Suchergebnisse

Disarmament initiated since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of weapons. . However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms due to the relative competitiveness of firms re-converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. Arms export development is only a very short term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of reconverted products, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All major military powers are affected. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; International audience Disarmament since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of armaments. However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms because of the relative competitiveness of companies converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. The development of arms exports is only a very short-term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of products converted, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All the major military powers are concerned. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; Disarmament initiated since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of weapons. . However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms due to the relative competitiveness of firms re-converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. Arms export development is only a very short term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of reconverted products, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All major military powers are affected. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; Le désarmement engagé depuis ...

Evidence of an actual or perceived gap in ideological beliefs between civilian and military communities informs current debates on the military and its relationship to broader society. The authors examine one cohort of the military and its members' perception of their own ideology in relation to their civilian counterparts using a 2009 survey of cadets at the United States Military Academy. The authors ascertain cadet perceptions of (1) cadet ideological leanings on individual and aggregate levels, (2) the ideological leanings of the civilian population, and (3) the civilian population's assessment of the military's ideological leanings. The authors attempt to discern whether or not this military subpopulation perceives itself as different from the rest of society. The authors find that while members of the Army's future officer corps perceive themselves as more conservative than their civilian peers and society writ large, as a group they hold rather moderate political views.

Revision of paper read before the Am. political science association, Washington, D.C., Sept. 10, 1953.

Violence in society is increasing, but action plans to mitigate this problem are insufficient in several countries. New educational strategies, such as blended learning which integrate face-to-face and online education are needed. Knowledge about how to design such strategies and learning environments can contribute to strengthening and coordinating medical resources, sharing competences and more collaboration in the development of civilian and military trauma care. The model in Nordic countries, of necessity share specialized healthcare professionals between the civilian and military medical systems. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about the design of blended learning and builds on four studies: Study I explored the similarities and differences in education and training at military medical services in the Nordic countries and to what degree blended learning was used. Results showed opposing views; some were negative to e-learning, whereas others were much more positive and saw potentials for innovating education. Contextual knowledge of healthcare was identified as the crucial key to success, but in order to blend education and training into blended learning, modern pedagogical competencies were needed. Study II identified educational challenges in civilian and military trauma care, expressed by health care professionals and was studied through observations, interviews and survey during education. The most difficult aspect of learning in management of complex trauma patients was perceived as the lack of real practice in extreme environments. Blended learning was seen as the potential of supporting learning processes. Study III, through interviews and video recordings investigated what internationally trauma experts described as challenging in teaching. Eight educational challenges were identified which represented particularly difficult aspects to teach and master in the area, and which were viewed as crucial for decision making. The results contributed as basis for identifying and introducing design principles for the design of virtual patients. Study IV introduced these design principles, then developed and tested two virtual patients. The virtual patients addressed the specific educational challenges in complex trauma care, provided possibilities for unlimited training, and supported decision making. They were integrated with the existing face-to-face education into one example of a blended learning model. Conclusions and implications: Key persons in the Nordic military medical systems, senior healthcare professionals and educators identify different and sometimes contradictory educational challenges and solutions, but share the view that there is an urgent need for developing education and training in the area. A particular mindset when managing complex trauma patients was identified as crucial by trauma experts. Two virtual patients were designed to address some of the challenges. Course participants appreciated the virtual patient cases and viewed them as realistic but expressed a need for more feedback. A pilot test confirmed that the decision-making in the cases posed challenging for the target group in the way the educators had predicted. Design principles and an educational model for blended learning for civilian and military trauma care are suggested.

"This book considers the negotiation and conduct of civilian prisoner exchanges between the United States and Japan during the Second World War. Using recently released archival documents, this book examines the details of the diplomatic negotiations, the actual mechanics underlying the two successful exchanges, the reasons for the termination of the exchange program, and its final outcome."--Jacket

Bradley Clampitt's The Confederate Heartland examines the morale of white civilians and Confederate soldiers from Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee in 1864 and 1865. By using an array of wartime letters and diaries, Clampitt claims that white Southerners in these states constructed a Confederate identity based on a shared sense of sacrifice and desire to protect their homes from invaders.

Although the research of civilian-military relations and the democratic control of the military can proceed from Plato's Republic written almost two thousand and five hundred years ago, and from the famous dilemma 'who guards the guards' and Juvenal's question sed quis custoditet ispos custodes - the first theoretical fundamentals for their study were set during the period of the Cold War. Namely, the starting points of studying the contemporary civilian-military relations are considered to be two works: Samuel Huntington's Soldier and State (1957) and Morris Janovitz's Professional Soldier (1960). The afore mentioned volumes are considered as classical theories of civilian-military relations. Apart from the classical theories of civilian-military relations, one can discuss today also many so-called post Cold War theories of civilian-military relations. ; Iako u istraživanju civilno-vojnih odnosa i demokratske kontrole vojske može da se pođe od Platonove Republike napisane pre gotovo dve i po hiljade godina, i čuvene dileme 'ko čuva čuvare' i Juvenalovog pitanja sed quis custoditet ispos custodes - prve teoretske osnove za njihovo izučavanje date su u periodu Hladnog rata. Naime, kao polazne osnove u izučavanju savremenih civilno-vojnih odnosa uzimaju se dva dela: Vojnik i država Semjuela Hantingtona (1957) i Profesionalni vojnik Morisa Janovica (1960). Pomenuti radovi smatraju se klasičnim teorijama civilno-vojnih odnosa. Pored klasičnih teorija o civilno-vojnim odnosima da- nas može da se govori i o mnogobrojnim tzv. posthladnoratovskim teorijama civilno-vojnih odnosa.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO compared the cost of the Department of Defense's (DOD) high-quality child development program with the cost of comparable care in the civilian market, focusing on: (1) identifying the objectives of the military child development program and describing how it operates; (2) determining the full cost of operating DOD's U.S. child development centers and the cost per child-hour for center-based care; and (3) comparing the cost per child in DOD's child development centers with the full cost of comparable quality child care in the civilian market."

Throughout American history, Native veterans have answered the call to serve in the Armed Services. Highly regarded within their tribal community for their dedication and commitment to serve in the Armed Services, Native American veterans represent 574 federally recognized tribes. We take this opportunity to honor all Native Americans and acknowledge their ongoing contributions to the success and growth of our nation. This infographic provides key highlights for American Indian and Alaska Native service members and veterans. The information and statistics in this document are from various data collection efforts centered on military life, transition, employment, entrepreneurship, and higher education.

The Singaporean polity has created the 'militarized civilian'. This policy phenomenon beckons the question: How is this cross-fertilization carried out in Singapore's civil-military relations? Militarization is in the first sense meant to inculcate a calibrated dual personality within the civilian whereby being an effective soldier requires indulging in simulated military suffering as a badge of pride; at the same time, the citizen soldier has to believe that military and civilian values are perfectly interchangeable and contribute equally to the maintenance of peace. In a second sense, militarization is equally about permanently ritualizing sacrifices for a communitarian defence. We argue that while mostly successful, militarization also produces the tension arising from the need to appear pugnaciously vigilant while avoiding the casualties that must logically arise from heightened simulated combat. This tension is explained through two dimensions of ongoing crises: the parameters of a politically dramatized National Service ritual; and the constant propaganda of geopolitical dangers threatening the Republic. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

Abstract
Under what conditions do states pursue counterinsurgency measures with little disregard for civilian life? This article argues that the states have an incentive to engage in group-selective violence involving disproportionate force when facing a local population sympathetic to an armed insurgent organization. Such a military strategy allows the state to punish the local population while claiming that civilian casualties are an unintended consequence of its counterinsurgency campaign. Using a nuanced measurement of civilian victimization that transcendences the dichotomous distinction between intentional and unintentional killings, this study focuses on the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. The empirical analyses, based on an original violent events dataset, demonstrate that the Turkish state's counterinsurgency campaign involves group-selective violence characterized by disproportionate force that aims to neutralize domestic and international reactions, punishes dissident political mobilization, and brandishes the government's nationalist credentials to the majority population.

Behavioral Research and Government Policy: Civilian and Military R&D explains the influence that the government have on research and development in the field of behavioral science. The book explores the different aspects in conducting a research with the main focus on the sponsor of the study. The book is the second part of a journal series titled International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry. The text offers significant understanding of the methods employed to develop a theory for thermophoretic and diffusiophoretic forces acting on spheres in the range from free molecules to continu