Suchergebnisse

Using the context of Chile's foreign policy and the framework of Foreign Policy Analysis studies, this article analyzes the participation and the role of three important business-sector entities in Chile -the Confederation of Production and Commerce (CPC), the Federation of Chilean Industry (Sofofa), and the Metallurgical and Metalmechanic Industries Association (Asimet). We examine the role of the three actors in Chilean government initiatives under Eduardo Frei Montalva that aimed at stimulating and consolidating Chile's integration process with the rest of Latin America between 1964 and 1970.We argue that the business-sector actors chosen here supported integration schemes, as well as government measures in the integration process, in a more intense manner than previous years, allowing for the strengthening of Chile's position to spearhead changes in regional integration. To support our argument, we compiled an exhaustive amount of primary sources from the period and used variables in Foreign Policy Analysis studies to evaluate the significance of the workings of domestic non-governmental actors in shaping the country's foreign policy. ; El artículo analiza, en el marco de los trabajos de política exterior de Chile y los estudios de Análisis de Política Exterior, la participación y el papel que cumplieron tres importantes entidades empresariales chilenas -la Confederación de la Producción y del Comercio (CPC), la Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (Sofofa) y la Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos (Asimet)-, en las iniciativas del gobierno chileno de Eduardo Frei Montalva para dinamizar y profundizar el proceso de integración Latinoamérica entre los años 1964 y 1970. Afirmamos que los actores empresariales escogidos apoyaron los esquemas de integración, así como las medidas del gobierno en ese proceso, de manera más intensa que en años anteriores, lo que permitió fortalecer la posición chilena para liderar cambios en la integración regional. Para tal efecto se realizó una exhaustiva recopilación de fuentes primarias de la época y se utilizaron las variables de los estudios de Análisis de Política Exterior, para examinar la importancia de trabajar a los actores no gubernamentales internos en relación a la política exterior de un país. ; O artigo analisa, no quadro dos trabalhos da política externa do Chile e os estudos de Análise da Política de Exterior, a participação e o papel que levará a cabo três importantes entidades empresariais chilenas - a Confederação da Produção e do Comércio (CPC), a Sociedade para o Desenvolvimento Industrial (Sofofa) e a Associação das Indústrias Metalúrgicas (Asimet)-, nas iniciativas do governo chileno de Eduardo Frei Montalva para impulsar e aprofundar o processo de integração da América Latina entre os anos 1964 e 1970. Afirmamos que os personagens empresariais escolhidos apoiaram os esquemas de integração, assim como as medidas do governo nesse processo, de forma mais intensa que nos anos anteriores, o que permitiu fortalecer a posição chilena para liderar mudanças na integração regional. Para tal efeito se realizou uma exaustiva sínteses das fontes primárias da época e se utilizaram as variáveis dos estudos de Análise da Política Exterior, para examinar a importância de trabalhar aos personagens não governamentais internos em relação à política externa de um país.

The United States is locked in a war with insurgents, and struggles to stamp them out. The insurgents sustain their effort in no small part because they receive arms and supplies from supposedly neutral powers abroad, and can seek shelter in - and attack from - neutral territory. The United States threatens action against the neutral power, or against the insurgents on their territory, if the situation is not redressed, risking the escalation of the war. This scenario, in modified form, could be applied to any of half a dozen American wars, from Iraq or Afghanistan, to Vietnam or the Seminole wars. My own anecdotal experience in Iraq and Afghanistan was deeply shaped by the availability, to our opponents, of adjacent, theoretically neutral territory in which to shelter or receive support. Rather than rehashing the seemingly endless literature on the conduct of counterinsurgency warfare, which has exploded in volume in the past decade, I will look to another example, the American Civil War, as a case study of how a supposedly "domestic insurrection," as Union diplomats often referred to the Confederate States used adjacent neutral territory, and how international forces shaped that conflict. In the interest of focus, I will limit the analysis to British neutral territory, although I think there is merit in further study to include Mexico, Cuba, and the contested regions of the American West. By broadening our scope of examination to include neutral territory it becomes clear that the Confederacy (or "the rebellion") was more than just the Confederate States of America: it was a transnational rebellion against the United States, fueled by arms from abroad, that exploited British neutrality out of military weakness and opportunism in the interest of its war effort.

Capital flows represent opportunities to finance the growth and development of countries, but they also entail risks, including macroeconomic and financial. Policy responses to mitigate its effects play an important role especially in emerging markets. This paper evaluates the fiscal policy stance in front to shocks on capital flows recorded during the last two decades in six emerging economies of Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.Based on the characterization of the different episodes of sudden inflows and outflows of capital and on the results of a panel data model with instrumental variables, we found that governments did not responded with exceptional fiscal measures. By contrast, the procyclicality in the fiscal stance seems to be associated to the effect of capital flows on economic activity. ; Los flujos de capital representan oportunidades para financiar el crecimiento y el desarrollo de los países, pero también conllevan riesgos, especialmente de tipo macroeconómico y financiero. Las respuestas de política para mitigar sus efectos, juegan un papel importante especialmente en los mercados emergentes. En este trabajo se evalúa la postura de la política fiscal frente a los choques de los flujos de capital registrados durante las dos últimas décadas en seis economías emergentes de América Latina: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Con base en la caracterización de los diferentes episodios de entradas y salidas súbitas de capital y en la estimación de un modelo de datos de panel con variables instrumentales, se encuentra quelos gobiernos no respondieron con medidas fiscales excepcionales. Por el contrario, su postura fiscal de naturaleza procíclica parece estar asociada al efecto que los flujos de capital produjeron sobre la actividad económica.

Objetivo: identificar o estado atual da regulação, educação e prática do enfermeiro de prática avançada na América Latina e no Caribe e a percepção de líderes de enfermagem na região quanto ao papel da enfermagem de prática avançada na atenção primaria à saúde em apoio às iniciativas de Acesso Universal à Saúde e Cobertura Universal de Saúde. Método: o estudo descritivo transversal utilizou um survey online com 173 líderes de enfermagem questionando suas percepções sobre o estado atual da prática de enfermagem e o potencial desenvolvimento da enfermagem de prática avançada em seus países, incluindo a definição do termo, o ambiente de trabalho, a regulação, educação, prática, cultura de enfermagem e receptividade percebida de um papel mais amplo deste profissional na atenção primaria à saúde. Resultado: os participantes referiram estar familiarizados com o papel do enfermeiro de prática avançada, mas a maioria não sabia ou não relatou a legislação vigente para o papel da prática avançada em seus países. Os participantes relataram a necessidade de aumentar a preparação do corpo docente e promover reformas curriculares com enfase na atenção primária à saúde para formar enfermeiros de prática avançada. A grande maioria dos participantes acredita que as populações de seus países se beneficiará com o papel do enfermeiro de prática avançada na atenção primária à saúde. Conclusão: forte apoio em termos de legislação e uma estrutura educacional sólida de formação contínua são fundamentais para o êxito do desenvolvimento de programas de enfermagem de prática avançada em apoio às iniciativas de Acesso Universal à Saúde e Cobertura Universal de Saúde. ; Objetivo: identificar el estado actual de la regulación, educación y práctica de la enfermera de práctica avanzada en Latinoamérica y el Caribe y la percepción de los líderes de enfermería en la región hacia un rol de práctica avanzada de enfermería dentro de la atención primaria de salud para apoyar las iniciativas de Acceso Universal a la Salud y la Cobertura Universal de Salud. Método: un diseño transversal descriptivo que utilizó una encuesta basada en la web a 173 líderes de enfermería acerca de sus percepciones sobre el estado de la enfermería y el desarrollo potencial de la práctica avanzada de enfermería en sus países, incluyendo definición, ambiente laboral, regulación, educación, práctica de enfermería, cultura de enfermería y la receptividad percibida a un papel más amplio en atención primaria de salud. Resultado: los participantes estaban ampliamente familiarizados con el rol de la enfermera de práctica avanzada, pero la mayoría desconocía la legislación o reportaba no existencia actual de legislación para el rol de práctica avanzada en sus países. Los participantes reportaron la necesidad de aumentar la preparación docente y reformas curriculares para apoyar programas de atención primaria de salud para capacitar las enfermeras de práctica avanzada. La gran mayoría de los participantes creían que las poblaciones de sus países se podrían beneficiar de un rol de práctica avanzada de enfermería en atención primaria de salud. Conclusión: un fuerte apoyo legislativo y un marco educacional sólido que continúen informándose entre sí, son críticos para el desarrollo exitoso de programas de práctica avanzada y de nurse practitioners para apoyar las iniciativas de Acceso Universal a la Salud y Cobertura Universal de Salud. ; Objective: to identify the current state of advanced practice nursing regulation, education and practice in Latin America and the Caribbean and the perception of nursing leaders in the region toward an advanced practice nursing role in primary health care to support Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage initiatives. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional design utilizing a web-based survey of 173 nursing leaders about their perceptions of the state of nursing practice and potential development of advanced practice nursing in their countries, including definition, work environment, regulation, education, nursing practice, nursing culture, and perceived receptiveness to an expanded role in primary health care. Result: the participants were largely familiar with the advanced practice nursing role, but most were unaware of or reported no current existing legislation for the advanced practice nursing role in their countries. Participants reported the need for increased faculty preparation and promotion of curricula reforms to emphasize primary health care programs to train advanced practice nurses. The vast majority of participants believed their countries' populations could benefit from an advanced practice nursing role in primary health care. Conclusion: strong legislative support and a solid educational framework are critical to the successful development of advanced practice nursing programs and practitioners to support Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage initiatives.

[ES] pesar de que en América del Norte, el uso de la "pedagogía social" sea un fenómeno relativamente nuevo, las prácticas pedagógicas sociales existen desde hace mucho. El reciente interés despertado por el campo de la pedagogía social podría explicarse en parte por la publicación de un volumen sin precedentes de libros y artículos en inglés, la creación de una nueva revista internacional, el desarrollo simultáneo de programas de postgrado en pedagogía social en Reino Unido y EE.UU, y la creación de una asociación de pedagogía social que aúna académicos y profesionales. En América del Norte, la pedagogía social está influenciada por la historia del campo, por la teoría y la práctica actual de la pedagogía social en otras partes del mundo y por varias tradiciones que relacionan la educación con el cambio social. En este artículo se analizan diez de ellas: educación indígena, educación activa, aprendizaje en movimientos sociales, desarrollo comunitario, pedagogía pública, educación popular, investigación acción participativa (IAP), economía social, democracia participativa y teoría crítica. [EN] : In North America, the use of the term 'social pedagogy' is a relatively new phenomenon, but social pedagogical practices have been used for a long time. The recent interest in the field of social pedagogy can be explained in part by the publication of an unprecedented volume of books and articles in English language, the creation of a new international journal, the simultaneous development of graduate programs in social pedagogy in the UK and the USA, and the establishment of a social pedagogy association that brings together academics and practitioners. In North America, social pedagogy thinking is influenced by the history of the field, by current social pedagogy theory and practice in other parts of the world, and by several traditions that connect education with social change. The paper discusses ten of them: indigenous education, progressive education, social movement learning, community development, public pedagogy, popular education, participatory action research, social economy, participatory democracy, and critical theory.

The present research focussed on how the adoption of common frameworks for curriculum redesign impacts the processes of higher education differentiation and the preservation of cultural diversity. Such debate was based on the experiences of implementation of the international cooperation programmes Tuning Higher Education Structures in Europe (Tuning EU) and Tuning Latin America (Tuning LA). The programmes were analysed drawing on the perspectives of their creators and directors. Tuning was originally conceived in the European Union, in the year 2000. Its project is linked to the cultural and economic integration aims promoted by the Bologna Process and the Lisbon Strategy, concerning the higher education sector. Over time, Tuning has developed into an approach to evaluate quality, enhance learning mobility, and redesign curriculum, based on the common implementation of a competence-based education framework in 1st, 2nd and 3rd levels degree programmes. Tuning Latin America was the first attempt at internationalisation developed by Tuning in the replication of its model, in 2004. The programme has now spread to other thirteen regions and countries around the world. Given its international dimension, Tuning claims to value and protect cultural diversity among participant institutions. Considering that cultural diversity and institutional differentiation are deeply intertwined, the main research question posed by the present study was: do data reveal elements indicating that the programmatic and procedural redesign proposed by Tuning affect institutional differentiation? The possible results foreseen were: positive impact, if Tuning would contribute to the increase of institutional differentiation; negative impact, if Tuning would contribute to the decrease of institutional differentiation; or neutral impact, if there were not identified any elements pointing to a significant relation between the implementation of Tuning and the development of institutional differentiation. These possible results were verified utilising a qualitative approach. The methodology adopted was situational analysis and the method was integrative mapping. The primary data consisted of eighteen interviews with the creators and directors of Tuning EU and Tuning LA and one external specialist invited by Tuning to evaluate Tuning LA progress. The secondary data consisted of seven of Tuning's main publications regarding Tuning EU and Tuning LA experiences. In addition to those sources, the researcher observed Tuning's office in the European Union for two months, between May and June, 2014, and attended the Brazilian Tuning conference, in August 2014. The data were analysed with the support of two main concepts: academic capitalism, when discussing the economic elements involved; and coloniality, when referring to the specificities of the relation between the European Union and Latin America. The results indicate that Tuning offered benefits to Latin America when it served as a tool to promote communication among countries in the region. Nevertheless, according to data, Tuning has presented an overall negative effect, as it contributed to the decrease of institutional differentiation. Tuning was shown to add to the convergence of programmatic and procedural institutional aspects, which could endanger cultural diversity. The conclusions point to the need for developing alternatives for enhancing learning mobility without contributing to the structural standardisation of higher education.

En los últimos diez años, la inversión extranjera en agricultura se ha incrementado notablemente en Latinoamérica. Inversores extranjeros tanto privados como estatales están interesados en la producción agrícola, ya sea por el beneficio esperado o para asegurarse el abastecimiento de alimentos. Este aumento de la inversión puede ser positivo para los países de la región. No obstante, para realizar esta determinación, es necesario comprender, entre otros, los efectos legales de estos flujos de inversión. Este trabajo sostiene que los derechos de propiedad que adquieren los inversores extranjeros sobre la tierra y los emprendimientos agrícolas pueden ser diferentes de los derechos de los inversores nacionales Esto se debe a los tratados para la protección de inversión extranjera. El fortalecimiento de losderechos de los inversores extranjeros afecta la relación de estos inversorescon los Estados receptores. Este artículo analiza los efectos de losderechos de los inversores extranjeros en relación con cinco categorías deiniciativas estatales. Concretamente, 1) el derecho a exportar la produccióno al precio de exportación frente a medidas comerciales y tributarias; 2) elderecho a continuar el proyecto frente a cambios dentro del paradigma regulatorio;3) el derecho a continuar el proyecto frente a cambios de políticao nuevas preferencias sociales; 4) el derecho a recibir una compensaciónmayor frente a reformas agrarias o programas de reparación histórica;5) el derecho a mantener su plan de negocios frente a una crisis alimentaria. ; In the last ten years foreign investment in agriculture has increased notably in Latin America. Foreign investors, as much private as state, are interested in agricultural production, either for an expected benefit, or to assure the food supply. This increase in investment can be positive for the countries of the region. Nevertheless, in order to carry out this determination it is necessary to understand, among other things, the legal effects of these investment flows. This work maintains that the property rights acquired by foreign investors over the land and their agricultural undertakings may be different from the rights of national investors. This is because of foreign investment protection treaties. The strengthening of the rights of foreign investors affects the relationship between these investors and the receiving state. This article analyzes the effects of the rights of foreign investors in relation to five categories of state initiatives. Specifically, they are 1) the right to export production or the cost of exportation in the face of commercial and taxation measures; the right to continue a project in the face of changes within the regulatory paradigm; 3) the right to continue a project in the face of political change or new social preferences; 4) the right to receive better compensation in the face of agricultural reforms or programmes of historical reparation; 5) the right to maintain the business plan in the face of a food crisis. ; Nos últimos dez anos, o investimento estrangeiro em agricultura tem incrementado notavelmente na América Latina. Inversores estrangeiros tanto privados quanto estatais estão interessados na produção agrícola, seja pelo benefício esperado seja para se assegurar o abastecimento de alimentos. Este aumento do investimento pode ser positivo para os paí- ses da região. No entanto, para realizar esta determinação é necessário compreender, entre outros, os efeitos legais destes fluxos de inversão. Este trabalho sustenta que os direitos de propriedade que adquirem os inversores estrangeiros sobre a terra e os empreendimentos agrícolas podem ser diferentes dos direitos dos inversores nacionais. Isto deve-se aos Tratados para a Proteção de Investimento Estrangeiro. O fortalecimento dos direitos dos inversores estrangeiros afeta a relação destes inversores com os Estados receptores. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos dos direitos dos inversores estrangeiros em relação com cinco categorias de iniciativas estatais. Concretamente, 1) o direito a exportar a produção ou ao preço de exportação frente a medidas comerciais e tributárias; 2) o direito a continuar o projeto frente a mudanças dentro do paradigma regulatório; 3) o direito a continuar o projeto frente a mudanças de política ou novas preferências sociais; 4) o direito a receber uma compensação maior frente a reformas agrárias ou programas de reparação histórica; 5) o direito a manter seu plano de negócios frente a uma crise alimentaria. ; Ces dix dernières années l'investissement étranger dans l'agriculture s'est fortement accru en Amérique latine. Des investisseurs étrangers tant privés que publics s'intéressent à la production agricole, pour le bénéfice espéré ou pour s'assurer l'approvisionnement d'aliments. Cette augmentation de l'investissement peut s'avérer positive pour les pays de la région. Toutefois, pour atteindre ce résultat, il convient de comprendre, entre autres, les effets légaux de ces flux d'investissement. Dans cet article on montre que les droits de propriété qu'acquièrent les investisseurs étrangers sur la terre et les entreprises agricoles peuvent être différents de ceux des investisseurs nationaux. Le renforcement des droits des investisseurs étrangers affecte la relation de ces derniers avec les États récepteurs. On analyse ici les effets des droits des investisseurs étrangers par rapport à cinq catégories d'initiatives publiques : 1) le droit à exporter la production ou au prix d'exportation face à des mesures commerciales et fiscales ; 2) le droit à poursuivre le projet en cas de changement dans le paradigme régulateur ; 3) le droit à poursuivre le projet en cas de changement de politique ou de nouvelles préférences sociales ; 4) le droit à recevoir une compensation plus grande en cas de réforme agraire ou programme de réparation historique ; 5) le droit à maintenir le plan d'affaires en cas de crise alimentaire.

In the last ten years foreign investment in agriculture has increased notably in Latin America. Foreign investors, as much private as state, are interested in agricultural production, either for an expected benefit, or to assure the food supply. This increase in investment can be positive for the countries of the region. Nevertheless, in order to carry out this determination it is necessary to understand, among other things, the legal effects of these investment flows. This work maintains that the property rights acquired by foreign investors over the land and their agricultural undertakings may be different from the rights of national investors. This is because of foreign investment protection treaties. The strengthening of the rights of foreign investors affects the relationship between these investors and the receiving state. This article analyzes the effects of the rights of foreign investors in relation to five categories of state initiatives. Specifically, they are 1) the right to export production or the cost of exportation in the face of commercial and taxation measures; the right to continue a project in the face of changes within the regulatory paradigm; 3) the right to continue a project in the face of political change or new social preferences; 4) the right to receive better compensation in the face of agricultural reforms or programmes of historical reparation; 5) the right to maintain the business plan in the face of a food crisis. ; En los últimos diez años, la inversión extranjera en agricultura se ha incrementado notablemente en Latinoamérica. Inversores extranjeros tanto privados como estatales están interesados en la producción agrícola, ya sea por el beneficio esperado o para asegurarse el abastecimiento de alimentos. Este aumento de la inversión puede ser positivo para los países de la región. No obstante, para realizar esta determinación, es necesario comprender, entre otros, los efectos legales de estos flujos de inversión. Este trabajo sostiene que los derechos de propiedad que adquieren los inversores extranjeros sobre la tierra y los emprendimientos agrícolas pueden ser diferentes de los derechos de los inversores nacionales Esto se debe a los tratados para la protección de inversión extranjera. El fortalecimiento de losderechos de los inversores extranjeros afecta la relación de estos inversorescon los Estados receptores. Este artículo analiza los efectos de losderechos de los inversores extranjeros en relación con cinco categorías deiniciativas estatales. Concretamente, 1) el derecho a exportar la produccióno al precio de exportación frente a medidas comerciales y tributarias; 2) elderecho a continuar el proyecto frente a cambios dentro del paradigma regulatorio;3) el derecho a continuar el proyecto frente a cambios de políticao nuevas preferencias sociales; 4) el derecho a recibir una compensaciónmayor frente a reformas agrarias o programas de reparación histórica;5) el derecho a mantener su plan de negocios frente a una crisis alimentaria. ; Ces dix dernières années l'investissement étranger dans l'agriculture s'est fortement accru en Amérique latine. Des investisseurs étrangers tant privés que publics s'intéressent à la production agricole, pour le bénéfice espéré ou pour s'assurer l'approvisionnement d'aliments. Cette augmentation de l'investissement peut s'avérer positive pour les pays de la région. Toutefois, pour atteindre ce résultat, il convient de comprendre, entre autres, les effets légaux de ces flux d'investissement. Dans cet article on montre que les droits de propriété qu'acquièrent les investisseurs étrangers sur la terre et les entreprises agricoles peuvent être différents de ceux des investisseurs nationaux. Le renforcement des droits des investisseurs étrangers affecte la relation de ces derniers avec les États récepteurs. On analyse ici les effets des droits des investisseurs étrangers par rapport à cinq catégories d'initiatives publiques : 1) le droit à exporter la production ou au prix d'exportation face à des mesures commerciales et fiscales ; 2) le droit à poursuivre le projet en cas de changement dans le paradigme régulateur ; 3) le droit à poursuivre le projet en cas de changement de politique ou de nouvelles préférences sociales ; 4) le droit à recevoir une compensation plus grande en cas de réforme agraire ou programme de réparation historique ; 5) le droit à maintenir le plan d'affaires en cas de crise alimentaire. ; Nos últimos dez anos, o investimento estrangeiro em agricultura tem incrementado notavelmente na América Latina. Inversores estrangeiros tanto privados quanto estatais estão interessados na produção agrícola, seja pelo benefício esperado seja para se assegurar o abastecimento de alimentos. Este aumento do investimento pode ser positivo para os paí- ses da região. No entanto, para realizar esta determinação é necessário compreender, entre outros, os efeitos legais destes fluxos de inversão. Este trabalho sustenta que os direitos de propriedade que adquirem os inversores estrangeiros sobre a terra e os empreendimentos agrícolas podem ser diferentes dos direitos dos inversores nacionais. Isto deve-se aos Tratados para a Proteção de Investimento Estrangeiro. O fortalecimento dos direitos dos inversores estrangeiros afeta a relação destes inversores com os Estados receptores. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos dos direitos dos inversores estrangeiros em relação com cinco categorias de iniciativas estatais. Concretamente, 1) o direito a exportar a produção ou ao preço de exportação frente a medidas comerciais e tributárias; 2) o direito a continuar o projeto frente a mudanças dentro do paradigma regulatório; 3) o direito a continuar o projeto frente a mudanças de política ou novas preferências sociais; 4) o direito a receber uma compensação maior frente a reformas agrárias ou programas de reparação histórica; 5) o direito a manter seu plano de negócios frente a uma crise alimentaria.

RESUMEN: Las características predominantes de la descentralizaciónen América Latina condicionan el ejercicio y alcance del poder político regional y local, y por consiguiente las prácticas de gobernanza en las unidades subnacionales. Este artículo analiza cómo las dimensiones política, administrativa y fiscal de la descentralización determinan rasgos específicos de la gobernanza en los municipios. En términos generales, a mayor grado de descentralización, mayores pueden ser los alcances de la gobernanza en las unidades subnacionales descentralizadas. Adicionalmente, examina las implicaciones que tienen para la gobernanza las dos orientaciones predominantes de la descentralización en América Latina: una, con énfasis en aspectos económicos; y otra, con tendencias sociales y democratizadoras. ; ABSTRACT: The predominant characteristics of decentralization in Latin America condition the exercise and scope of regional and local political power, and therefore the governance practices in subnational units. This article discusses how political, administrative and fiscal aspects of decentralization determine specific features of governance in municipalities and cities. Generally speaking, the greater the degree of decentralization, greater may be the scope of governance in decentralized subnational units. Additionally, examines the implications that the two dominant orientations of decentralization in Latin America: one, with emphasis on economics; and other, with social and democratizing trends, have for governance.

This text is the result of a piece of research, which gives an account of how meetings and dialogues between educational traditions, on the one hand, recount, changes, conflicts, and challenges to face in responding to educational demands that populations, organizations, and social movements present; and, on the other hand, they reveal existing tensions in political and institutional settings, the demands of the labor market of social educators against the academic and formative developments related to its professionalization. The dialogues and exchanges, then, have not but are not alien to these contexts, and it is in them, which the theoretical, methodological, and practical references are configured of current proposals for the training of social educators and for projects of critical social pedagogy in Latin America. ; El presente texto resultado de investigación da cuenta de cómo los encuentros y diálogos entre tradiciones socioeducativas, por un lado dan cuenta de las transiciones, cambios, conflictos y de los desafíos a enfrentar al responder a las demandas educativas que las poblaciones, organizaciones y movimientos sociales presentan; y, por el otro, ponen de manifiesto las tensiones existentes en los escenarios políticos e institucionales, en las exigencias del mercado laboral de los pedagogos sociales frente a los desarrollos académicos y formativos vinculados a su profesionalización. Los diálogos e intercambios, entonces, no han sino, ni son ajenos a estos contextos, y es en ellos que se vienen configurando los referentes teóricos, metodológicos y práxicos de las actuales propuestas de formación de educadores sociales y de proyectos de pedagogía social crítica en América Latina.

ABSTRAKPermasalahan dalam penulisan ini adalah "Bagaimanakah peranan Amerika Serikat dalam pembebasan Irian Barat Tahun 1963?". Pembatasan masalah dalam bidang politik bahwa kuat dugaan campur tanggan Amerika Serikat membantu Republik Indonesia merebut Irian Barat dari kekuasaan Kolonial Belanda yang bertujuan untuk mengalihkan Republik Indonesia dari pengaruh komunis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan Amerika Serikat dalam merebut Irian Barat tahun 1963. Metode penelitian dapat diartikan sebagai cara ilmiah. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara "workable''artinya dapat dikerjakan dalam waktu yang tersedia, topik tidak terlalu luas, maupun terlalu sempit. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis kualitatif dengan langkah heuristik, verifikasi, interperensi dan histografi. Dari hasil analisis data penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dominasi Asing yang masih mengerogoti masyarakat Irian Barat, terutama dalam hal ekonomi, masyarakat Papua kaya akan suberdaya alam tetapi hidupnya masih dibawah garis kemiskinan sebagai salah satu contoh Papua adalah provinsi penghasil emas terbesar nomor dua di dunia, tetapi perusahaan emas di Papua di kuasai oleh Amerika Serikat hingga sekarang. Setelah melalui proses yang sangat perjuangan untuk merebut Irian Barat dari tangan Belanda ketangan Indonesia akhirnya membuahkan hasil, tetapi hal itu tidak terlepas dari peran Amerika Serikat melalui salah satu diplomat Amerika Serikat Ellsworth Bunker yang mendesak agar pihak Belanda menyerahkan kedaulatan Irian Barat kepada Republik Indonesia ahirnya pada tanggal 1 Mei 1963 Irian Barat resmi masuk kewilayah negara Indonesia. Kata kunci: Amerika Serikat, pembebasan Irian Barat.

El artículo se propone reflexionar sobre el papel jugado por la Fundación Ford, un gigante de la filantropía estadounidense, en el subcontinente americano. El marco temporal se despliega a lo largo de cuatro décadas: desde el primer contacto establecido por Henry Ford en Brasil (1927), antes del propio nacimiento de la Fundación, hasta la apertura de las primeras sedes oficiales en América Latina ya a principios de los años sesenta. El análisis de la documentación de archivo permite destacar dos núcleos temáticos que merecen especial atención. Por un lado, el tipo de interés «modernizador» de la Fundación hacia el espacio latinoamericano, que no consistió en una simple transferencia del know how estadounidense orientada al «desarrollo», sino que llevó aparejado un objetivo más global de exportación del American Way of Life, en sentido cultural, social y político. Por otro, se pone el acento en el contexto general de la Guerra Fría, y en tal sentido las múltiples intersecciones que presentó ese interés modernizador con cuestiones estrictamente políticas, también de acuerdo a los distintos significados. ; The aim of the article is to reflect upon the role played by the Ford Foundation, a giant of American philanthropy in Latin America. The time frame spreads itself over four decades: since the first contact established by Henry Ford in Brazil in 1927, before the very birth of the Foundation, until the opening of the first official branch in Latin America at the beginning of the 60s. The analysis of the archive sources allows us to focus on two main issues, which are worth special attention. On the one hand, the type of «modernizing» interest of the Foundation with respect to the American subcontinent, which did not consist of one simple transfer of American know-how orientated towards «development», but which had a more global objective of the exportation of the American way of life in a cultural, social and political sense. On the other hand, it highlights the broad context of the Cold War, in the sense of the multiple intersections that were showed by this modernizing interest with strictly political dynamics.

The article reflects on the principles of economic efficacy and performance as relevant factors thaterode ethical, moral and esthetical values of market society that, however, looks with nostalgia the lossof humanistic values. When located in the area of governmental practice, these tensions find strikingexpressions in the political conducts of the called populist governments of Latin America, which proposea revolutionary and progressive discourse whose limits, are found in their very noncritical posturestowards efficienciest dynamics, industrial progress and the promotion of massive consumption. Suchpositions question the social inequalities, reject western imperialistic policies, promoting social organizationperspectives associated with the "good living" (buen vivir), and simultaneously, show adherenceto authoritarian and paternalistic traditions, praising a popular culture that reproduces values of conservativenature and new civilizing models. ; La cultura popular latinoamericana, especialmente bajo los regímenes populistas, es considerada habitualmente como contrapuesta a las tradiciones occidentales del capitalismo e individualismo y por lo tanto como valiosa a largo plazo. Pero examinando cuidadosamente esta cuestión según los lineamientos de la Escuela de Frankfurt, se percibe que esa cultura popular es en el fondo comercial y superficial y que, al mismo tiempo, favorece la tradición del autoritarismo y no representa ningún avance en cuestiones éticas y estéticas.

Captain America : Civil War (2016) is a superhero movie adapted from Marvel comics which tells about the condition after the fight bertween the Avengers and Ultron on Sokovia that leads to a great number of casualties and damage. This resulted in separation of the Avengers into two groups, one agreeing to superheroes' registration in the government and the other refusing to cooperate. With the theme of superhero, the movie is filled with the issue of superheroes whose duty is to defend the truth and protect the world. Nevertheless, the conflict does not only evolve around political and ideological contradiction, but also personal reasons that make the superheroes seem to be more human like. It is interesting to observe how a figure of superhero who is attached to unhumanistic traits changes into a new figure of superhero with human-like traits. The purpose of this study is to analyze what are the unhumanistic traits attached to superheroes that is maintained and how the human-like traits are represented by signs. The thrichotomies of signs by Peirce consisted of three steps including sign, object, and interpretant is used to analyze the verbal and non-verbal signs. The result of the study is expected to explain how the thrichotomies of sign shows the change of meaning of superheroes into more human-like superheroes.Keywords : superheroes, humanistic, Peirce semiotic theory, trichotomy, semiosis

Case Study Report, Project "Barriers and Conditions for the Involvement of Private Capital and Enterprise in Water Supply and Sanitation in Latin America and Africa: Seeking Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability (PRINWASS)" (www.prinwass.org). Published as: WATERLAT-GOBACIT Working Papers, Vol. 3, No 2, 2016. http://waterlat.org/publications/working-papers-series/