Suchergebnisse

The aim of the research is to improve the management of innovative potential in the field of Housing and Communal Services (HCS) under conditions of establishment of decentralization of the regions and the formation of measures to provide reforms in this area. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific papers and designs of local and foreign authors; the State program of reforming HCS. To achieve the set purpose, we applied general scientific, as well as comparative and analytical methods. The need to manage the innovative potential under conditions of growing competition among national manufacturers in their pursuit of integration into the world economic space was researched. The performed analysis found technical–technological and financial state of HCS in the regions unsatisfactory. Formation of measures to implement the State program of reforming and development of HCS was substantiated. It was demonstrated that the way to engage foreign investments stumbled into certain obstacles, related to the excessive centralization of financial resources and their insufficiency for economic freedom of the regions. Special attention is paid to the fact that innovation activity in Ukraine has low level of development that can be explained by insufficiency of financing of scientific activities (applied research, designs), as well as the lack of incentives for its implementation. Unfavorable macroeconomic situation and the activities of the government bodies to withdraw working capital, increasing taxation burden lead to decrease in innovation activity of enterprises. It was demonstrated that the priority fields of the economy of the state, which need stimulation of investment and innovation, also include HCS, which remains one of the most technically backward industries of the national economy. It was proven that the current state of technological infrastructure did not meet the requirements of a market-driven economy. The qualitative analysis of technological backwardness of HCS in Ukraine by ...

The article seeks to understand the processes of territorial expansion caused by the seigneurialisation in the Crown of Castile in times of the Trastamara, particularly in the western part of the southern basin of the Duero. In the thirteenth century there existed extensive councils of town-and-land with numerous villages forming compact areas within the full royal domain or 'realengo', as in the case of the cities of Avila, Salamanca and Ciudad Rodrigo. That was also the situation of towns and lands as Ledesma, Alba de Tormes, Salvatierra, Béjar, Miranda, Montemayor, Valdecorneja −with Barco and Piedrahíta− and Arevalo. This facilitated that new lineages of the high nobility, as the Estúñiga, Alvarez de Toledo and Cueva, could easily impose their dominion over those territorialised areas between the second half of the fourteenth century and the late fifteenth century. This seigneuralisation is also discussed in relation to the new model of lordship, in which the struggles among noble factions and the process of royal centralisation played a key role. The result was the formation of large geographical and political zones, at the subregional level, with a big impact generated by the high nobility. The major lineages could intervene not only in their own lordships, on different issues and with different degrees, but also interfere in the neighboring royal cities, as Salamanca. ; El artículo pretende conocer los procesos de territorialización que la expansión señorial provocó en la época Trastámara, en concreto en los concejos de la parte occidental de la cuenca meridional del Duero. En el siglo XIII, al igual que ocurría con las ciudades de Ávila, Salamanca o Ciudad Rodrigo, existían extensos concejos de villa y tierra, con numerosas aldeas y que formaban áreas compactas dentro de un completo realengo. Era el caso de Ledesma, Alba de Tormes, Salvatierra, Béjar, Miranda, Montemayor, Valdecorneja –con Barco de Ávila y Piedrahíta–, o Arévalo. Esta compactación previa favoreció que desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIV ...

РезюмеКариков С. А. Конфессиональная борьба в Германии в 1546–1555 гг.: политический аспектВ статье исследуется политическая ситуация на немецких территориях во второй половине 40—в начале 50-х гг. XVI в. Рассмотрены такие проблемы, как стремление императора Карла V создать «универсальную монархию», события Шмалькальденской войны 1546–1547 гг., условия Аугсбургского Интерима 1548 г., последующие столкновения между императором и немецкими князьями, принятие Аугсбургского религиозного мира 1555 г. Отмечено, что внутренние противоречия в этот период были характерны как для католической, так и для евангелической группировок. Эти противоречия были вызваны прежде всего борьбой немецких правителей за усиление личного влияния и расширение владений. Ярким примером такого курса является деятельность герцога, а позднее курфюрста Морица Саксонского. Сделан вывод относительно значения Аугсбургского мира как средства перехода к новым политическим отношениям между имперской властью и территориями Германии.Ключевые слова: Реформация, конфессионализация, император, князь, Шмалькальденская война, Интерим, договор, Аугсбургский мир. SummaryS. Karikov. Confessional Struggle in Germany in 1546–1555: Political AspectThis article deals with the political situation in German territories in the second half of 40s — at the beginning of 50s of XVIth century. Such problems as aspiration of emperor Charles V to create a "universal monarchy", events of Schmalkaldic War 1546–1547, terms of Augsburg Interim of 1548, following collisions between the emperor and German princes, adoption of the Ppeace of Augsburg of 1555 are considered. It is noted that internal contradictions in that period were typical both for a catholic and for evangelical groupments. Those contradictions were caused first of all by the struggle of German prinсes for strengthening of their personal influence and expansion of their domains. Clear example of such course is the activity of Maurice, the Duke (and later, Elector) of Saxony. The conclusion about importance of the Peace of Augsburg as means of transition to the new political relations between imperial authority and German territories is done.Key words: Reformation, confessionalization, emperor, prince, Sschmalkaldic War, Interim, treaty, Peace of Augsburg.

The formation and implementation of youth policy is not only youth organizations, but also with youth working organizations, offering services for youth organizations prerogative. The conception of public youth centers and spaces is approved by the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs in 2010 on April 7 by the order No. 2V-38-(1.4), work with youth and more specifically one of its forms – open to work with young people - as a concrete tool to establish an integrated and inter agency cooperation in reaching youth policy development. Master's thesis analyzes the inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy in Lithuania. This work presents implementation of youth policy. It discusses the concept of inter-agency cooperation and the benefits, which are, provided in the implementation of youth policy, also factors influencing cooperation. Expert interviews conducted inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of the youth policy situation. The main aim is to reveal the essential aspects in Lithuania of inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of youth policy. To achieve the aim there is some task: to discuss inter-agency theoretical assumption; implementation of youth policy in Lithuania overview the importance of cooperation of inter-agency; to analyze inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of analysis showed that interagency cooperation of youth policy is still a very new subject in Lithuania and at present is going through a transition and cooperation in terms of content, it all rests on the human factor. The pessimism still exist in accessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. It is, emphasized that there is a structure in Lithuania created to work with young people, but there is lack of expertise and frequent desire to change something and apply innovation. Besides, persons, which work with youth policy are not interested in cooperating with each other.

Interest in tax regulation increased in Russia in connection with the developed adverse economic situation, sanctions of the countries of the West and need of raising of a domestic production. The Russian tax system developed according to the purposes of a budgetary tax policy, but the priority was always given to monetary and credit, but not tax regulation of economy. It resulted in absence of the uniform concept of budgetary and tax regulation and forecasting of consequences of the decisions and changes made in this sphere for today. The measures of tax regulation offered by the Government of the Russian Federation pursue usually good aims, but carry fragmentary, and sometimes and contradictory character as have no system approach, and methodology of an assessment of their efficiency demands improvement. In article the author's view of economic essence of tax regulation, its role is reflected in modern economy and a place in structure of the tax relations. The specified concepts of the purpose, tasks, methods and instruments of tax regulation are presented. The directions of further researches in the field of increase of efficiency of the taxation are considered. ; Интерес к налоговому регулированию в России возрос в связи со сложившейся неблагоприятной экономической ситуацией, санкциями стран Запада и необходимостью подъема отечественного производства. Российская налоговая система развивалась в соответствии с целями бюджетно-налоговой политики, но приоритет всегда отдавался денежно-кредитному, а не налоговому регулированию экономики. Это привело к отсутствию на сегодня единой концепции бюджетно-налогового регулирования и прогнозирования последствий принимаемых в данной сфере решений и изменений. Меры налогового регулирования, предлагаемые Правительством РФ, преследуют обычно благие цели, но носят фрагментарный, а иногда и противоречивый характер, поскольку не имеют системного подхода, а методология оценки их эффективности требует совершенствования. В статье отражен авторский взгляд на экономическую сущность налогового регулирования, его роль в современной экономике и место в структуре налоговых отношений. Представлены уточненные понятия цели, задач, методов и инструментов налогового регулирования. Рассмотрены направления дальнейших исследований в области повышения эффективности налогообложения.

The last institutional changes in world politics constrain rethinking and keeping up to date approaches to managing social-and-economical development of regions. It brings to the forefront questions of measurement and analysis of the productivity of the public and municipal administration in the new conditions. In this regard, the development of the methodology of statistical research of the strengthening investment attractiveness of the Russian region using modern regional investment policy mechanisms is deemed relevant. Attention is drawn to taking into account the regional space heterogeneity, a wide range of factors that not always unequivocally affect investment attractiveness, occasional forced necessity to develop dynamic models on the basis of data from short time intervals. The article reveals the authors' ideas on solving the abovementioned issues, which, in her opinion makes them relevant not only for the theory as well as for the practice of statistical research of the regional investment situation, including in terms of its development prospects. ; Институциональные изменения, происходящие в последнее время в мировой политике, требуют переосмысления и актуализации подходов к управлению социально-экономическим развитием регионов. На первый план выходят вопросы измерения и анализа результативности государственного и муниципального управления в новых условиях. В этой связи представляется актуальным развитие методологии статистического исследования проблем повышения привлекательности региона посредством современных механизмов региональной инвестиционной политики. Обобщение и систематизация научных исследований, посвященных различным аспектам статистического измерения инвестиционной привлекательности и развития регионов, выявляют наличие целого комплекса проблем, недостаточно полно и всесторонне изученных в части оценки результативности реализации региональной инвестиционной политики. Обращается внимание на учет неоднородности регионального пространства, анализ факторов, влияющих на инвестиционную привлекательность регионов, необходимость разработки динамических моделей на основе данных, относящихся к коротким временным периодам. В статье предлагаются подходы к решению указанных проблем, вносящих вклад как в теорию, так и практику статистического исследования инвестиционной ситуации в регионах и перспектив ее развития.

The formation and implementation of youth policy is not only youth organizations, but also with youth working organizations, offering services for youth organizations prerogative. The conception of public youth centers and spaces is approved by the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs in 2010 on April 7 by the order No. 2V-38-(1.4), work with youth and more specifically one of its forms – open to work with young people - as a concrete tool to establish an integrated and inter agency cooperation in reaching youth policy development. Master's thesis analyzes the inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy in Lithuania. This work presents implementation of youth policy. It discusses the concept of inter-agency cooperation and the benefits, which are, provided in the implementation of youth policy, also factors influencing cooperation. Expert interviews conducted inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of the youth policy situation. The main aim is to reveal the essential aspects in Lithuania of inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of youth policy. To achieve the aim there is some task: to discuss inter-agency theoretical assumption; implementation of youth policy in Lithuania overview the importance of cooperation of inter-agency; to analyze inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of analysis showed that interagency cooperation of youth policy is still a very new subject in Lithuania and at present is going through a transition and cooperation in terms of content, it all rests on the human factor. The pessimism still exist in accessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. It is, emphasized that there is a structure in Lithuania created to work with young people, but there is lack of expertise and frequent desire to change something and apply innovation. Besides, persons, which work with youth policy are not interested in cooperating with each other.

Research object. Lithuania's relations and their changes with NATO after occupation of the Crimea and decisions, taken by Lithuania in security and defence policy, impact to it. The aim of this paper is to reveal what determines small states relationships with alliance and on what they are based on; Lithuania's approach towards NATO and approach changes after the occupation of the Crimea. In order to achieve this aim, should be covered the following tasks: 1. Should be analysed definition of small states, identified their place in the international environment as well as to analyze the theoretical alliance formation and existence dilemmas, in order to form the basis of research. 2. Should be analysed factors, which determines strategy choice in relationship between Lithuania and alliance? 3. Should be analysed influence of choosed strategy to Lithuania and alliance relationships; should be analysed influence of Lithuanian security and defence policy to this relations after the occupation of the Crimea, and what should be further Lithuania's actions to ensure the further development of relations chosen strategy. Research methods. To ensure efficient and high-quality implementation of the tasks, ir paper is used comparison and analytical methods. Lithuania after accession to NATO, expands alliance cooperation strategy in respect of an alliance strategy. Declined abandonment and entrapment risks determined that after 10 years in NATO, Lithuania has become a free rider state, which develops defection strategy with respect to an alliance. Prevailing geopolitical (Russian aggression in Crimea) situation, relations inside alliance and increased abandonment risk, encouraged Lithuania to adjust its strategy of cooperation with an alliance and go from defect to cooperation strategy. Relevant Lithuanian security and defence policy decisions (compulsory military service in return of the rapid reaction force), largely in line with the provisions of this strategy.

The democratic system of governance reform is one of the main directions of the establishment and development of the civil society. Civil society is any activity, any initiative of individuals, spontaneously created self-governance and citizens based associations and organizations, which are supported and protected by the law of the state in their work. Tocqueville first presented civil society to the West as voluntary, non-political social organizations that strengthen democracy preventing a tyranny of the majority. Associations, which can be "religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive", protect diversity by uniting equal but weak individuals into powerful groups. These associations prevent the fragmentation of society by forcing men to consider the affairs of others and to work with their neighbors. In different epoch and in different situations the term "civil society" may be understood in different ways, it may be freedom of speech, wide field of opportunities, democracy, unity of some interests, communication, globalization, activity, governmental and non-governmental associations. In order to get effective functioning of the mechanism, the main thing is to inform society and earn good reputation and trust. All citizens should be acknowledged with the main point of civil society, their functions, duties, obligations and when they can apply to them and what kind of problems they are concerned with. Most important, is more communication, and civil society itself should be interested in providing them with more information about their job, aims, plans and do their best to make citizens get involved in any business or activities. This communication should be bilateral, active and effective. The purpose of the paper isto discuss what kind of prehistory civil society had and how great its role is in the development processes of democratic governance.

The current international environment presupposes the promotion of territorial development strategies as a pressing alternative to the imposing globalization that expands every minute, our country is in search of alternatives within the global economic crisis and the increasing price of Food, and the need to enhance strategic planning from the public management of local governments, as an opportunity for local actors to assume their true role and contribute from a decisive position to the improvement of living conditions Within their provinces. Special emphasis is given to the agricultural sector by its impact on the satisfaction of the basic needs of the population and the weight it has in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security that has been declared a priority of national security. The general objective is to base a proposal of mission, axes and programs prioritized of the agricultural sector of the province of Pinar del Río. For this, the main theoretical and methodological foundations on the process of designing territorial development strategies are systematized; And assesses the current situation of the strategic planning process in the management of local agrarian development in the context of the province of Pinar del Rio. ; El actual ámbito internacional presupone el fomento de estrategias de desarrollo territorial como una alternativa apremiante a la imponente globalización que se expande a cada minuto, nuestro país se halla en la búsqueda de alternativas dentro de la crisis económica mundial y la creciente alza de los precio de los alimentos, además se reconoce de forma ascendente la necesidad de potenciar la planeación estratégica desde la gestión pública de los gobiernos locales, como una oportunidad para los actores locales de asumir su verdadero rol y contribuir desde una posición decisiva al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida al interior de sus provincias. Especial énfasis adquiere el sector agropecuario por su incidencia en la satisfacción de necesidades básicas de la ...

People with invisible and variable impairments and disabilities (or PWIVID) represent a significant subset of people with disabilities (PWD). This paper calls on those within the Critical Disability Studies (CDS) 'silo' and other disability fora to deploy the tradition of intracategorical intersectional analysis to address our internal "hierarchy, hegemony, and exclusivity" (Nash, 2008, p. 2) and "account for lived experience at neglected points of intersection" (McCall, 2005) regarding PWIVID. The PWIVID acronym – introduced in this paper as the counterpart to the seldom-acknowledged default PWD represented by those I term here PWOSID (people with obvious and stable impairments and disabilities) – helps highlight issues unequally represented in historical, political and theoretical accounts of disablement pertaining to non-apparent and unpredictable impairments – including disability identity and what Garland-Thomson (2014) calls "body management." CDS and disability communities are invited to challenge the unexamined presumptions of McCall (2005) and other intersectional theorists that "mixed locations" are, on all bases, more akin to "dominant" (or "privileged") ones than those seen as explicitly "subordinate" (or "burdened") – at least when it comes to lived experiences of dis/ability – and to better recognise and reflect PWIVID's unique voices and concerns.Les personnes ayant des incapacités et handicaps invisibles et périodiques (ou «PWIVID») représentent une minorité importante parmi les personnes en situation de handicap («PWD»). Cet article est un appel à ceux et celles qui se trouvent dans le 'silo' des études critiques sur l'incapacité («CDS»), et d'autres forums d'études sur l'incapacité, pour tenter une analyse intersectionnelle et intra-catégorique afin d'adresser les hégémonies, hiérarchies, et exclusivités internes à ces champs d'étude (Nash, 2008, p. 2), et pour tenir compte des réalités vécues des relations intersectionnelles (McCall, 2005) négligées. L' acronyme «PWIVID» est présenté comme ...

During 1605 and 1625, in the years of the peace between the Spanish Monarchy and Great Britain under James I Stuart, there were several combats off the coasts and ports of Great Britain between Spanish galleons and Dutch ships. These combats always provoked diplomatic issues and disputes at the English Court among the Spanish and Dutch ambassadors. That showed the English government reluctance to comply with the treaty of 1604 with Spain, which settled the assistance of Spanish ships at British coasts and ports. Both of them were seeking the English support on their side on the occasion of these naval combats. As far as the situation of the officials and crew of these Spanish galleons, they suffered the hatred of the local protestant population, who supported the Dutch for religious, political and also economical reasons. Only a few dared to help these galleons on the British soil. ; Entre los años 1605 y 1625, durante la paz entre la Monarquía Hispánica y la Gran Bretaña de Jacobo Estuardo, se produjeron diferentes incidentes y enfrentamientos navales en las costas y puertos británicos entre galeones hispánicos y holandeses. Ello ocasionó siempre incidentes diplomáticos porque tanto los embajadores españoles como los holandeses presionaron a las autoridades inglesas, neutrales, para inclinarse o no en la ayuda a alguno de ambos contendientes. Ello dejaba en evidencia la falta de colaboración de la Corona inglesa en el cumplimiento de las cláusulas del tratado de paz de 1604 que la obligaban a ello ante la Monarquía. Por su parte, los soldados y tripulaciones hispánicas de esos navíos sufrieron todo tipo de penurias en un país nominalmente neutral, pero de hecho anti-español y pro-holandés por causas religiosas, políticas y económicas. Muy pocos, aparte de la propia embajada, se aventuraron a socorrer a estos hombres.

The crisis affecting Russia provokes risks of rising unemployment, reducing real incomes, growing poverty, worsening demographic situation and other negative social trends. It accentuates acute structural problems challenging future human development, threatening with social and economic degradation of Russia. Workforce employment structure by economic activity and occupation lacks economic efficiency and social reasonability. Poor state of labor protection results in high incidence of work accidents. Obsolete labor regulations prevent the employment adjustment to reindustrialization shocks. Huge and unfair gaps in workers remuneration by economic activity, region and occupation cause high income inequality. Low level of remuneration in many economic activities, including those contributing to modernization of economy, leads to high working poverty and low attractiveness of innovative sectors to workers. Persistent low fertility, high mortality and low life-spam engender unsupportable demographic development and risks of restarting depopulation. Uncontrolled immigration of unqualified workforce from developing Asian countries is a source of growing social, ethno-cultural and political tensions. There are risks of growing emigration and turning flows of adaptive migrants away from Russia to EU. Structural and institutional reforms are to be realized to counteract these problems and risks and overcome crisis. Such measures are to get over the unjustified unbalances in employment and remuneration distribution, to form new competences and professional attitudes and raise stability of demographic development, supply of labor resources and boost their productivity. These changes may create social premises for transition to economic growth of new quality based on frontier technologies, wide innovations and high human development. At the same time high-tech economy development poses challenges of high unemployment, and labor market policies are to maintain balance between the needs of conserving stable employment and realizing economic transformations. Solution of many acute national problems should be based of complex approach, supposing package type of measures and simultaneity of social and economic reforms.

The ageing of population in the coming decades is becoming a constraint on economic growth in developed economies and countries of Eastern Asia, but labor-saving technologies including robotics and artificial intelligence may remove this limitation. At the same time, population growth in South Asia and Africa will face lower demand for cheap and low-qualified labor. Pairs of scenarios (success and failure) are proposed for principal regions and countries. For the West, a positive scenario is "the West closes", which foresees high level of the industrial application of robots and no labor immigration. A negative one – "The West dissolves", which means high immigration, but no jobs for immigrants, and immigrants' straddle for domination in social life. The "robo China" foresees high level of robotics in China, high productivity and governmental planning of labor market. The "two Chinas" contemplates an urban high-tech China and a rural China which is not integrated into technological modernization. Central government hardly keeps social situation stable in this case. For India, the "partial participation in robotized economy" is a positive choice making India an element of the new global economy. India develops in the same vein as the West and China. "Out of the new economy" leaves India in the group of developing nations. For Africa, a positive scenario is "rental economy". Human potential of Africa is not in demand as labor-saving technologies dominate in the global economy, but natural resources attract foreign investors. They pay rent, and it is distributed by governments among inhabitants. "Population growth burden" is a negative variant that foresees high unemployment and lack of financial resources. International assistance is the only way out in this case. Russia is buying labor-saving technologies abroad. The structure of Russian economy now enables to remove limitations resulting from the population ageing, but technological import makes Russia highly vulnerable.

Tipografías desobedientesLa tipografía no es un medio neutro. Cuando un diseñador crítico busca facilitar la comprensión del mensaje y participar en el debate social, está obligado a cuestionar los modelos institucionalizados y provocar su subversión. Para ello debe hacerse cargo de la situación y considerar que: como ciudadano-diseñador su ética es activista y no está al servicio de las marcas sino del interés público; su trabajo sirve de apoyo a la persuasión noviolenta; con esta forma de comunicación visual promueve una estética autónoma y activa que está basada en la depropiación; y que el humor es un ingrediente esencial en su proyecto desobediente. Para ejemplificar estas prácticas militantes del diseño gráfico presentamos algunos ejemplos tipográficos desarrollados por el colectivo Un mundo feliz que aportan este carácter de reivindicación política, social y cultural.Palabras clave: Colectivo UMF (Un Mundo Feliz), teoría crítica, ética activista, estética active, tipografía políticaDisobedient TypographiesTypography is not a neutral medium. When a critical designer seeks to facilitate the understanding of the message and participate in the social debate, it is bound to question the institutionalized patterns and cause subversion. The designer should take care of the situation and consider that: as a citizen-designer has an activist ethics and is not serving brands but the public interest; their work provides support for nonviolent persuasion; with this form of visual communication they promote an autonomous and active aesthetics which is based on depropiation; and that humor is an essential ingredient in their disobedient project. To illustrate these militant practices of graphic design we show some typographical examples developed by the collective Un Mundo Feliz that bring this character of political, social and cultural claim.Key words: Colectivo UMF (Un Mundo Feliz), Critical Theory, Activist Ethics, Active Aesthetics, Politics Typography