Suchergebnisse

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Moldova. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Moldova. To access the full version of the report on Moldova, other practices regarding people's participation in local decision-making and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

Pour tenter d'expliquer l'instabilité apparente des fédérations, nous avons fait porter cette étude sur deux aspects des systèmes fédéraux: la nature du processus de décision et la dynamique qui leur sont spécifiques. Ce faisant, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux effets qu'entraînent, pour de tels systèmes, des inégalités de « dimensions" entre les éléments qui les constituent.Nous considérons trois aspects du processus décisionnel: (a) l'intensité de son caractère fédéraliste; (b) la nature des inter-actions entre les deux niveaux du système; (c) compte-tenu de la densité démographique, des ressources et des revenus par unité de population, les conséquences qu'entraînent dans le système les inégalités entre ses éléments constitutifs.La dynamique propre au fédéralisme intervient dans ce processus d'une double manière: dans les effets de l'intégration économique; dans la tendance qu'ont les unités d'évoluer vers des normes nationales, par voie de compétition, d'émulation et de persuasion.Nous analysons enfin l'influence de l'inégalité des parties constituantes sur la stabilité des systèmes fédéraux: l'évolution de certaines fédérations contemporaines, de même que de récentes expériences de type fédéral, nous permettent de vérifier la validité de cette approche.D'une façon générale, cette démonstration nous permet de dégager les propositions suivantes: dans les fédérations où de grandes unités riches se trouvent confrontées à des unités pauvres et petites, le système fédéral peut se maintenir, mais il est probable qu'il évolue alors vers plus de centralisation, avec domination des plus grandes unités sur les autres; dans les cas extrêmes, ce fédéralisme peut être résorbé en un état unitaire; dans les fédérations où de petites unités riches s'opposent à de grandes unités pauvres, il existe une forte tendance à la séparation chez les petites unités.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Germany. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Germany. To access the full version of the report on Germany, other practices regarding people's participation in local decision-making and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

AbstractDo politicians use the representativeness heuristic when making judgements, that is, when they appraise the likelihood or frequency of an outcome that is unknown or unknowable? Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that facilitate judgements and decision making. Oftentimes, heuristics are useful, but they may also lead to systematic biases that can be detrimental for decision making in a representative democracy. Thus far, we lack experimental evidence on whether politicians use the representativeness heuristic. To contribute to and extend the existing literature, we develop and conduct a survey experiment with as main participants Dutch elected local politicians from the larger municipalities (n = 211). This survey experiment examines whether politician participants display two decision-making biases related to the representativeness heuristic: the conjunction error and scope neglect. We also run the experiment with a student sample (n = 260), mainly to validate the experimental design. Our findings show that politician participants neglect scope in one scenario and that they display the conjunction error in two of three scenarios. These results suggest that politician participants use the representativeness heuristic. Conversely, our third conjunction error scenario does not find evidence for politician participants displaying this bias. As we discuss in the article, the latter may be an artifact of our experimental design. Overall, our findings contribute fundamentally to our understanding of how politicians process information and how this influences their judgements and decision making.

The term human security arose mainly from the need to change the concept of security by emphasizing the special role of a person in the process of ensuring it. Another main reason in the process of emerging and substantiating the concept of human security was the need to find viable solutions to the current global crisis and the crisis of protecting and promoting human rights, initiating a change in security as a fundamental element in the relationship between the individual, society and nature. From a practical point of view, human security contributes to solving a problem of major global importance: determining the prospects for the international system and human civilization as a whole to counter the negative consequences of the global crisis associated with new needs in the field of human rights. In the Republic of Moldova, security issues, in addition to the other roles and functions they play in the political sphere, are becoming more and more acceptable ways and means of influencing the process of making strategic political decisions.