Suchergebnisse

Abstract. Taking into account the fact that the comprehensive research of the basic elements of the insurance behavior of the households is nearly non-existent, and the insurance behavior of the households is characterized by the poor insurance culture, misunderstanding of the advantages and necessity of the insurance, the establishment of the factors of impact on its formation and identification of those influencing on the insurance behavior most of all among the myriad of factors becomes especially topical. The performed research digest allowed concluding that the interpretation of the insurance behavior essence is limited and does not take into account its saving and consumer-related nature. So, it was proposed to determine the insurance behavior as the variety of the financial behavior of the households oriented to the provision of the financial protection of the households at the expense of the monetary funds formed by means of payment of the insurance premiums and earnings from the investment of the resources of these funds. It was also proposed to divide the factors of impact on the insurance behavior of the households into the external and internal causes in the course of the research conducted. The analysis of the dynamics of the unemployment rate, average salary, minimum official wage and minimum pension was performed for the purpose of establishment of the degree of impact of the macroeconomic factors on the insurance behavior of the households. The level of impact of the demographic factors such as person's age and gender on his/her insurance behavior was substantiated with the use of the analysis of the dynamics and structure of the membership of non-state pension funds. The data of the conducted research suggest that such factors as the political and social stability, condition of the labour market, income level of the households, warrants of insurance benefits, financial literacy and insurance culture, psychological personality type, acts of God, and pandemics have the greatest impact on the shaping of the insurance behavior of the households. Such factors as the rumor, pieces of advice from relatives or friends, and religion have impact on the insurance behavior to a lesser extent. The reformation of the Ukrainian insurance market regulation model would enable to eliminate the problems holding back shaping of the active insurance behavior of the households. Keywords: insurance behavior of the households, external factors, internal factors, insurance culture, warrants of insurance benefits. JEL Classification G22, D19 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 23. ; Анотація. Зважаючи на те, що в Україні комплексного дослідження основних елементів страхової поведінки домогосподарств практично немає, а страхова поведінка домогосподарств характеризується низькою страховою культурою, нерозумінням вигідності і необхідності страхування, особливої актуальності набуває визначення факторів, що впливають на її формування, і виявлення серед множини факторів тих, що впливають на страхову поведінку найбільше. Проведений огляд наукових праць дозволив зробити висновок, що трактування сутності страхової поведінки нечисленні і не враховують її заощаджувальний і споживчий характер. Тому було запропоновано визначати страхову поведінку як різновид фінансової поведінки домогосподарств, спрямований на забезпечення фінансового захисту домогосподарств за рахунок грошових фон­дів, що формуються шляхом сплати страхових платежів і доходів від розміщення коштів цих фондів. У ході проведеного дослідження також було запропоновано поділяти фактори впливу на страхову поведінку домогосподарств на екзогенні і ендогенні. Проведено аналіз динаміки рівня безробіття, середньої заробітної плати, мінімальної заробітної плати і мінімальної пенсії для виявлення ступеня впливу макроекономічних факторів на страхову поведінку домогосподарств. Обґрунтовано рівень впливу демографічних факторів, таких як вік і стать особи, на її страхову поведінку за допомогою аналізу динаміки і структури учасників недержавних пенсійних фондів. Дані проведеного дослідження дають підстави стверджувати, що найбільший вплив на формування страхової поведінки домогосподарства мають такі фактори, як політична і соціальна стабільність, стан ринку праці, рівень доходів домогосподарств, гарантії страхових виплат, фінансова грамотність і страхова культура, психологічний тип особистості, стихійні лиха, пандемії. Меншою мірою на страхову поведінку впливають такі чинники, як чутки, поради родичів або друзів, релігія. Усунути негаразди, що стримують формування активної страхової поведінки домогосподарств дозволить реформування моделі регулювання страхового ринку України. Ключові слова: страхова поведінка домогосподарств, екзогенні фактори, ендогенні фактори, страхова культура, гарантії страхових виплат. Формул: 0; рис.: 2; табл.: 2; бібл.: 23.

Astasheva A. S., Cheban V. M. THE ROLE OF A JUDGE IN RESOLVING CASES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE In today's reality, judges are frequently not able to identify the indications of domestic violence, to observe its impact on the legal consequences. It is very important to prevent the harmful influence caused by people's gender or other stereotypes on the issuance of court decisions related to domestic violence. The current legislation has made revolutionary changes on these issues. In particular, restrictive measures have been introduced while choosing a precautionary measure against suspects in committing criminal offenses of domestic violence, as provided for in p. 6 of Art. 194 of the CPC of Ukraine. In addition, the offender may be obliged by the court to take a program for domestic offenders for a period of three months to one year in cases provided by law. The program for offenders is a set of measures formed on the basis of the results of risk assessment and aimed at changing the abusive behavior of the offender, forming a new, non aggressive psychological model of behavior in private relationships. At the same time, in our opinion, it is expedient for the court to appoint a pre trial report to the probation body from the preparatory session, as in this case the probation body may already recommend the appropriate type of probation program. There are two types of probation programs: a correctional program and a probation program supervised by the probation authorities. According to the amendments to the criminal procedure legislation, it is prohibited for the victim to refrain from being charged in criminal proceedings in the form of a private charge of criminal offenses related to the domestic violence. The conciliation agreement in criminal proceedings for crimes related to domestic violence can be concluded only on the initiative of the victim, his representative or legal representative. Due to the Ukrainian legislation in resolving cases of domestic violence, it is advisable to introduce collegial discussions with the participation of representatives of public and social services, the police, who would primarily present video evidence to the court, prosecutors, judges, lawyers, as the connection between all organizations involved in resolving this issue is very important. Also, it would be extremely important to introduce specialization in Ukrainian courts to deal with cases related to domestic violence. ; У сучасній реальності судді не часто вміють ідентифікувати вияви домашнього насильства, визначати його вплив на правові наслідки. Дуже важливо не допустити впливу власних або чужих гендерних чи інших стерео типів на вирішення судових справ, пов'язаних із домашнім насильством. Наразі чинним законодавством внесе ні революційні зміни щодо цих питань. Зокрема, запроваджено обмежувальні заходи при обранні запобіжного заходу стосовно підозрюваних у вчиненні кримінальних правопорушень, пов'язаних із домашнім насильством, що передбачено ч. 6 ст. 194 КПК України. Крім цього, кривдник може бути направлений судом на проходження програми для кривдників на строк від трьох місяців до одного року у випадках, передбачених законодавством. Програма для кривдників – це комплекс заходів, що формується на основі результатів оцінки ризиків та який спрямований на зміну насильницької поведінки кривдника, формування у нього неагресивної психологічної моделі поведінки в приватних стосунках. При цьому, на нашу думку, суду доцільно саме з підготовчого засідан ня призначати органу пробації складання досудової доповіді, оскільки в такому разі орган пробації вже може рекомендувати відповідний вид пробаційної програми. Є два види пробаційних програм: корекційна програма та пробаційна програма для кривдників, за виконанням якої здійснюють нагляд саме органи пробації. Відповідно до внесених у кримінально процесуальне законодавство змін забороняється відмова потерпілого від обвинувачен ня в кримінальних провадженнях у формі приватного обвинувачення в кримінальних правопорушеннях, пов'яза них із домашнім насильством. А угода про примирення в кримінальних провадженнях щодо злочинів, пов'язаних із домашнім насильством, може бути укладена лише за ініціативою потерпілого, його представника або законного представника. На рівні українського законодавства під час вирішення справ про домашнє насильство доцільно запровадити колегіальні обговорення за участі представників: громадських та соціальних служб; поліції, яка б надавала суду відеодокази; прокуратури, суддів, адвокатів, оскільки дуже важливим є зв'язок між всіма органі заціями, які долучаються до вирішення цього питання. А також украй важливим було б запровадження в україн ських судах спеціалізації з розгляду справ, пов'язаних із домашнім насильством.

In recent years, Colombia has gone through various socio-historical events generated by the armed conflict, which in turn has resulted from social inequality, especially in relation to land ownership. Several processes have been carried out with illegal groups during different governments, which have sought to achieve the longed-for peace, leaning towards conceiving a socio-political space adjusted to a new social reality, that allows the political participation of new actors and, thus, generate a more inclusive policy. Some armed groups, such as the dissidents of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional) (ELN), have actively participated in these processes; however, and despite the achievements of the Agreements, the phenomenon of armed conflict in the country has been transformed, thus affecting different spheres of society. These struggles range from the dispute for political power to land control and tenure, which means that territory is considered an essential element of the armed struggle, which is why it calls for a new redistribution of land, that is, an agrarian reform. The national government has implemented public policies with a gender focus, an action that aims to ensure the return of the family to the rural zone and, thus, guarantee, among other demands, self-sufficiency that provides decent living conditions for the family and, especially, for women. ; Colombia ha atravesado, en los últimos años, por diversos acontecimientos sociohistóricos generados por el conflicto armado, que a su vez se ha derivado de la desigualdad social, especialmente en lo referente a la propiedad de la tierra. Se han adelantado varios procesos con grupos al margen de la ley durante diferentes gobiernos, que han pretendido alcanzar la tan anhelada paz, inclinándose por concebir un espacio sociopolítico ajustado a una nueva realidad social, que permita la participación política de nuevos actores y, de esta manera, generar una política más incluyente. Algunos grupos armados, como las disidencias de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) y el Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), han participado de manera activa en estos procesos; sin embargo, y pese a los logros alcanzados con los Acuerdos, el fenómeno del conflicto armado en el país se ha trasformado, impactando así diferentes esferas de la sociedad. Estas luchas oscilan desde la disputa por el poder político hasta el control y la tenencia de la tierra, lo que hace que el territorio se considere un elemento esencial de la lucha armada, por lo que esta propende por una nueva redistribución de la tierra, es decir, una reforma agraria. El Gobierno nacional ha implementado políticas públicas con un enfoque de género, acción que tiene por objetivo asegurar el retorno de la familia a la zona rural y, así, garantizar, entre otras exigencias, el autoabastecimiento que brinde condiciones de vida digna para la familia y, en especial, para la mujer. ; A Colômbia vem atravessando, nos últimos anos, por diversos acontecimentos sócio-históricos gerados pelo conflito armado, que, por sua vez, se deriva da desigualdade social, especialmente no que se refere à propriedade da terra. Vários processos com grupos à margem da lei vêm sendo realizados durante diferentes governos, que pretendem alcançar a anelada paz, inclinando-se por conceber um espaço sociopolítico ajustado a uma nova realidade social que permita a participação política de novos atores e, dessa maneira, seja gerada uma política mais inclusiva. Alguns grupos armados, como as dissidências das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia e o Exército de Liberação Nacional vêm participando de maneira ativa nesses processos; contudo, e apesar das conquistas atingidas com os acordos, o fenômeno do conflito armado no país vem se transformando, impactando assim diferentes esferas da sociedade. Essas lutas oscilam desde a disputa pelo poder político até o controle e a posse da terra, o que faz com que o território seja considerado um elemento essencial da luta armada, razão pela qual esta propende por uma nova redistribuição da terra, isto é, uma reforma agrária. O governo nacional vem implementando políticas públicas com um enfoque de gênero, ação que tem o objetivo de garantir o retorno da família à zona rural e, assim, garantir, entre outras exigências, o autoabastecimento que ofereça condições de vida digna para a família e, em especial, para a mulher.

[spa] Este estudio nace de la preocupación feminista por la violencia de género, la pobreza y las asimetrías de presión política sobre las sociedades. La relación entre Arte y sociedad es un hecho que impregna la realidad artística contemporánea con especial vindicación en el feminismo, que ha ido señalando otros valores éticos diferenciales, un ejemplo de ello sería: la solidaridad, como motor de cambio en su objetivo de denuncia y reparación. Esta investigación comenzó con la creencia de que el arte puede hacer algo por la sociedad y con la preocupación de que el arte no puede hacer nada. La pregunta de "¿El arte nos salva de algo?" conduce a un largo recuestionamiento cuyas respuestas se hilvanan a partir de propuestas y producciones que crearon y produjeron debates sobre el feminismo, en el contexto coreano y europeo. En consecuencia, los trabajos de esta investi- gación se concentran en qué tipo de actitud y posición particular tuvieron y tienen las/os artistas. Para ello se presentan una serie de ejemplos en los que el proceso artístico se convierte en el resultado en una obra de arte, al demostrar la propia política que el artista desarrolla como trabajador del arte, en lugar de dar prioridad a una actitud política ideológica para la producción de la obra. En otras palabras, examinamos que la política de las/os artistas no es la única que puede hacer arte, y esta observación supone que ofrece y da la libertad de ampliar el concepto de identidad de un artista y de cómo ser artista hoy. Al mismo tiempo, se refiere al proceso de mostrar y repensar los limites en el arte, específicamente el límite entre el arte como praxis y el rol de las/os artistas en la sociedad en la que vivimos. En conclusión, el estudio de "Betweenness" es una reflexión del papel político que tienen las/os artistas desde perspectivas no solo feministas sino femeninas. El discurso está estructurado por seis obras que crean interrogantes y abren un debate sobre el feminismo entre ellas y fuera de ellas, y nos permiten pensar sobre como la política de la vida se convierte en arte. ; [eng] This study was born out of feminist concern about gender-based violence, poverty and asymmetries of political pressure on societies. The relationship between art and society is a fact that permeates contemporary artistic reality, with special vindication in feminism, which has been pointing out other differential ethical values, an example of which would be: solidarity, as a motor of change in its objective of denouncing and repairing. This investigation began with the belief that art can do something for society and with the concern that art can do nothing. The question of "Does art save us from anything" leads to a long reexamination whose answers are threaded through proposals and productions that created debates on feminism, both in the Korean and European context. Consequently, this study concentrates on what kind of attitude and particular position the artists had and have. To this end, a series of examples are presented in which the artistic process becomes the result of a work of art by demonstrating the very politics that the artist develops as an art worker, instead of giving priority to a political ideological attitude for the production of the work. In other words, we examine that the politics of artists is not the only one that can make art, and this observation assumes that it offers the freedom to broaden the concept of an artist's identity and how to be an artist today. At the same time, it refers to the process of showing and rethinking the boundaries in art, specifically the boundary between art as practice and the role of artists in the society we live in. In conclusion, the study of "Betweenness" is a reflection on the political role of artists from not only feminist but also female perspectives. The discourse is structured by six works that create questions and open a debate about feminism among themselves and outside of them, and allow us to think about how the politics of life becomes art.

The public organization Ukrianian Association of Geologists (UAG) is active internationally. Since 2015 UAG (EC UAG) has been working on projects initiated by the European Federation of Geologists (EFG) within the framework of the European Union Framework Program for Research and Innovation «Horizon 2020»: KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030, INFACT, CROWDTHERMAL, ENGIE, REFLECT. Projects KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030 are successfully completed. The active phase of the INFACT, REFLECT, CROWDTHERMAL, engie projects continues. The content of work on the projects fully coincides with the goals and objectives of the Strategy of the Ukrainian Association of Geologists to promote the implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union regarding the efficient and balanced use of natural resources for 2018-2025. "Geology for the European Future of Ukraine" and the International Platform "Implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union regarding the effective and balanced use of natural resources", carried out with the aim of promoting the efficiency and competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy through the application of mechanisms and practices in the field of natural resources relevant European legislative acts, requirements of European standards in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). These projects are aimed at systematization / streamlining of knowledge to create networks of project stakeholders; assessment of available practical and scientific knowledge related to groundwater (KINDRA); expansion of the community of geologists and experts in the efficient and balanced use of natural resources, and mineral raw materials in particular; development and testing of innovative, non-invasive geological exploration technologies (INFACT); EU cooperation with other technologically advanced countries in the field of effective management of mineral, primarily critical, raw materials (INTRAW); reassessment of the mineral potential of abandoned mines for future mining operations (UNEXMIN); development of a new and potentially breakthrough technological solution that can help meet European needs for energy and strategic metals in a single interconnected process; reassessment of mineral resource potential in Europe (CHPM2030); empowering the European public to directly participate in the development of geothermal projects through alternative schemes (crowdfunding) and social engagement tools (CROWDTHERMAL); implementation of the European Atlas of Geothermal Fluids (REFLECT); expanding educational activities among young students and overcoming of gender stereotypes prevailing in geology and related disciplines (ENGIE). ; Громадська організація «Спілка геологів України» (СГУ, Спілка) веде активну міжнародну діяльність. З 2015 року СГУ працює над проєктами, започаткованими Європейською федерацією геологів (EFG) в межах Рамкової програми Європейського Союзу з досліджень та інновацій «Горизонт 2020»: KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030, INFACT, CROWDTHERMAL, ENGIE, REFLECT. Проєкти KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030 успішно завершено. Активна фаза проєктів INFACT, REFLECT, CROWDTHERMAL, ENGIE триває. Зміст роботи над проєктами цілком збігається з цілями та завданнями Стратегії діяльності Спілки геологів України зі сприяння впровадженню положень Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом щодо ефективного та збалансованого використання природних ресурсів на 2018–2025 рр. «Геологія для європейського майбутнього України» та Міжнародної платформи «Впровадження положень Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом щодо ефективного та збалансованого використання природних ресурсів», ініційованої з метою сприяння підвищенню ефективності та конкурентності економіки України шляхом застосування у сфері природокористування механізмів і практик, передбачених відповідними європейськими законодавчими актами, вимогами європейських стандартів у контексті реалізації положень Угоди про асоціацію України з Європейським Союзом (ЄС). Проєкти спрямовані на: систематизацію/упорядкування знань для створення мереж стейкхолдерів проєктів; оцінювання наявних практичних та наукових знань, пов'язаних з підземними водами (KINDRA); розширення спільноти геологів та фахівців з ефективного та збалансованого використання природних ресурсів, зокрема, мінеральної сировини, розроблення і випробування інноваційних, неінвазивних геологорозвідувальних технологій (INFACT); співпрацю ЄС з іншими технологічно розвиненими країнами у сфері ефективного управління мінеральною, насамперед критичною, сировиною (INTRAW); переоцінення мінерального потенціалу покинутих шахт для майбутніх видобувних робіт (UNEXMIN); розроблення нового та потенційно проривного технологічного рішення, яке зможе допомогти задовольнити європейські потреби в енергії та стратегічних металах у єдиному взаємопов'язаному процесі; переоцінення потенціалу мінеральних ресурсів у Європі (CHPM2030); розширення можливостей європейської громадськості безпосередньо брати участь у розробленні геотермальних проєктів за допомогою альтернативних схем фінансування (краудфандинг) та інструментів соціального залучення (CROWDTHERMAL); реалізацію Європейського атласу геотермальних флюїдів (REFLECT); розширення просвітницької діяльності поміж учнівської молоді та подолання гендерних стереотипів, що панують у геології та суміжних дисциплінах (ENGIE).

Part-time working accounts for one in five jobs across Europe, and one in four in the UK. However, part-time working from the employer perspective has been under-researched. The employer perspective is important because currently, part-time jobs are often poor quality jobs, and because some full-time workers would prefer to work part-time but feel that the option is not open to them. Better quality part-time jobs across a broader range of types of work could improve labour market participation, social inclusion and progression for certain disadvantaged demographics, which in turn will maximise skills and productivity. Part-time working is defined in relation to a full-time norm, but part-time jobs are not uniform: part-time working may be designed to meet employer needs or workers' work-life needs; it may be high-quality or low-quality; and it may vary from one day a week to almost full-time. Influences on employers' provision of part-time working may operate at the national, sectoral, occupational or organisational level. Within organisations, provision may vary depending on the nature of the work and the attitudes of line managers and co-workers. National legislation and cultural expectations provide the context within which employers make their decisions about the provision of part-time working: the prevalence of part-time working across Europe varies from 48% in the Netherlands to less than 10% in many eastern European nations. This context may affect employers in several ways. First, it may affect employer policy – not just the legal rights of part-time workers, but the cultural expectations about 'the right thing to do' for demographic groups such as parents and carers. Secondly, it may influence line managers' views on how to implement employer policy; and thirdly it may affect workers' preferred working hours, which in turn affect employers' provision of part-time working. Sectoral and occupational context also influence employer decisions about the provision of part-time working: there is wide variation across sectors and occupations, with much higher prevalence in service sectors and in low-paid, female-dominated occupations in the UK. However, there is insufficient evidence to assess how the nature of the work, the people doing the work, the skills and gender balance in the sector, and the economic position of each sector or occupation contribute to the variable provision of part-time working. At the organisational level, employers, and line managers, must balance the costs of part-time working against the need to attract and retain workers. There are quasi-fixed costs such as recruitment and training, which rise with the number of employees, rather than hours worked, and costs associated with the adaptation of working practices for part-time employees, such as team communication and the coordination of work. There are two principal advantages for employers: using part-time working to match supply and demand for labour during extended operating hours and peak periods, and, where organisational success depends upon the knowledge and talents of the workforce (human capital), using part-time working to attract and retain workers. The perceived productivity of part-time working is also part of the calculation. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on employer attitudes to flexible working, particularly homeworking. At the same time, the flexible furlough scheme has provided a natural experiment in part-time working. Although the use of short-time working schemes during economic downturns is well established in other developed economies, their impact on longer-term part-time working has received little research attention, possibly because part-time working is often considered from the perspective of workers' reasons for working part-time, while short-time working schemes are largely involuntary for workers. The redesign of work to facilitate 'part-furlough, part-working' may have provided opportunities for managerial and organisational learning: the next stage of this project is to research any changes in employers' perspectives on the feasibility of part-time working in different types of work. ; This research is funded by the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), as part of UK Research & Innovation's rapid response to Covid-19.

Background: Living in a cold climate is associated with several adverse health effects. The main purpose of this thesis was to describe cold exposure characteristics in northern Sweden, and investigate the associations between such exposure and the reporting of neurological and vascular hand symptoms. One common cold-related hand symptom is Raynaud's phenomenon, defined as episodic attacks of acral pallor or cyanosis. There is evidence to suggest that cold exposure can act both as a causal factor and a trigger for such vasospastic symptoms. Other important associated factors include exposure to hand-arm vibration and the presence of rheumatic disease. A somewhat similar clinical entity, cold sensitivity, is defined as a collection of acquired symptoms, resulting in an abnormal aversion to cold, with pain, sensory alterations, stiffness, or color changes, which may occur after a traumatic injury. The condition is hypothesized to mainly originate from nerve injury. The effects of cold exposure on hand function, the occurrence of cold sensitivity in the general population, the link between cold exposure and cold sensitivity, as well as the interface between cold sensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon are not fully understood. Therefore, this thesis was also intended to expand the knowledge on Raynaud's phenomenon and cold sensitivity. Methods: Postal surveys were sent to a sample of men and women between 18 and 70 years of age, living in Norrbotten, Västerbotten, Västernorrland, and Jämtland, drawn from the national Swedish population register. The first survey collected data on 12,627 subjects, and the results were used to describe cold exposure characteristics, and broadly investigate the statistical associations with different neurological and vascular hand symptoms (Paper I). A follow-up survey was sent to a subset of responders, to form nested case–control studies on cold sensitivity (N=1,230; Paper II) and Raynaud's phenomenon (N=1,400; Paper III). Subjects with cold sensitivity (N=12) from Paper II were subsequently recruited to a laboratory study, to investigate the vascular and neurosensory function of the hands, by means of physical examination, laser speckle contrast analysis before and after cold stress testing, and thermal quantitative sensory testing (Paper IV). Finally, healthy controls (N=1,239) from the case–control studies were used as a reference population for the Cold intolerance symptom severity questionnaire, to establish a cut-off for abnormal cold sensitivity (Paper V). Results: In Paper I, cold exposure was commonly reported, both during work and leisure time. Exposure was most pronounced in alpine regions, generally higher among men than women, and decreased with age. Highly cold-exposed occupational groups were militaries; agricultural, forestry and fishery workers; and crafts and related trades workers (e.g. construction workers). The correlation between occupational and leisure-time cold climate exposure was low. Men reported more occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration than women, but the correlation between occupational cold and vibration exposure was low. A range of neurological and vascular hand symptoms were statistically associated with high cold exposure, such as decreased perception to touch, warmth, and cold, as well as Raynaud's phenomenon. In Paper II, cold sensitivity was significantly associated with previous frostbite affecting the hands, rheumatic disease, upper extremity nerve injury, migraine, vascular disease, and high body mass index (inversely), in a multiple conditional logistic regression model. In Paper III, Raynaud's phenomenon was significantly associated with previous frostbite affecting the hands, first degree heredity, and high body mass index (inversely), in a similar model. Previous upper extremity nerve injury was suggested as a separating trait between Raynaud's phenomenon and cold sensitivity. In Paper IV, laser speckle contrast analysis indicated disturbances in microvascular regulation, while physical examination and thermal quantitative sensory testing mainly yielded normal results. In Paper V, the 95th percentile for the Cold intolerance symptom severity score was 49.5 for men, and 53.0 for women. Conclusions: Cold exposure in the working-age population of northern Sweden varied with age, gender, occupation, and place of residence. Cold exposure was related to the reporting of neurological and vascular hand symptoms in the population as a whole. There was a major overlap between reporting cold sensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon, and the conditions shared several associated factors. Previous upper extremity nerve injury was suggested to be a separating trait, supporting the neurosensory pathophysiological hypothesis for cold sensitivity. Cold sensitivity was not effectively assessed by physical examination or thermal quantitative sensory testing. However, laser speckle contrast analysis could prove a useful tool in further studies on cold sensitivity. A Cold intolerance symptom severity score above 50 could be considered to indicate abnormal cold sensitivity, and be used to guide further care.

Precarious employment (PE), representing a multidimensional construct of (poor) employment conditions, has been found associated with several health outcomes. However, there is a lack of a recognized definition of PE and studies have varied greatly in their assessment of PE. In addition, previous studies have been limited in their design, the impact of labor market mobility among PEs has seldomly been explored, and a range of health outcomes are yet understudied. Further, in Sweden, response rates to national surveys have continuously decreased, calling for alternative sampling strategies. The aim of this thesis was hence two-fold: 1) to explore, develop and apply novel sampling- and exposureassessment methods to study precarious employment in the Swedish labor market, and by its application, 2) study associations between precarious employment and health. In Study I, the aim was to assess the performance of web-based respondent driven sampling among non-standard, precarious, employees in Stockholm County. The method was implemented between November 2016 and May 2017, and the resulting sample size (n=415), response rate (62%) and wave depth (1-15 waves) were considered acceptable. Equilibrium was reached for the variables assessed and estimations could be performed. In Study III, the aim was to operationalize PE with a typological and summative scale approach in register-data. PE was operationalized through five items and three dimensions in the Swedish working population of 2014, by the means of labor market data (LISA) (n=4,349,322). Through the typological approach, assessed by means of latent class analysis, one PE-type ("PER") as well as five other employment types emerged. In the summative scale approach, scores ranged between -10 and +2 and >80% of individuals in the PER-type fell beneath the 25th percentile. The PER-type was generally associated with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics previously recognized as overrepresented in PE. In Study II, the aim was to study the associations between PE and self-reported health. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution were applied for degree of PE, as assessed with the Swedish version of the Employment Precariousness Scale, and self-reported general health, mental health, and musculoskeletal pain. High PE was associated with poor general (a2PR 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-2.6) and mental health (a2PR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.3-2.2). In Study IV, the aim was to estimate the risk of diagnosed common mental disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide attempt, as dependent on low-quality employment trajectories. Repeated measures latent class analysis was applied on LISA-data of the Swedish working population across 2005-2009 (n=2,743,764). The resulting six employment types, together with unemployment, were grouped in employment trajectories according to constant, fluctuating, and directional mobility patterns. Ten of the resulting 21 trajectories were considered as low quality. Diagnoses were retrieved from the national patient register between 2010-2017. Relative risk was estimated by cox proportional hazards regression models. Low-quality employment trajectories increased the risk of common mental disorders (a2HR range: 1.1-1.6), substance use disorders (a2HR range: 1.1- 2.2) and suicide attempt (a2HR range: 1.1-1.8). Gender differences emerged in the distribution of trajectories as well as in mental health risk. In conclusion, this thesis provided alternative methods in recruiting, sampling and studying precarious employees in the Swedish labor market. Associations between PE, low-quality employment trajectories and poor health were found, particularly so in terms of mental health - results which emphasize the need to combat PE. Improving employment conditions is central, including stability of employment and protection from unemployment, decent wages, and union representation, i.e., decent employment conditions across a life-course perspective. The dynamic nature of the labor market constitutes a need for surveillance of the development of precarious conditions. Further knowledge gaps remain to be filled, including studies of physical health outcomes, as well as mental health outcomes currently understudied, such as substance use disorders and suicide. Moving forward, alignment of definition and assessment of PE is crucial to enhance cross-comparisons across studies and contexts. Longitudinal studies with life-course approaches, in which mechanisms and differentially affected sociodemographic groups are studied, would further serve to establish evidence on the negative health effects of PE, but also shed light on how employment precariousness and poor health could be alleviated through policy and labor market legislations.

RESUMOA sociedade é marcada por processos que relativizam as violências sofridas pelas mulheres, havendo resistência ao fortalecimento das relações pautadas a partir da igualdade de gênero. O advento da Lei 11.340/06 (Maria da Penha) traz ao ordenamento jurídico uma nova perspectiva de políticas públicas voltadas às mulheres. Como consequência dessa lei, Caruaru conta com O Centro de Referência da Mulher Maria Bonita, que oferece atendimento psicológico, social e jurídico, assim como o Grupo Reflexivo: As Marias. Pode-se perceber através da vivência no grupo, noções de reconhecimento na dor do outro e perspectivas de fortaleza. A pesquisa é realizada através da observação do empoderamento das mulheres com o grupo reflexivo. Com isso, percebe-se que a construção do conhecimento se dá de forma significativa através do outro, de cada história de vida e do contato com o humanizante, possibilitando novas formas de ressignificar a violência através do conhecimento e reconhecimento.Violência doméstica e familiar. Ressignificação. Epistemologias do Sul. Reframing of violence: The reflective group "As Marias" from the perspective of southern epistemologies ABSTRACTThe society is marked by processes that relativize the violence suffered by women, there is resisting of the strengthening of relations based on gender equality. The advent of Law 11.340/06 (Maria da Penha) brings to the legal system a new perspective of public policies aimed at women. As a consequence of this law, Caruaru has The Maria Bonita Women's Reference Center, which offer psychological, social and legal assistance, as well as the Reflective Group: As Marias. It can perceive through the experience in the group, notions of recognition in the other's pain and their perspectives of fortitude. The research is conducted by observing women's empowerment with the reflective group. Thus, it's clear that the construction of knowledge takes place significantly through the other, with their life story and the contact with the humanizing, enabling new ways of resignifying violence through knowledge and recognition.Domestic and family violence. Reframing. Southern epistemologies. Reasignación de la violencia: el grupo reflexivo "As Marias" desde la perspectiva de las epistemologías del sur RESUMENLa sociedad es marcada por procesos que hacen que la violencia que sufren las mujeres sea relativa, teniendo resistencia al fortalecimiento de las relaciones basadas en la igualdad de género. El advenimiento de la Ley 11.340/06 (Maria da Penha) trae al sistema legal una nueva perspectiva de las políticas públicas dirigidas a las mujeres. Como resultado de esta ley, Caruaru cuenta con el Centro de Referencia para Mujeres Maria Bonita, que ofrece asistencia psicológica, social y legal, así como el Grupo Reflexivo: As Marias. Es posible percibir a través de la experiencia en el grupo, nociones de reconocimiento en el dolor del otro y perspectivas de fortaleza. La investigación se lleva a cabo a través de la observación del empoderamiento de las mujeres con el grupo reflexivo. Por lo tanto, está claro que la construcción del conocimiento se lleva a cabo de manera significativa a través del otro, a través de cada historia de vida y contacto con el humanizador, permitiendo nuevas formas de replantear la violencia a través del conocimiento y el reconocimiento.Violencia doméstica y familiar. Resignificación Epistemologías del sur. Ridefinizione della violenza: il gruppo riflessivo "As Marias" dal punto di vista delle epistemologie del sudSINTESELa società è caratterizzata da processi che relativizzano la violenza subita dalle donne, con resistenza al rafforzamento delle relazioni basate sulla parità di genere. L'avvento della legge 11.340 / 06 (Maria da Penha) porta al sistema giuridico una nuova prospettiva di politiche pubbliche rivolte alle donne. Come risultato di questa legge, Caruaru ha il Centro di riferimento per le donne Maria Bonita, che offre assistenza psicologica, sociale e legale, nonché il Gruppo Riflettente: As Marias. È possibile percepire attraverso l'esperienza nel gruppo, le nozioni di riconoscimento nel dolore dell'altro e le prospettive di forza. La ricerca viene condotta attraverso l'osservazione dell'empowerment delle donne con il gruppo riflessivo. In questo modo, è chiaro che la costruzione della conoscenza è condotta in modo significativo l'una con l'altra, attraverso ogni storia di vita e contatto con l'umanizzatore, consentendo nuovi modi di ripensare la violenza attraverso la conoscenza e il riconoscimento. Violenza domestica e familiare. Risignificazione. Epistemologie del sud.

RESUMOArte, Educação, Política compõem uma tríade compreendida historicamente no Ocidente como interdependentes. Entretanto, arte, educação e políticas ocidentais não estão compreendidas para corpos aquém dos padrões de raça, gênero e classe edificados pelo pensamento que arquitetou o projeto moderno europeu levado à expansão em todo mundo no século XVI. Igualmente, histórico e contemporaneamente, políticas têm definido, no caso do Brasil em níveis federal, estaduais e municipais, atuações e ações de corpos e sobre os corpos na arte, na educação e na própria política. Considerando a histórica indissociação entre a tríade arte, educação e política, mas também a atual e fascista dissociação das políticas em relação aos corpos que atuam nas artes e na educação em contexto brasileiro contemporâneo, este artigo discuti, por uma perspectiva descolonial de abordagem bi(os)bliográfica, a falta de arte em política, educação em política e corpos em política que consideram as diferenças culturais e coloniais porque não contemplam o padrão de arte, educação, corpo e política modernos. Arte. Educação. Política. (Dis) politics for political bodies in art, culture and education ABSTRACT Art, Education, Politics make up a triad historically understood in the West as interdependent. However, Western art, education and politics are not understood for bodies below the standards of race, gender and class built by thought that architected the modern European project led to expansion around the world in the sixteenth century. Similarly, historically and contemporatically, policies have defined, in the case of Brazil at federal, state and municipal levels, actions and actions of bodies and on bodies in art, education and politics itself. Considering the historical indissociation between the triad art, education and politics, but also the current and fascist dissociation of policies in relation to the bodies that work in the arts and education in a contemporary Brazilian context, this article discussed, for a decolonial perspective of bi(os)bliographical approach, lack of art in politics, education in politics and bodies in politics that consider cultural and colonial differences because they do not contemplate the standard of modern art, education, body and politics.Art. Education. Politics. (Des) política para cuerpos-políticos en arte, cultura y educación RESUMENArte, educación, política producen un trío históricamente entendido en el Occidente como interdependientes. Pero, el arte, la educación y las políticas occidentales no están incluidas para cuerpos con padrones inferiores a las normas de raza, género y clase construidas por el pensamiento que he producido el proyecto moderno europeo expandido en todo el mundo desde el siglo XVI. Asimismo, se han definido políticas históricas y contemporáneas, en el caso de Brasil, a nivel federal, estatal y municipal, actividades y acciones de cuerpos y sobre los cuerpos en el arte, en la educación y en la política. Considerando la indisociación histórica entre el trío arte, educación y política, pero también la actual y fascista desagregación de las políticas con relación a los cuerpos que actúan en las artes en la educación en el contexto brasileño contemporáneo, este artículo discutió, bajo un enfoque descolonial de abordaje bi(os)bliográfica, la ausencia de arte en política, educación en política y cuerpos en política que consideran las diferencias culturales y coloniales, porque no contemplan el estándar del arte, educación, cuerpo y política modernos.Arte. Educación. Política.(Des) politica per gli organi politici nell'arte, nella cultura e nell'educazioneSINTESE Arte, educazione, politica producono un trio storicamente inteso in Occidente come interdipendente. Ma l'arte occidentale, l'istruzione e la politica non sono incluse per gli organismi con standard inferiori agli standard di razza, genere e classe costruiti dal pensiero che ho prodotto il moderno progetto europeo ampliato in tutto il mondo dal XVI secolo. Allo stesso modo, le politiche storiche e contemporanee sono state definite, nel caso del Brasile, a livello federale, statale e municipale, attività e azioni di corpi e di corpi nell'arte, nell'istruzione e nella politica. Considerando la dissociazione storica tra arte, istruzione e trio politico, ma anche l'attuale e fascista disaggregazione delle politiche in relazione agli organismi che agiscono nelle arti nell'educazione nel contesto brasiliano contemporaneo, questo articolo discute, sotto un approccio decoloniale approccio bi-os, assenza di arte in politica, educazione in politica e corpi politici che considerano le differenze culturali e coloniali, perché non contemplano lo standard dell'arte moderna, dell'educazione, del corpo e della politica.Arte. Istruzione. Politica.

INTRODUCTION . There are two problems that writer want to search, because the writer took men and women character that needed for acquiring the data. What are the types of men's and women' language features used in the two movies?, How men's and women's language features are distinctively used in the two movies?.(2) According to Holmes (2013;160) men and women spoke in different ways in any community. In the other hand the linguistics feature only occurs when men and women are shared the language, but this features only happen only to one side not both. (3) Lakoff as refered in Holmes (2003) proposed ten women's language highlights ,(4) According to Coates (2004) he defines six language features that used by men. (5) Retiningrum, Cindy Dwi (2018) has done the research about "Women language features used by Lara Jean In The Movie To All the Boys I've loved Before" . She aims that to reveal the types and function of women's language features used by Lara Jean in the source of data. (6) Putra, Bayu Anggara and Prayudha (n.d) has done the research about "The Analysis of Women and Men Language Features on America's Got Talent". The theory they use is from Lakoff (2004) and Coates (2004). METHOD .(7) By now, qualitative research has become an acceptable, if not mainstream, form of research in many different academic and professional fields. As a result, the large number of students and scholars who conduct qualitative studies may be part of different social science disciplines (e.g., sociology, anthropology, political science, or psychology) or different professions (e.g., education, management, nursing, urban planning, and program evaluation). In any of these fields, qualitative research represents an attractive and fruitful way of doing research. R.K.Yin(2010). The writter chosed 2 movies there are The Gentlemen and Charlie Angels, The writer was collectend the data from The Gentlemen and Charlie Angels Movies with listing the data according to men's and women's language features that appear in the Movies. The data were listed in into women's and men's language features. Table 1 . The appearance of men's language features in The Gentlemen movie no Men langauge features Number of appearence 1 Minimal Response 5 2 Command and Directives 11 3 Swearing and Taboo 82 4 Compliments 8 5 Theme 3 6 question 15 total 124 The Table above showed that men's language features Minutes : 00:41:39 Coach : yeah? by using this minimal response Coach draw an image that he was shocked by saying word "yeah?" he implicate that his do not want to be argued and it shows his dominance by Mal. Table 2 : The appearance of women's language features in Charlie Angels movie no Women language features Number of data 1 Lexical hedges or filler 10 2 Rising intonation on declaratives 14 3 Color terms 0 4 intensifiers 11 5 Empty adjectives 1 6 Hyper correct grammar 7 7 Tag question 0 8 Super polite 1 9 Avoidance of strong swear word 10 10 Emphatic stress 1 Total 56 Above the list of the appearance of women language features Empty Adjectives Minute : 00:38:20 Jane : you're adorable Jane using empty adjective to reveal her emotional reaction, and she express her emotional feeling to Langston ended by flirting him. The result of the research find that men's and women's language features have the different between the word they used and the ways they pronounce the word, but it is not possible when women's language features are applied by men in their conversation, In conclussion, both of the langauge features are possibly used by the opposite gender that having specific circumstances. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION From The Gentlemen movie the writer already found all six feautures that used by character in the movie, but there is also posibility to earn women' langauge features in this movie because the writer did not analize women's language features in this movie. At the Charlie Angels movie the features that the writer found are eight of ten, two of the features are not available in this movie there are color terms and tag question, it is better if next researcher planning to find these features that the writer can not found using current theory

Objective Design and implement an interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in Colombia.Methods A tool was designed and implemented to analyze the data of Covid-19 positive cases in Colombia and published by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. The tool is based on the implementation of business intelligence methods with which you can understand the behavior of the pandemic in Colombia and generate structured data for decision-making by government levels. The tool displays, on a single screen, information on the number of cases, patient status, age ranges, city, location department, and gender. This information can be dynamically filtered and focus analyzes on the national, departmental, or municipal order. Additionally, methods are implemented for trend analysis, both on a linear and semi-log scale, as well as for calculating the case fatality rate in each of the municipalities.Results A web-based data analysis dashboard is implemented for semi-continuous monitoring of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. With the use of the tool, a situational analysis is carried out for five of the most important cities in Colombia.Conclusions The application is effective, flexible, and easy to use. The situational analysis reflects that public policies for the control of the disease have been favorable for Medellín, but for Cartagena, Bogotá, Barranquilla, and Cali, complementary measures are required. ; Objetivo Diseñar e implementar una herramienta dinámica web para el seguimiento de la COVID-19 en Colombia.Métodos Se diseña e implementa una herramienta para el análisis de los datos de los casos positivos de COVID-19 en Colombia y publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. La herramienta se basa en la implementación de métodos de inteligencia empresarial con los que se pueda entender el comportamiento de la pandemia en Colombia y generar datos estructurados para la toma de decisiones por parte de los estamentos gubernamentales. La herramienta despliega, en una sola pantalla, información sobre número de casos, estado de los pacientes, rangos de edad, ciudad y departamento de ubicación y género. Esta información puede ser filtrada de forma dinámica y enfocar los análisis en el orden nacional, departamental o municipal. Adicionalmente, se implementan métodos para el análisis de tendencia, tanto en escala lineal como en escala semilogarítmica, así como para el cálculo de la tasa de letalidad en cada uno de los municipios.Resultados Se implementó una herramienta de análisis de datos basado en la web para el seguimiento semicontinuo de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en Colombia. A partir de la herramienta se realiza un análisis situacional para cinco de las ciudades más importantes de Colombia.Conclusiones El aplicativo es eficaz, flexible y de fácil manejo. El análisis situacional refleja que las políticas públicas para el control de la enfermedad han sido efectivas para Medellín, pero, para Cartagena, Bogotá, Barranquilla y Cali, se requieren medidas complementarias. ; Objetivo Projetar e implementar um painel interativo baseado na Web para rastrear o COVID-19 na ColômbiaMétodos Uma ferramenta é projetada e implementada para analisar os dados de casos positivos do Covid-19 na Colômbia e publicados pelo Instituto Nacional de Salud. A ferramenta é baseada na implementação de métodos de inteligência de negócios com os quais você pode entender o comportamento da pandemia na Colômbia e gerar dados estruturados para a tomada de decisões pelos níveis governamentais. A ferramenta exibe, em uma única tela, informações sobre o número de casos, status do paciente, faixas etárias, cidade e departamento de localização e sexo. Essas informações podem ser filtradas dinamicamente e focar as análises na ordem nacional, departamental ou municipal. Além disso, são implementados métodos para análise de tendências, tanto em escala linear quanto semi-logarítmica, bem como para calcular a taxa de mortalidade de casos em cada um dos municípios.Resultados Um painel de análise de dados baseado na Web é implementado para monitoramento semi-contínuo da pandemia de Covid-19 na Colômbia. Com o uso da ferramenta, é realizada uma análise situacional para cinco das cidades mais importantes da Colômbia.Conclusões O aplicativo é eficaz, flexível e fácil de usar. A análise situacional reflete que políticas públicas para o controle da doença têm sido favoráveis a Medellín, mas para Cartagena, Bogotá, Barranquilla e Cali, são necessárias medidas complementares.

In the Zongolica region of Veracruz, the memories of the recent violence are crossed by the silence and terror generated by a series of murders of women whose bodies were thrown on the roads that connect the communities and of which very little is known. One of the main objectives of the work we carry out with organized women is to work on these memories and the narratives in which current manifestations of gender violence are intertwined with other forms of violence in their territories and with a range of accumulated forms of violence, that define not only the patterns of extreme violence, but also its treatment in the official instances of justice and in the communities. Through the analysis of some cases we documented, I analyze the way in which extreme violence against indigenous women breaks the boundaries between the public and the private, between the intimate and the structural, and is located in the frameworks of accumulated violence in their bodies and territories. My interest is to subscribe to a theoretical and methodological reflection of documentation to understand the extreme violence that affects indigenous women, from perspectives that point to the intersection of forms of violence and that go beyond the interpersonal sense and the sex-generic condition, and from approaches that allow a more contextualized and historically and politically situated views. ; En la región de Zongolica, en el estado de Veracruz, las memorias de la violencia reciente están atravesadas por el silencio y el terror que generaron una serie de asesinatos de mujeres cuyos cuerpos fueron arrojados en los caminos que conectan a las comunidades y de los que se sabe muy poco. Uno de los principales objetivos del trabajo que llevamos a cabo con mujeres organizadas es indagar acerca de estas memorias y las tramas históricas en las que las manifestaciones actuales de la violencia de género se entrelazan con otras formas de violencia en sus territorios y con un abanico de formas acumuladas de violencias que definen no solo los patrones de la violencia extrema, sino también su tratamiento en las instancias de justicia oficiales y en el ámbito de las comunidades. A través del análisis de algunos casos que documentamos, analizo la manera en cómo las violencias extremas contra mujeres indígenas rompen las fronteras entre lo público y lo privado, entre lo íntimo y estructural, y se sitúan en los entramados de violencias acumuladas en sus cuerpos y territorios. Me interesa abonar a una reflexión teórica y metodológica de documentación para comprender las violencias extremas que afectan a mujeres indígenas, desde perspectivas que apunten a la intersección de formas de violencia y que vayan más allá del sentido interpersonal y la condición sexo-genérica, y desde abordajes que permitan tener miradas más contextualizas e histórica y políticamente situadas. ; Na região de Zongolica, no estado de Veracruz, as memórias da violência recente são atravessadas pelo silêncio e pelo terror que geraram uma série de assassinatos de mulheres cujos corpos foram jogados nas estradas que ligam as comunidades e das quais se sabe muito pouco. Um dos principais objetivos do trabalho que realizamos com mulheres organizadas é indagar sobre essas memórias e as tramas históricas em que as atuais manifestações da violência de gênero se entrelaçam com outras formas de violência em seus territórios e com uma gama de formas acumuladas de violência que definem não só os padrões de violência extrema, mas também seu tratamento nos órgãos oficiais de justiça e na comunidade. Por meio da análise de alguns casos que documentamos, analiso a forma como a violência extrema contra as mulheres indígenas rompe as fronteiras entre o público e o privado, entre o íntimo e o estrutural, e se situa na teia de violências acumuladas em seus corpos e territórios. Tenho interesse em subscrever uma reflexão teórico-metodológica sobre documentação para compreender a violência extrema que atinge as mulheres indígenas, a partir de perspectivas que apontam para a intersecção das formas de violência e que vão além do sentido interpessoal e da condição sexo-gênero, e a partir abordagens que permitem visões mais contextuais e históricas e politicamente situadas.

The principle of non-discrimination is the foundation of the modern system of protection of human rights and freedoms and all the most important international legal treaties governing the protection of human rights proclaim this principle. As one of the fundamental values of the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia, the prohibition of discrimination is regulated by the Anti-Discrimination Act. Although the legislative framework and mechanisms for protection against discrimination are satisfactory, the reality of discrimination is significantly different. A survey conducted on a sample of 761 adult respondents shows that discrimination is strongly present in Croatian society and that it affects women more often than men. In addition to gender, the sample was stratified by age, level of education, and employment status. These three categories indicated a significant effect on respondents' awareness of the existence of the legislative framework for protection against discrimination. The chi-square test examined the correlation between the respondents' awareness with the legislative framework and mechanisms of protection against discrimination and their treatment as victims of discrimination. The results of the research show that distrust in the system and state institutions is the main reason for nonaction by victims of discrimination, which clearly shows the need for stronger commitment of all stakeholders and the creation of a comprehensive system of protection against discrimination. ; Načelo zabrane diskriminacija temelj je suvremenog sustava zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda i svi najvažniji međunarodno pravni ugovori koji uređuju pitanje zaštite ljudskih prava proklamiraju ovo načelo. Kao jedna od temeljnih vrednota ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske, zabrana diskriminacije uređena je Zakonom o suzbijanju diskriminacije. Iako su zakonodavni okvir i mehanizmi zaštite od diskriminacije zadovoljavajući, stanje diskriminacije bitno je drugačije. Istraživanje provedeno na uzorku od 761 punoljetnom ispitaniku pokazuje da je diskriminacija u hrvatskom društvu snažno prisutna te da češće pogađa osobe ženskog spola. Osim po spolu, uzorak je stratificiran i po dobi, stupnju obrazovanja te njihovom radnom statusu i upravo te tri kategorije pokazuju značajan utjecaj na upoznatost ispitanika sa postojanjem zakonodavnog okvira zaštite od diskriminacije. Hi-kvadrat testom ispitana je veza između upoznatosti ispitanika sa zakonodavnim okvirom i mehanizmima zaštite od diskriminacije te njihovim postupanjem kao žrtava diskriminacije. Iz rezultata istraživanja je vidljivo da je nepovjerenje u sustav i institucije države glavni razlog nepostupanja žrtava diskriminacije što jasno pokazuje potrebu snažnijeg zalaganja svih dionika i kreiranje cjelovitog sustava zaštite od diskriminacije. ; Der Diskriminierungsverbotgrundsatz ist die Grundlage des modernen Schutzes der Menschenrechte und Freiheiten und all die wichtigsten völkerrechtlichen Verträge die den Schutz der Menschenrechte regeln verkünden diesen Grundsatz. Als ein der Grundwerte der Verfassungsordnung der Republik Kroatien ist das Diskriminierungsverbot durch das Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Antidiskriminierung geregelt. Obwohl der gesetzliche Rahmen und Schutzmechanismen zufriedenstellend sind, sei der Zustand der Diskriminierung besorgniserregend. Eine Untersuchung von 761 Volljährigen zeigt, dass die Diskriminierung in der kroatischen Gesellschaft stark präsent ist und häufiger weibliche Bevölkerung betrifft. Außer nach Geschlecht wurde die Untersuchung nach Alter, Bildungsgrad und Arbeitsstatus durchgeführt und diese drei Kategorien zeigen geradezu einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Grad der Vertrautheit der Befragten mit der Gesetzgebung für den Schutz vor Diskriminierung. Anhand von HI-Quadrat Test wurde die Beziehung zwischen den Befragten mit dem gesetzlichen Rahmen und Schutzmechanismen vor Diskriminierung und ihrer Behandlung als Diskriminierungsopfer überprüft. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf fehlendes Vertrauen in die staatlichen Institutionen als Hauptgrund dafür, dass die Diskriminierungsopfer keine Verfahren in die Wege leiten, weshalb ein stärkerer Einsatz seitens aller Teilnehmer notwendig ist, um ein einheitliches System des Diskriminierungsschutzes zu schaffen. ; Il principio di non discriminazione sta alla base del sistema moderno di protezione dei diritti umani, delle libertà e di tutti i trattati internazionali più importanti governati dalla protezione dei diritti umani che proclamano questo principio. Come uno dei valori fondamentali dell'ordinamento costituzionale della Repubblica di Croazia, il divieto di discriminazione è regolato dalla Legge sul divieto di discriminazione. Nonostante il quadro normativo ed i meccanismi per la protezione contro la discriminazione siano soddisfacenti, la realtà è ben diversa. Il sondaggio condotto su un campione di 761 adulti intervistati dimostra che la discriminazione è fortemente presente nella società croata e che colpisce più spesso le donne rispetto ai maschi. In aggiunta al genere, il campione è stato stratificato secondo l'età, il livello di educazione e lo stato occupazionale. Queste tre categorie indicano un effetto significante sulla coscienza degli intervistati dell'esistenza del quadro normativo per la protezione conto la discriminazione. Il test del chi-quadro ha esaminato la correlazione tra la coscienza degli intervistati insieme al quadro normativo con i meccanismi per la protezione contro la discriminazione ed il trattamento di essi come vittime della discriminazione.

"Discrimination" is a concept which has been discussed by different sides of the society throughout the history and which still keeps its importance and will do in future, as well. The word "discrimination" originates from the latin word "discriminare" which means "separate" or "divide". The major thing which is emphasized in definitions concerning discrimination is the negative categorization of the individual or the groups in the society, the negative categorization of the individuals with the reasons which are not found reasonable and discourse and actions that are parallel to the reasons. The conceptual analysis means to indicate its compounds and indicators. The compounds of discrimination are "prejudice", "dogma" and "benefit". (i) Prejudice. Prejudice is described as "the negative approach", which are usually known as unbased, discriminative and intolerant, towards a group of people or singular members of the group as a consequence of missing or mistaken judgment. Therefore, prejudice makes up the fundamentals of discrimination. Individuals may tend to adopt discrimination as spiritual concept without considering the prejudice that sometimes they are not aware to obtain or they are never aware. (ii) Dogma. On the other hand, the term "dogma" is described as the thought whose credibility is absolutely accepted without all kinds of examination and criticize. The dogmas that are based on believing without any examination are one of the major compounds of discrimination. Dogma may also result is not using the logic because it cancels the functioning of human mind and so it may make human beings more prone to acceptations. (ii) Benefit. Meanwhile, the term "benefit" is considered negatively in language and so it is not seen in the first common place in interaction of us and this case is often underlined. Because consideration of benefit is invariably evaluated as a negative factor in interactive relations of people. Individuals or group members may tend to make discriminations because they consider their own benefits and moreover they are aware or not aware of it. The major indicators of discrimination is "hate speech", "applications of violence" and "favoritism". (i) Hate speech. Hate speech is the violation of right to life. That's why, we notice that "the hate speech" points to inequality and rejects the concerned individual or the group and insults some parts or groups in the society and feeds the prejudice. The speech of hate which is a major indicator of discrimination may result in the violence by leading to physically, performance of hate crimes which is mainly based on hate speech. (ii) Applications of violence. In descriptions concerning violence over an individual or the society, physical power, brutal force for bad purposes and the harm of people who are exposed to violence and any kind of morally and financially negative factors concerning the physical and spiritual well-being. One of the major reasons of the violence over an individual or a group is the discrimination. Violence which is also expression of the discrimination may result in irrevocable harm in individuals in terms of emotional and social points as well as being considered a "crime" in law. (iii) Favoritism. The term "favoritism" which also refers to "lookout" backing up refers to supporting someone without considering the law and social rules to give priority unjustly in a subject. Favoritism is also classified in four major groups known as "nepotism", "kronizm", "partisanship" and "gender discrimination". For this reason, favoritism threats the individuals, organizations and the society by means of corruption. Therefore, favoritism with is negative effects and so it seems inevitable that favoritism should be prevented by means of legal measures due to its negative effects over individuals, organizations and the society. Despite the negative effects of favoritism over the individual(s), organization(s) and the society, it has almost become an everyday factor and this assumption has gradually enlarged in the society. One of the major indicators of discrimination is favoritism that the individual(s), right(s) are grasped and it is considered one of the most critical reasons for the social corruption. In this respect, favoritism should be regarded as a major concrete evidence discrimination, as well. In other words, favoritism is that discrimination for individual(s) turns out to be a physically visible factor as back-up or support.