partizipative Bewertungsansätze wie teilstrukturierte Haushaltsbefragungen, mündliche Überlieferungen und teilnehmende Beobachtung genutzt, um detailierte Primärdaten und Informationen zu vergangenen und derzeitigen Bedigungen, Aktivitäten und Maßnahmen zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung wurden verwendet, um die Prozesse des landwirtschaftlichen Wandels und die Antriebskräfte der Landnutzungsänderungen der indigenen Gemeinschaften in diesem Teil Indiens zu verstehen und Empfehlungen für eine nachhaltige Flächennutzungspolitik und deren Umsetzung zu geben, welche die Bedürfnisse und Anliegen der Gemeinschaften besser widerspiegeln. Die vergleichende Studie wurde angefertigt, um die positiven und negativen Folgen verschiedener politischer Regelungen in beiden Bundesstaaten in Bezug auf die Rechte indigener Völker zur Nutzung von Waldflächen für den Ackerbau aufzuzeigen. Die Wahrnehmung beider staatlicher, politischer Regelungen durch die Menschen vor Ort wurde dazu genutzt, die Vor- und Nachteile der Regelungen zu erfassen, sowie die Wirksamkeit von Wildschutzgebieten für den Natur- und Umweltschutz zu bewerten.

Menarche is the onset of menstruation, and is part of the complex physical changes that occur during girls' transition from childhood into young adulthood. These changes relate to lifestyle, behavior, growth and development. While menarche is a physiologically normal process, in many countries it is embedded within a host of cultural beliefs, values and practices. In Pakistan, these include dietary restrictions including eating eggs, beef and fish, hygienic practices that forbid bathing, religious practices that restrict prayer and contact with the Quran. A small body of literature suggests a key element of cultural practices surrounding reproductive health in Pakistan, including menstruation, is the 'culture of silence'. Part of a larger value system that is embedded within the gender order of society, information around menstruation is actively withheld until after the onset of menstruation. A number of studies have suggested girls' knowledge around menstruation and hygiene practices may be inadequate. Lack of knowledge about menstruation is associated with profound psychological and emotional problems. Alongside growing attention to the MHM needs of girls in schools that lack adequate WASH facilities, a growing body of literature recommends menstrual health and hygiene education in order to improve health and education-related outcomes of adolescent females. Dr. Marni Sommer at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, has addressed this gap by developing girls' puberty books that provide essential, culturally sensitive information on puberty and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for 10-14 year old girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia and Cambodia8. Her project is now expanding into Pakistan with a plan to develop a culturally contextual puberty book for girls. As a first step in development of the puberty book, qualitative data were collected to understand girls' experiences of menarche, explore cultural values, beliefs and practices surrounding menstruation, and how the lack of water, sanitation and disposal infrastructure may be negatively impacting girl's management of menstruation in schools, and their ability to participate in the classroom. The original project was conducted in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. UNICEF commissioned the researchers to expand the research site to the province of Baluchistan to ensure the book captures the cultural beliefs and values of an additional key province of the country. This report focuses on the findings from Baluchistan only. Methods A comparative case study (rural vs. urban) was conducted from September to December 2015 in rural and urban Baluchistan. Urban data were collected from Kuchlaak, a neighborhood in Quetta City, District Quetta and rural data from village Sakuran Goth, Tehsil Hub, in Lasbela District. Both sites were selected by UNICEF, Pakistan. In each site, data were collected from both in-school and out-of-school girls. Three methods of data collection were utilized: 1) Participatory activities were conducted with groups of adolescent girls (n= 177); 2) observations were conducted of school water, sanitation and disposal facilities; and 3) in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants such as parents, teachers, and health workers. Preliminary Results Overall, our data identified six key themes: 1) Menarche is generally experienced by girls as a traumatic event characterized by fear, distress and worry. 2) Prior knowledge of menarche normalized the process, leading to positive experiences of the first menstrual period. 3) Currently, girls' knowledge of puberty and menstrual practices was rooted in local, cultural epistemology. However, they were skeptical of this knowledge and questioned it. 4) There are significant information needs, specifically around physiology of puberty and menstruation; recognition and relief of menstrual symptoms; appropriate menstrual hygiene and management practices; and social, physical, religious and dietary restrictions. 5) Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools are inadequate to meet menstruating girls' needs. 6) Participants identified a range of WASH and menstrual management resources to develop Girl-Friendly school facilities. Recommendations Based on the research findings, we recommend: 1) Development of an information resource to provide girls knowledge of puberty, menarche and menstrual hygiene management. This could be a book, pamphlet, an animated video or a web-based resource. 2) Development of a MHM health education module that should be taught as part of girls' school curriculum. 3) Train teachers to deliver MHM information in a sensitive and objective manner. 4) Develop school WASH facilities, including availability of clean washrooms, running water and disposal facilities, located in safe spaces. 5) Create positions for cleaners to clean the washroom facilities through advocacy with provincial government. 6) Develop menstruation support facilities such as availability of sanitary supplies in schools. 7) Conduct further research to understand why teachers are reluctant to engage students around MHM issues, why is there a blindness to dirty toilet facilities, why there is reluctance to clean toilet facilities, what are appropriate mechanisms for menstrual waste disposal and if there are opportunities to manufacture sanitary pads using local, cheap materials.

Menarche is the onset of menstruation, and is part of the complex physical changes that occur during girls' transition from childhood into young adulthood. These changes relate to lifestyle, behavior, growth and development. While menarche is a physiologically normal process, in many countries it is embedded within a host of cultural beliefs, values and practices. In Pakistan, these include dietary restrictions including eating eggs, beef and fish, hygienic practices that forbid bathing, religious practices that restrict prayer and contact with the Quran. A small body of literature suggests a key element of cultural practices surrounding reproductive health in Pakistan, including menstruation, is the 'culture of silence'. Part of a larger value system that is embedded within the gender order of society, information around menstruation is actively withheld until after the onset of menstruation. A number of studies have suggested girls' knowledge around menstruation and hygiene practices may be inadequate. Lack of knowledge about menstruation is associated with profound psychological and emotional problems. Alongside growing attention to the MHM needs of girls in schools that lack adequate WASH facilities, a growing body of literature recommends menstrual health and hygiene education in order to improve health and education-related outcomes of adolescent females. Dr. Marni Sommer at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, has addressed this gap by developing girls' puberty books that provide essential, culturally sensitive information on puberty and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for 10-14 year old girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia and Cambodia8. Her project is now expanding into Pakistan with a plan to develop a culturally contextual puberty book for girls. As a first step in development of the puberty book, qualitative data were collected to understand girls' experiences of menarche, explore cultural values, beliefs and practices surrounding menstruation, and how the lack of water, sanitation and disposal infrastructure may be negatively impacting girl's management of menstruation in schools, and their ability to participate in the classroom. The original project was conducted in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. UNICEF commissioned the researchers to expand the research site to the province of Baluchistan to ensure the book captures the cultural beliefs and values of an additional key province of the country. This report focuses on the findings from Baluchistan only. Methods A comparative case study (rural vs. urban) was conducted from September to December 2015 in rural and urban Baluchistan. Urban data were collected from Kuchlaak, a neighborhood in Quetta City, District Quetta and rural data from village Sakuran Goth, Tehsil Hub, in Lasbela District. Both sites were selected by UNICEF, Pakistan. In each site, data were collected from both in-school and out-of-school girls. Three methods of data collection were utilized: 1) Participatory activities were conducted with groups of adolescent girls (n= 177); 2) observations were conducted of school water, sanitation and disposal facilities; and 3) in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants such as parents, teachers, and health workers. Preliminary Results Overall, our data identified six key themes: 1) Menarche is generally experienced by girls as a traumatic event characterized by fear, distress and worry. 2) Prior knowledge of menarche normalized the process, leading to positive experiences of the first menstrual period. 3) Currently, girls' knowledge of puberty and menstrual practices was rooted in local, cultural epistemology. However, they were skeptical of this knowledge and questioned it. 4) There are significant information needs, specifically around physiology of puberty and menstruation; recognition and relief of menstrual symptoms; appropriate menstrual hygiene and management practices; and social, physical, religious and dietary restrictions. 5) Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools are inadequate to meet menstruating girls' needs. 6) Participants identified a range of WASH and menstrual management resources to develop Girl-Friendly school facilities. Recommendations Based on the research findings, we recommend: 1) Development of an information resource to provide girls knowledge of puberty, menarche and menstrual hygiene management. This could be a book, pamphlet, an animated video or a web-based resource. 2) Development of a MHM health education module that should be taught as part of girls' school curriculum. 3) Train teachers to deliver MHM information in a sensitive and objective manner. 4) Develop school WASH facilities, including availability of clean washrooms, running water and disposal facilities, located in safe spaces. 5) Create positions for cleaners to clean the washroom facilities through advocacy with provincial government. 6) Develop menstruation support facilities such as availability of sanitary supplies in schools. 7) Conduct further research to understand why teachers are reluctant to engage students around MHM issues, why is there a blindness to dirty toilet facilities, why there is reluctance to clean toilet facilities, what are appropriate mechanisms for menstrual waste disposal and if there are opportunities to manufacture sanitary pads using local, cheap materials.

In this article, we refer to the history of the Charter of Rionegro and their contribution to setting up a political system to Colombia, in particular its contribution to the significant share of power in the territory of the former New Granada generated by it. The text includes shallow way, and just as similar background, the general characteristics of territorial political organization of the Chibcha Civilization and the political and administrative structure of the state in colonial times. However, before addressing the matter under review, it is necessary to address two important issues: a forced, which provides the conceptual framework for the development of the text, and the other referring both to the outstanding figures of the constituents eponymous 1863 as for democratic institutions more advanced in that Constitution.The Constitution of Rionegro, federal extreme, the most of their gender and, therefore, also considered as the most democratic progress throughout our constitutional history, however, was disqualified by Victor Hugo, French poet, as " constitution for angels, "but we think only in terms of the collated with materials difficult political circumstances and lived in their country at the end of his life, referring to excessive centralization Europe, particularly with French unitary authoritarian regime in force in the anti-democratic interregnum elapsed between the second and third republics, suffered by him, and abruptly imposed by Emperor Louis Napoleon, whom Marx wrote the 18 Brumaire. ; En este artículo nos referimos a los antecedentes de la Carta de Rionegro y sus aportes a la configuración de un sistema político para Colombia, en particular su contribución al significativo reparto del poder en el territorio de la antigua Nueva Granada por ella generado. El texto incluye de manera somera, y solo como análogos antecedentes, las características generales de la organización política territorial de la Civilización Chibcha y la estructura político-administrativa del Estado en la época colonial. No obstante, previo a abordar la materia objeto de examen, se hace necesario tratar dos temas importantes: uno forzoso, que provee el marco conceptual para el desarrollo del texto, y el otro referido tanto a las figuras más sobresalientes de los epónimos constituyentes de 1863, como a las instituciones democráticas de más avanzada en aquella Constitución.La Carta Política de Rionegro, federal a ultranza, la más de su género y, por lo mismo, también considerada como la de mayor avance democrático de toda nuestra historia constitucional, no obstante, fue descalificada por Víctor Hugo, el poeta francés, como "constitución para ángeles", pero, creemos, solo en cuanto la cotejó con las espinosas circunstancias políticas y materiales vividas en su país al final de su vida, referidas al excesivo centralismo europeo, concretamente con el régimen unitario y autoritario francés vigente en el interregno antidemocrático transcurrido entre la segunda y la tercera repúblicas, por él padecido, e impuesto abruptamente por el emperador Luis Napoleón, a quien Marx le escribió el 18 Brumario.El poeta Víctor Hugo nació en 1802 y falleció en 1885. Al final de su vida, coincidiendo con la vigencia de la Constitución de Rionegro, en Francia, adalid del centralismo político, gobernaba el emperador Luis Napoleón, quien encabezó un régimen antidemocrático, mas bien pro-monárquico; antípoda de un sistema federal, lo que creemos causó desconfianza en el poeta. ; Dans cet article, nous nous référons à l'histoire de la Charte de Rionegro et leur contribution à la mise en place d'un système politique à la Colombie, en particulier sa contribution à la part importante du pouvoir dans le territoire de l'ancienne Nouvelle-Grenade généré par elle. Le texte comprend façon peu profonde, et juste fond comme similaires, les caractéristiques générales de l'organisation politique territoriale de la civilisation Chibcha et la structure politique et administrative de l'Etat à l'époque coloniale. Cependant, avant d'aborder la question à l'étude, il est nécessaire de répondre à deux questions importantes: un forcée, qui fournit le cadre conceptuel pour l'élaboration du texte, et l'autre se référant à la fois à des figures marquantes des constituants éponymes 1863 que des institutions démocratiques les plus avancés dans cette Constitution.La Constitution de Rionegro, extrême fédéral, la plupart de leur sexe et, par conséquent, également considéré comme le progrès le plus démocratique dans notre histoire constitutionnelle, cependant, a été disqualifié par Victor Hugo, poète français, comme " constitution pour anges, "mais nous pensons seulement en termes de circonstances politiques difficiles assemblés avec des matériaux et vécu dans leur pays à la fin de sa vie, se référant à une centralisation excessive Europe, en particulier avec le français unitaire régime autoritaire en vigueur dans l'interrègne anti-démocratique écoulé entre les deuxième et troisième républiques, subis par lui, et brusquement imposée par l'empereur Louis Napoléon, que Marx a écrit le 18 Brumaire.

Tesis doctoral inédita cotutelada por la École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Centre de Recherche Sur Le Monde Americaine (CERMA) y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Historia Moderna. Fecha de lectura: 08 de febrero de 2016 ; La presente investigación explora la aparición del movimiento de mujeres indígenas dentro del movimiento indígena oaxaqueño tomando como análisis el caso de la Coalición Obrera Campesina Estudiantil del Istmo de Tehuantepec (COCEI), la comunalidad de la Sierra Norte, la trayectoria de vida de dos ex-presidentas municipales, así como los mecanismos estratégicos de acción política que puso en marcha Eufrosina Cruz Mendoza para acceder a los espacios de poder institucional. Mi punto de partida será cuestionar en torno a los sujetos históricos que han intervenido socialmente, entre la década de 1920 a 2008 en Oaxaca, en las transformaciones político-electorales sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, recuperando la función de las mujeres provenientes de contextos urbanos y rurales. Considero que existen imbricaciones en el movimiento feminista urbano para dotar de contenido ideológico en el movimiento de mujeres y hombres indígenas posterior a la movilización de los estudiantes de 1968 en la Ciudad de México, lo que dio origen a repensar la formación histórica del Estado, la ciudadanía liberal, el género, la etnicidad, la clase social y la comunidad. La participación política de los hombres y las mujeres indígenas y no indígenas colocaron en agenda pública las reivindicaciones en material de reconocimiento social y reconocimiento jurídico en el derecho a la autonomía y la libre determinación. Esta tesis sostiene que la formación de Grandes Mujeres visibiliza las opresiones múltiples en las cuales están sujetas las mujeres indígenas producto de la dominación económica masculino-centrada herencia del pasado colonial. ; The present investigation explores the eruption of the indigenous women's movement within the context of the Oaxaca indigenous movement; taking as case studies the Rural Labour and Student Coalition of Istemo de Tehuantepec, the 'comunalidad' of Sierra Norte, the lives of two women municipal ex-presidents, as well as strategic mechanisms of political action that Eufrosina Cruz Mendoza employed to gain access to institutional spaces. My departure point will be to question the historical subjects that have intervened socially in the decades between 1920 and 2008 in Oaxaca, in the political and electoral transformations of the rights of indigenous people, reinvestigating the role of women from urban and rural contexts. I consider there to be a certain interdependence with the urban feminist movement providing the ideological content for the indigenous men and women after the student mobilizations of 1968 in Mexico City; which gave rise to the rethinking of the historical formation of the state, liberal citizenship, gender, ethnicity and the community. The political participation of indigenous and non-indigenous men and women put the calls for social and legal recognition and right of autonomy and free determination the public agenda. This thesis argues that formation of Grandes Mujeres made visible the multivariate nature of the oppression to which these indigenous women were and are subject to, and that this is primarily a product of the male economic dominance inherited from a colonial past. ; La présente recherche analyse l'emergence de la lutte des femmes indiennes dans le contexte de la lutte du peuple indien oaxaqueños en prenant comme exemple le processus socio-historique de la Coalición Obrera Campesina Estudiantil del Istmo de Tehuantepec (COCEI), la comunalidad de la Sierra Norte, la trajectoire de vie de deux anciennes presidentes municipales, et également les strategies des actions politiques mises en place par Eufrosina Cruz Mendoza pour acceder aux espaces de pouvoir institutionels. Le point de départ choisi sera de s'interroger sur les sujets historiques qui ont participé socialement, dans la periode de 1920 a 2008 en Oaxaca, aux transformations politiques et éléctorales ayant impactées les droits des peuples indiens, et d'y replacer le rôle des femmes en milieu urbain et rural. Je soutiens qu'il existe une relation avec le mouvement feministes urbain étant donné l'ideologie presente chez les femmes et les hommes indiens après les mouvements étudiants de 1968 dans la ville de Mexico; dans cette ville ayant été initié une nouvelle pensée sur la formation historique de l'Etat, la citoyenneté liberale, le genre, l'ethnicité, la classe social et la commaunauté. La participation politique des femmes et des hommes indiens et non indiens ont permis l'inscription sur l'agenda publique de la reconnaissance sociale et juridique des droits à l'autonomie et de la libre determination. Ma thèse soutient que la formation de Grandes Femmes a rendu visible les multiples oppressions auxquelles étaient et sont sujettes les femmes indiennes, et que ceci est principalement le produit de la domination economique masculine héritée de notre passé colonial.

[ES] El tratamiento penitenciario de drogodependencias para mujeres ha sido tradicionalmente genérico (el aplicado para la mayoría masculina penitenciaria) y con pocos estudios diferenciales empíricos a nivel español. Esta investigación plantea a partir de los marcos normativos y la situación expresada por los organismos especializados, estudiar algunos de los factores de riesgo y de protección principales de las reclusas drogodependientes en relación a los programas de tratamiento y los procesos de recuperación a fin de realizar propuestas de acción específicas. La investigación es multimétodo, insertada dentro del Proyecto I+D+I denominado "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009-13408], con una muestra nacional en segundo y tercer grado (Administración General del Estado y Comunidad de Cataluña), correspondiente aproximadamente al 15% de las mujeres reclusas en el panorama nacional. Se han obtenido 538 cuestionarios válidos, 61 entrevistas semi-estructuradas, a los cuales aplicaron, por un lado, métodos de análisis informáticos y programas específicos para los datos cuantitativos (SPSS, V. 15 y 20) y métodos de análisis de contenido para los datos cualitativos. El análisis se ha realizado antes y durante el internamiento, a partir de cuatro perfiles de mujeres reclusas (AA: adictas activas (8´20 %), EX: ex adictas (EX: 67´21%), NA: no adictas (NA: 14,75%) y PMM (9,84%): adictas en programas de mantenimiento de metadona). Entre los resultados principales encontramos como factores de riesgo destacados en relación al tratamiento que las mujeres ex adictas no participan, por lo general, en programas de prevención de recaídas. Esta realidad supone un importante problema puesto que casi un 70% de las mujeres son ex consumidoras. Existe un número de mujeres que no participan en los programas por desinformación, desconfianza y compatibilidad con otras actividades o existe una percepción de discriminación de género en el acceso y permanencia de las mujeres en los programas en relación a los hombres. En los factores principales de protección encontramos que la mayoría de las mujeres tienen las presiones familiares como una motivación para acceder a programas y que en algunos de los casos la situación de maternidad o ciertos factores personales, fueron definitivos para el acceso. Finalmente, se propone el modelo PROSO –MD (Programa Socioeducativo para mujeres drogodependientes) para que sea implementado en el ámbito penitenciario según perfiles de consumo a partir de la adecuación a las características y realidades de las mujeres, concretando a partir de una propuesta específica para mujeres ex adictas. [EN] The penitentiary drug dependence treatment for women has been traditionally generic (applied for most masculine penitentiary) and with few differentiating empiric studies in an spanish level. Based on a regulatory framework, this research focuses on the study of the main elements of risk and protection implied in the relation between the drug dependant female prisoners and the treatment programs, as well as the recovery processes, in order to propose specific actions. The research has a multimethod approach, inserted within the Project I+D+I named "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009- 13408], with a national sample of second and third degree (Central Government and Community of Catalonia), corresponding to an estimate of 15% of the female prisoners nationally. 538 valid questionnaires, 61 semi-structured interviews has been obtained, in which informatic analytical methods, specific programs for quantitative data (SPSS, V. 15 y 20), and analytical content methods for qualitative data has been applied. The analysis has been developed before and after the internment, including four profiles of female prisioners (AA: Active addicted (8'20%), EX: ex addicted (EX: 67'21%), NA: non addicted (NA: 14.75%) and PMM (9.84%) addicted within methadone maintenance programs ). Among the main results found, it is relevant to mention the elements of risk related to the absence of participation of ex addicted women in relapse prevention programs. In fact, this is a relevant issue since 70% of the women are ex addicted. There is a large number of women not receiving any treatment in prision and not participating in any program due to lack of information, mistrust and overlap with other activities. Aditionally, theres is a perception of gender discrimination towards the access and permanece of women in the programs, compared with men. Also, within the main elements of protection, it has been found that most women access a program motivated by family pressure, and in some cases situations such as motherhood and certain personal health issues were determinant factors for a women to access a program. Finally, a model PROSO –MD (Socio-educational Program for Drug Dependant Women) according to use pattern is proposed to be implemented in a penitentiary field, adapted to the characteristics and realities of the women implied and developing specific a proposal for ex addicted women.

Overview This dissertation evaluates the long-term fiscal stability and adequacy of public pension schemes in Poland and Hungary after recent reforms. It shows that Poland is confronted with an unprecedented decline in pension adequacy over the next decades. Hungary, on the contrary, is challenged by an increasing pension deficit over the long-term. Abstract Public pension systems in Western societies are in a continuous transformation process. This becomes most apparent when looking at Central Eastern European (CEE) countries, such as Poland and Hungary analysed in this study. First, their populations are ageing far more rapidly than in most other EU countries. In Poland, for instance, the old age dependency ratio is expected to triple by 2060 which severely challenges the long-term stability of pension finances. Second, labour market careers have become more discontinuous since the fall of the Iron Curtain due to long periods of unemployment and grey market activities. These less beneficial work careers carry the potential to translate into very low pension levels in the future. Third, the legal framework of public pension systems itself changed profoundly in recent years. Prominent examples are the reforms to funded 2nd pillar pension schemes. Starting with Hungary in 2010, most CEE countries rolled back from the 2nd pillar and shifted sizeable pension obligations to the general government. The study at hand evaluates how the Hungarian and the Polish public pension systems are affected by these three transformation processes over the long-term. Thereby, it aims to partially bridge the gap of independent pension projections for these two countries. The assessment is carried out from two perspectives: 1) future pension adequacy and 2) long-term fiscal stability. Various standard and newly developed pension indicators are used for the evaluation, including implicit pension liabilities, a new mandatory figure of European national accounts. The evaluation bases on extensive micro datasets of past labour market careers. For the projection of future careers a micro simulation model is developed. On this basis, the study provides a differentiated picture of future pension adequacy by various socio-economic characteristics (age, gender, education, job contract). Additionally, it gives an outlook on the likely distribution of future public pension benefits for Poland under different reform scenarios. A dynamic cohort simulation model is set up to project the future fiscal development. Thereby, the cohort model is linked to the micro simulation model in order to reflect various demographic, employment and reform scenarios. The results indicate, that neither Poland nor Hungary are sufficiently prepared for the upcoming pension challenges. The Polish pension system performs relatively well in terms of fiscal sustainability - despite the tripling of the old age dependency ratio. The pension deficit amounting to 4.8 % of GDP in 2010 is expected to shrink to 1.8 % by 2060. The Achilles' heel of the Polish pension system is, however, its future adequacy. Under current rules, adequacy ratios, measuring the starting pension relative to average economy-wide earnings, are expected to decline from 65 % in 2015 to about 31 % in 2040 for men. For their female counterparts a drop from 42 % in 2015 to 27 % in 2040 is estimated. These results already reflect the retirement age increase to 67 which raises adequacy ratios for women by 11 percentage points (p.p.) and for men by 5 p.p. in 2040. Changes in contribution careers and their valuation in the benefit formula are the key drivers of the drop in pension adequacy. They explain about four fifths of the decline in adequacy ratios until 2040. Only about one fifth of this drop is induced by the demographic factors of the benefit formula. In light of these findings, the study evaluates various reform measures for Poland and their fiscal and adequacy impact, such as the introduction of a basic pension. In contrast to Poland, the Hungarian pension system scores high in terms of pension adequacy. Adequacy ratios are expected to decline only modestly from 43 % in 2015 to 39 % in 2040. Two factors explain these relatively stable adequacy levels. First, the transformation of the Hungarian labour market since the fall of the Iron Curtain was less intensive compared to Poland. Second, the Hungarian benefit formula has a number of redistributive elements which cushion the impact of broken contribution careers on pension adequacy. The fiscal outlook for Hungarian public pension scheme is mixed: Until 2025, the large pension deficit of 2.5 % in 2010 will gradually turn into a slight pension surplus by 2025 and remain at that level until 2035. This positive fiscal development over the next 20 years is mainly driven by recent reforms. After 2035, however, the stability of pension finances is in jeopardy. In the period 2035-2060 the pension deficit is expected to skyrocket from -0.2 % to 3.7 % of GDP. Given this outlook, the study evaluates various reforms options, such as the introduction of a life expectancy factor, to stabilize long-term pension finances in Hungary.