Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution: Land and Air
In: Pollution Monitoring Series
1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition and Use of the Term Heavy Metal -- 1.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 1.3 Biological Indicators and Monitors -- 1.4 Philosophy of Monitoring -- 1.5 Why Biological? -- 1.6 Criteria for Selecting Good Biological Materials/Species -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- 2 Biological Indicators of Natural Ore-bodies: Geobotanical and Blogeochemical Prospecting for Heavy Metal Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geobotanical Prospecting -- 2.3 Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.4 Use of Herbaria in Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Use of Vegetation for Monitoring Airborne Heavy Metal Deposition -- 3A Background and Practical Considerations -- 3A.1 Introduction -- 3A.2 Particulate Transfer to Vegetation -- 3A.3 Vegetation as a Monitoring Agent -- 3A.4 Aerial Versus Soil Origins of Metals in Plant Samples -- 3A.5 Exposure Periods -- 3A.6 Use of Leaves -- 3A.7 Surface Characteristics of Vegetation, Especially Leaves -- 3B Examples of the Use of Vegetation Monitoring Surveys for Aerial Deposition of Metals -- 3B.1 Roadside Locations -- 3B.2 Smelters and Other Point Sources -- 3B.3 General Industrial or Urban Areas with Diffuse or Unidentified Sources -- 3B.4 Use of Tree Bark -- 3B.5 Use of Epiphytic Vascular Plants, Mosses, Lichens, Micro-organisms and Fungi -- 3B.6 Specific Use of Vegetation for Assessing Potential Hazards to Human and Domestic Animal Health . -- 4 Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metal Distribution in Soils -- 4.3 Characteristics of Metal Uptake by Roots -- 4.4 Metal Tolerance and its Relevance to the Use of Higher Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination . -- 4.5 Interpretation of Monitoring Results, Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5 The use of Terrestrial Animals as Monitors and Indicators of Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Invertebrates as Monitors and Indicators -- 5.3 Other Animals as Monitors -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6 The Use of Imported Biological Materials as Monitoring Agents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preparation, Exposure and Analysis of Moss-bags. -- 6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Moss-bags -- 6.4 Examples of the Use of Sphagnum Moss-bags in the Field -- 6.5 Wind Tunnel Studies of Moss-bag Characteristics . -- 6.6 Empirical Calibration of Moss-bags Against Air-filter Samplers, Deposit Gauges, Plant and Soil Surfaces. -- 6.7 Relationships with Other Collection Materials -- 6.8 Conclusions -- 7 Retrospective and Historical Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tree-ring Analysis -- 7.3 Use of Tree Ring-widths as a Measure of Pollution -- 7.4 Use of Peat Samples -- 7.5 Use of Herbarium Specimens of Bryophytes and Lichens -- 7.6 Use of Preserved Higher Plant Specimens. -- 7.7 Use of Animal Specimens -- 7.8 Conclusions -- 8 Biological Monitoring in Perspective -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Related Studies -- 8.3 Selection of Material and Aims of Study -- 8.4 Sampling Standards and Cross-calibration -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Species and Subject Index.
